电磁轨道炮接触热时空分布特性分析

电磁轨道炮接触热时空分布特性是进行电枢熔化抑制、轨道散热设计和热管理的重要依据。在建立电枢与轨道接触压力、接触电阻计算模型的基础上,建立了接触热时空分布的计算模型,对电磁轨道炮的接触热时空分布进行了仿真计算,并对其特性进行了分析。针对接触热在电枢运动初始阶段相对集中的问题,研究了电枢前级加速对接触热时空分布特性的影响。仿真分析结果表明:接触热主要来源于电流焦耳热,焦耳热功率曲线与驱动电流曲线具有较大相似性;大部分接触热在电枢运动初始阶段传导给轨道,这是引起此阶段轨道烧蚀的主要原因;电枢运动初始阶段单位长度轨道传导的接触热和发射过程中电枢的热积累随着电枢初速度的增大而减小。     

管身对中口径电磁轨道炮的影响分析

以脉冲电流作为激励的电磁轨道炮无可避免地在不锈钢管身上感应出巨大涡流,涡流不仅自身损耗能量,而且削弱电枢的推进力,降低发射效率。为深入研究管身对电磁轨道炮的影响,结合场路模型计算了电磁轨道炮系统的发射效率和涡流能耗,讨论了不同管身结构和材料下的发射效率,进一步分析了管身对电磁轨道炮力学特性的影响。结果表明:基于10MJ脉冲电源的中口径电磁轨道炮,其不锈钢管身将大幅削弱系统的发射效率,管身涡流能耗比炮口动能的一半还多;采用层压式结构的高导磁材料作为管身,发射效率的提升尤为明显;管身对电枢轴向力的削弱是导致发射效率下降的根本原因,对电枢径向力的削弱则不利于电枢和轨道的良好接触,从而增加接触电阻,降低发射效率;但是对身管各部件径向力的减小有助于降低身管所需预紧力。     

分布储能式电磁轨道炮效率分析

分布储能式电磁轨道炮在长导轨发射中具备高发射效率优势,为实现分布储能式电磁轨道炮的恒流特点,建立可供发射器参数、结构设计参考的仿真模型尤为重要。针对口径为60 mm×80 mm的矩形轨道炮,根据电流波形的平稳性要求,沿导轨方向设置电流馈入点,诊断电枢位置并分时序触发各馈入点电源,以测试分布储能式电磁轨道炮的工作性能。在COMSOL三维磁场中建立矩形导轨-电枢模型,基于电流和磁场的多物理场耦合有限元分析得到磁场和电流的分布,并利用电磁场仿真结果实现电流趋肤效应下轨道电阻梯度计算。基于MATLAB SIMULINK平台对电容储能型脉冲功率电源模块建立电气电路;分析分布储能式电磁轨道炮非线性时变的动态特性并建立轨道及电枢阻抗模型,计算正向电磁力、滑动摩擦力构造电枢的运动方程,并使用信号电路建立电枢-导轨模块,通过Simulink测量模块连接两个隔离的网络,仿真计算得到导轨电流及电枢的出膛速度。设计了总储能为4.16 MJ的分布式储能轨道炮,结果显示,电容预充电压为10.8 kV时,导轨长为3 m的分布式电磁轨道炮可将1 kg的弹丸加速至1.4 km/s,与炮尾集中式电磁轨道炮相比,系统发射效率可提升约3%。     

一种小口径电磁轨道发射用电枢设计

为了在低储能条件下研究电磁发射过程中的刨削现象,要对电枢进行优化设计,使其在小口径发射试验装置中实现高初速发射。通过计算、仿真,对电枢尺寸、初始预紧力等参数进行优化,并进行预紧力、塑性性能和接触面积等相关参数的测试和实验,最终确定电枢型号,在保持良好电接触的条件下实现了高初速发射。     

电磁轨道炮C型固体电枢坡膛段的装填方式研究

 为了满足电磁轨道炮对电枢和轨道间初始接触压力的要求,以小口径电磁轨道炮C型固体电枢的坡膛段装填过程为研究对象,在力学分析的基础上,采用有限元计算方法,对匀速装填、冲击装填以及组合装填3种方式进行了计算,并对电枢臂头部、中间和尾端单元的径向变形、应力和剪切应力随时间的变化进行了对比分析。分析结果表明,在同等条件下,采用组合装填方式可以明显地降低固体电枢在装填过程中受剪切破坏的程度,并有效地提高初始接触压力。研究结果表明,组合装填方式有利于提高电磁轨道炮的发射效率。     

电磁轨道炮瞬态温度场的数值模拟

为了研究电磁轨道炮的热生成机理及其温度分布特点,本文建立了三维瞬态电磁场和温度场的耦合计算模型,用有限元方法模拟了发射时身管和一体化发射单元温度分布的时空演化过程,以及发射后的身管散热过程,讨论了温度对射速的影响。数值模拟结果表明,发射过程中电枢产生熔化波效应,临近炮尾的轨道温升较大,在发射后的散热过程初期,轨道热传导起主要作用。通过该模型建立了身管结构、材料参数、电流激励条件与温度变化的关系,指明了炮尾轨道为热管理的关键部位,为电磁轨道炮的热设计提供了理论依据。     

静止条件下轨道炮膛内磁场分布特性分析

为了分析轨道炮静止条件下膛内磁场分布特性, 建立了轨道炮二维计算模型, 基于磁扩散方程与安培定律, 得到导轨和电枢各区域电流密度值, 并通过毕奥-萨伐尔定律对轨道炮电枢前端各考察点磁通密度进行理论计算, 基于电磁感应法进行了膛内磁场测量实验, 实验测量值与理论计算值基本一致, 结果表明, 膛内磁场大小主要由流经电枢和导轨的的电流决定, 电枢前端中心轴线上各考察点, 随着与电枢前端面距离的增大, 磁通密度峰值呈衰减趋势, 但衰减速度逐渐变小。研究结果有助于轨道炮膛内强磁场屏蔽与智能弹药设计。     

单级感应线圈炮的外电路对电枢捕获效应的影响

由楞次定律可知,在感应线圈炮发射的过程中,为阻止驱动线圈剩余电流减小,电枢上涡流将产生与驱动线圈同向的磁场,此时电枢受捕获效应的影响而感应出减速力,使电枢的出口速度减小,发射效率降低。为减弱电枢捕获效应的影响,可在放电回路串接电阻或电容。通过理论和仿真,分析了改进后的外围电路对减弱电枢捕获效应的效果,并搭建单级感应线圈炮实验系统进行了验证。研究发现,在放电回路串接一个合适的大电阻或小电容,能加快驱动线圈剩余电流的释放,有效减弱电枢捕获效应,从而提高了电枢的出口速度,改善了感应线圈炮的发射性能。     

基于SOPC的分段轨道炮发射控制系统设计

针对自主研发的分段轨道炮,设计了一种基于EP2C8Q208C型FPGA的数字型发射控制系统,该系统采用SOPC(System on a Programmable Chip)可编程片上系统技术,将Nios II处理器软核嵌入到FPGA中,利用软核中的IO、定时器、串口通讯等功能实现了分段轨道炮的发射控制,通过B探针对分段处电枢位置进行检测。采用串口与上位机通讯,界面设计采用LabView,可以对发射时序进行任意设置。系统操作方便、可扩展性强,已运用到分段轨道炮发射控制中,试验结果满足发射要求,为分段轨道炮的机理研究提供了基础。     

分流器形式炮口消弧装置的电路模拟优化与试验

针对轨道炮电枢出炮口时拉弧问题,提出了一种基于分流器形式的炮口电弧抑制方案。以固体电枢为研究对象,采用Simulink软件根据发射器与消弧装置的电气参数建立含有炮口消弧装置的发射系统仿真模型,目的是通过对消弧装置电气参数不同阻抗值的仿真计算,实现消弧装置电气参数与发射系统电气参数的最佳匹配,达到降低消弧支路对电枢出炮口速度的影响,同时有效地抑制炮口电弧。由于与消弧装置串联的电枢前方轨道阻抗在消弧支路阻抗中占比很大,通过消弧装置阻抗电阻、电感优化调整,实现电枢在膛内运动起始阶段,消弧支路的阻抗远大于电枢支路的阻抗,发射电流大部分都流过电枢,保证了电枢的加速运动。随着电枢向炮口方向运行,消弧支路阻抗快速减小,同时在磁通压缩作用下,消弧支路中电流快速增加,电枢支路电流减小,但由于电枢前后方磁场对其都是推进作用,电枢出炮口速度基本不受影响,保持较高的系统效率;电枢出炮口后,消弧支路的阻抗小于电弧的阻抗值,建立合理的电弧快速消引条件,消弧支路电流远大于电枢上电流,发射系统的剩余能量可通过消弧装置释放,降低炮口拉弧对发射性能的影响。经过消弧装置的电阻和电感多参数值的计算与分析,最后确定与文中发射系统匹配的消弧装置电阻约为1 mΩ,电感约为0.1 μH。结合发射装置结构,设计出的消弧装置电阻为1.32 mΩ,电感为0.124 μH,在搭建的发射系统仿真模型中对其进行了充电电压3 kV等级的发射仿真计算,在充电电压3 kV的发射能量等级下进行了消弧发射试验,仿真结果与试验结果具有较好的一致性,消弧效果良好。     

Guided-Wave Two-Dimensional Acousto-Optic Scanner Using Proton-Exchanged Lithium Niobate Waveguide

Two-dimensional scanning of a 0.6328 mum guided-light beam has been realized using noncolinear acousto-optic (AO) coplanar Bragg diffraction together with colinear AO guided-mode to substrate radiation-mode conversion in a Z-cut Xpropagation LiNbO3 proton-exchanged (PE) waveguide. The two surface acoustic (SAW) waves utilized are at the center frequencies of 500 and 200 MHz, propagating in the Y and X axes, respectively. Two-dimensional scanning of approximately 720 resolvable light beam spots, namely, 18 40 (horizontal vertical) scanning, has been demonstrated using a light beam of 1.0 mm aperture. The total number of resolvable beam spots can be greatly increased from 720 by simply utilizing SAW transducers of larger bandwidth and a light beam of greater aperture. It should also be possible to significantly increase the diffraction efficiency from 3 % by optimizing the parameters of the PE waveguide and the SAWs.     

Effect ofγ-radiation on the spectral luminescence characteristics of impure cadmium tungstate crystals

Results of a study of the effect of γ-radiation on the spectral luminescence properties of cadmium tungstate crystals doped with silver, bismuth, and molybdenum cations are presented. Spectral characteristics of the nondnnnoped crystals are briefly described. Absorption and photo and X-ray luminescence spectra of the crystals taken before and after exposure to γ-radiation (5.5·10⁴ Gy) are compared. It is found that the spectral characteristics of the crystals doped with silver, bismuth, and molybdenum cations do not change markedly after the exposure. The relation between the type of impurity-induced defects, individual characteristics of the impurity cations, and the character of the effect of γ-radiation on the spectral luminescence properties of impure crystals is analyzed (preliminarily). Translated from Zhurnal Prikladnoi Spektroskopii, Vol. 64, No. 1, pp. 55–60, January–February, 1997.     

Measurement of nonlinear coefficient of optical fiber based on small chirped soliton transmission

We measure the waveform and phase curves of short optical pulses before and after transmission over different lengths of fibers by use of the pulse analyzer with the frequency-resolved optical gating (FROG),and numerically simulate pulse evolution under the experimental conditions.The nonlinear coefficient of the fiber is given by comparing the experimental results with the numerical ones.Difference between the experiment and numerical simulation is analyzed.     

Resonance scattering of canonical elastic shells in absorbing fluid medium

Resonance scattering of elastic spherical shell and cylindrical shell while the surrounding fluid medium has absorption is studied. The normal mode solution derived using exact elastic theory and the separation of variables is still applicable. However, the scattering form function has to be modified for the absorbing medium, otherwise the unreasonable result would be obtained. The backscattering form function in the absorbing medium is redefined, and the form function of elastic spherical and cylindrical shell with vacuum or solid matter filled is calculated in various absorption conditions. The results show that the absorption of surrounding fluid leads to notable attenuation of the coincidence resonances in the mid-frequency, but it has a little influence on the low-frequency resonance scattering induced by the filler inside the shell.     

Single-beam self-referenced phase-sensitive surface plasmon resonance sensor with high detection resolution

A versatile and low-cost single-beam self-referenced phase-sensitive surface plasmon resonance(SPR)sensing system with ultra-high resolution performance is presented.The system exhibits a root-mean-square phase fluctuation of ±0.0028.over a period of 45 min.i.e.a resolution of±5.2×10-9 refractive index units.The enhanced performance has been achieved through the incorporation of three design elements:a true single-beam configuration enabling complete self-referencing so that only the phase change associated with SPR gets detected,a differential measurement scheme to eliminate spurious signals not related to the sensor response,and the elimination of retardation drifts by incorporating temperature stabilization in the liquid crystal phase modulato .Our design should bring the detection sensitivity of non-labeling SPR biosensing closer to that achievable by conventional fluorescence-based techniques.     

Influences of SiO2 protective layers and annealing on the laser-induced damage threshold of Ta2O5 films

Ta2O5 films are prepared on BK7 substrates with conventional electron beam evaporation deposition.The effects of SiO2 protective layers and annealing on the laser-induced damage threshold (LIDT) of the films are investigated.The results show that SiO2 protective layers exert little influence on the electric field intensity(EFI)distribution,microstructure and microdefect density but increase the absorption slightly.Annealing iS effective on decreasing the microdefect density and the absorption of the films.Both SiO2 protective layers and annealing are beneficial to the damage resistance of the films and the latter is more effective to improve the LIDT.Moreover,the maximal LIDT of Ta2O5 films is achieved by the combination of SiO2 protective layers and annealing.     

A stereo matching algorithm using multi-peak candidate matches and geometric constraints

Gray cross correlation matching technique is adopted to extract candidate matches with gray cross correla- tion coefficients less than some certain range of maximal correlation coefficient called multi-peak candidate matches. Multi-peak candidates are extracted corresponding to three closest feature points at first. The corresponding multi-peak candidate matches are used to construct the model polygon. Correspondence is determined based on the local geometric relations between the three feature points and the multi-peak candidates. The disparity test and the global consistency checkout are applied to eliminate the remaining ambiguous matches that are not removed by the local geometric relational test. Experimental results show that the proposed algorithm is feasible and accurate.     

Fiber Modal Index Measurements Based on Fiber Gratings

A novel method based on fiber gratings for measuring the effective indices of fiber modes is proposed. The effective index difference between the core mode and a cladding mode was obtained by analyzing the interference fringe of a pair of cascaded long-period fiber gratings. In order to extract the core mode index from the measured index difference, an index matching oil immersion method is proposed. By analyzing the interaction between the cladding mode and the oil applied on the cladding surface, the mode order and the effective index of the involved cladding mode might be calculated. Experimental results about the interference fringe shifts induced by the oil index and the oil-applied length are also presented.     

Optical Pulse Compression Schemes That Use Nonlinear Bragg Gratings

Nonlinear optical pulse compression of picosecond pulses typically requires long lengths of optical fiber and multiple components. Periodic structures, such as fiber Bragg gratings, are highly dispersive at wavelengths outside of the photonic bandgap. This implies that such gratings can be used as very short all-fiber compressors. In this paper a number of such compression schemes are reviewed involving uniform and nonuniform fiber Bragg gratings, relying on both soliton and nonsoliton compression principles. Experimental results supporting the corresponding underlying theory are also presented. Finally, an extension of one of the compression schemes is shown, which allows the generation of adjustable high-repetition rate soliton trains.