The synthesis of a menthol derivative of 2-aminopurine as a fluorescent DNA lesion

An efficient synthetic route to the phosphoramidite of a menthol functionalized guanosine analog is presented. Two procedures were executed for the key introduction of the 6′-allyl menthyl moiety. Stille vinylation on 6-O-tosylguanosine followed by cross-metathesis using an excess of allyl menthyl ether proved to be less efficient than a Stille coupling on the same tosylate using an advanced menthyl-allyl stannane derivative. Incorporation of the modified nucleoside using the phosphoramidite method into a DNA 50-mer proceeded uneventfully.     

Nile Red nucleoside: design of a solvatofluorochromic nucleoside as an indicator of micropolarity around DNA

The fluorophore, Nile Red, effectively works as a polarity-sensitive fluorescence probe. We have designed a new nucleoside modified by Nile Red for examining the change in the polarity of the microenvironment surrounding DNA. We synthesized a Nile Red nucleoside (1), formed by replacing nucleobases with Nile Red, through the coupling of a 2-hydroxylated Nile Red derivative and 1,2-dideoxyglycan. This nucleoside showed a high solvatofluorochromicity. The fluorescence of 1 incorporated into DNA was greatly shifted to shorter wavelength by the addition of beta-cyclodextrin. The photophysical function of the Nile Red nucleoside will be a good optical indicator for monitoring the change in the micropolarity properties at a specific site on target sequences with interaction between DNA and DNA-binding molecules.     

The sequel to a carbocyclic nucleoside synthesis: a divergent access to both arenediazonium ions and aryl triflates

Depending on the amount of acid used, treating aryl-dialkyl triazenes of general structure 3 with triflic acid resulted in the formation of either the corresponding arenediazonium triflates 4 or aryl triflates 8 apparently by two different pathways, the latter conversion being favoured at high acid concentration.     

Hexafluorotitanate salts containing organic cations: use as a reaction medium and precursor to the synthesis of titanium dioxide

The straightforward modification of commercial hexafluorotitanic acid with organic derivatives containing a tetraalkylammonium cation produced stable precursor solutions with only a small fraction of water, which were then used as a reaction medium for the synthesis of nanocrystalline TiO(2).     

The synthesis of piperidine nucleoside analogs—a comparison of several methods to access the introduction of nucleobases

This work deals with the synthesis of piperidine and hydroxypiperidine analogs of nucleosides. Starting from commercially available 3-hydroxypiperidine, proline or 4-hydroxyproline, a series of piperidine derivatives of both purine and pyrimidine nucleobases was prepared. Various methods of nucleobase attachment were evaluated. The prepared compounds were tested for cytostatic, antibacterial, and antiviral properties but no significant activity was found.     

2-nitrophenyl isocyanide as a versatile convertible isocyanide: rapid access to a fused gamma-lactam beta-lactone bicycle

2-Nitrophenyl isocyanide is introduced as a convertible isocyanide with demonstration of its feasibility and applicability in an efficient synthesis of the fused gamma-lactam beta-lactone bicycle of proteasome inhibitor omuralide. Starting from a linear keto acid precursor, the fused gamma-lactam beta-lactone bicycle was prepared in four steps by a sequential biscyclization strategy; a stereocontrolled Ugi reaction and the concomitant direct beta-lactonization following the formation of an N-acylbenzotriazole intermediate. The N-acylbenzotriazole is amenable to intra- or intermolecular attack from a variety of nucleophiles with a catalytic amount of base to form the pyroglutamic acid derivatives.     

The biosynthesis of bisvertinolone: evidence for oxosorbicillinol as a direct precursor

Biosynthetic incorporation of labeled sodium acetate into oxosorbicillinol in Trichoderma sp. USF-2690 suggests that oxosorbicillinol is derived from six acetate units, and subsequent bioconversion of the labeled oxosorbicillinol to bisvertinolone in the fermentation of the strain suggests that bisvertinolone is biosynthesized from oxosorbicillinol and sorbicillinol in a Michael-type reaction.     

Palladium-catalyzed oxidative C-H bond coupling of steered acetanilides and aldehydes: a facile access to ortho-acylacetanilides

A palladium-catalyzed oxidative C-H bond functionalization/ortho-acylation of acetanilides using easily accessible aldehyde as the acyl source is described. In the presence of a Pd(TFA)(2) catalyst and tert-butylhydroperoxide at 90 °C in general, an array of ortho-acylacetanilides can be afforded in good yields.     

N-hydroxy-4-(4-chlorophenyl)thiazole-2(3H)-thione as a photochemical hydroxyl-radical source: photochemistry and oxidative damage of DNA (strand breaks) and 2'-deoxyguanosine (8-oxodG formation)

On irradiation of N-hydroxythiazole-2(3H)-thione 3 at 300 nm, the photoproducts disulfide 4, bisthiazole 5 and thiazole 6 are formed. During this photolysis, hydroxyl radicals are released, which have been detected by spin trapping with 5,5-dimethyl-1-pyrroline N-oxide (DMPO), coupled with electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy. In the presence of supercoiled pBR322 DNA, irradiation of thiazolethione 3 induces strand breaks through the photogenerated hydroxyl-radicals, as confirmed by control experiment with the hydroxyl-radical scavenger isopropanol. Singlet oxygen appears not to be involved, as attested by the lack of a D2O isotope effect. During the photoreaction of thiazolethione 3 in the presence of 2'-deoxyguanosine (dG), the latter is photooxidized (ca 10% conversion after 2 h of irradiation) to the 7,8-dihydro-8-oxo-2'-deoxyguanosine as the main oxidation product. The dG conversion levels off after complete consumption of thiazolethione 3 and is suppressed by the addition of the hydroxyl-radical scavenger 2,6-di-tert-butylcresol or DMPO. Since the photoproducts 4-6 are ineffective as sensitizers for the photooxidation of dG and DNA, the hydroxyl radicals released in the photolysis of thiazolethione 3 are the oxidizing species of DNA and dG. These results suggest that the thiazolethione 3 may serve as a novel and effective photochemical hydroxyl-radical source for photobiological studies.     

Acyl-tetrahydroindolyl-capped 1,3-diynes in oxidative [4 + 2]-cycloaddition with benzylamine: a one-pot access to 2-acyl-6-phenyl-5-tetrahydroindolylpyridines

1-Acyl-4-tetrahydroindolyldiynes (available from cross-coupling of 4,5,6,7-tetrahydroindole with 1-acyl-4-bromo-1,3-diynes) undergo oxidative [4+2]-cycloaddition with benzylamine in KOH/DMSO or K3PO4/DMSO systems (80°C, 4 h) to afford 2-acyl-6-phenyl-5-tetrahydroindolyl-pyridines in ～40% yields. Non-catalyzed reaction of the same reactants in boiling MeOH (4 h) or in DABCO/MeCN system (reflux, 1 h) gives 3-benzylaminoalk-2-en-4-ynones in ～40% yields.     

2′‐Deoxy‐7‐propynyl‐7‐deaza­adenosine: a DNA duplex‐stabilizing nucleoside

In the title compound, 2′‐deoxy‐7‐propynyl‐7‐deaza­adenosine, C₁₄H₁₆N₄O₃, the torsion angle of the N‐glycosylic bond is anti [χ = −130.7 (2)°]. The sugar pucker of the 2′‐deoxy­ribo­furanosyl moiety is C2′‐endo–C3′‐exo, ²T₃ (S‐type), with P = 185.9 (2)° and τ_m = 39.1 (1)°, and the orientation of the exocyclic C4′—C5′ bond is −ap (trans). The 7‐substituted propynyl group is nearly coplanar with the heterocyclic base moiety. Mol­ecules of the nucleoside form a layered network in which the heterocyclic bases are stacked head‐to‐tail with a closest distance of 3.197 (1) Å. The crystal structure of the nucleoside is stabilized by three inter­molecular hydrogen bonds of types N—H⋯ O, O—H⋯ N and O—H⋯ O.     

New two-step sequence involving a hetero-Diels-Alder and a nonphenolic oxidative coupling reaction: a convergent access to analogs of steganacin

A new family of analogs of steganacin, an important antimitotic compound, was accessed. It takes advantage of a completely stereoselective sequence of two key steps. The central dihydropyrane core is built by a highly diastereoselective and facially controlled hetero-Diels-Alder reaction. It is followed by a nonphenolic biaryl oxidative coupling with a complete atropo-stereoselectivity. It leads to a quick way to form cyclic biaryl lignans.     

Synthesis and characterization of Rh2{Ph(2-pyr)N}4: a precursor to a dirhodium(III) dication containing an bond

Rh₂{Ph(2-pyr)N}₄ has been prepared from hydrated rhodium trichloride and the sodium salt of 2-anilinopyridine in ethanol. The dark green air-stable compound has been characterized by analytical and spectroscopic measurements. The complex undergoes two facile one-electron oxidations at moderate potentials. The dication, [Rh₂{Ph(2-pyr)N}₄]²⁺, formally contains two Rh(III) ions and a doubel RhRh bond.     

Long-range oxidative damage to DNA: protection of guanines by a nonspecifically bound disulfide

One-electron oxidation of DNA generates a base radical cation ("hole") that migrates through the duplex and causes damage at guanines. Unrepaired damage may lead to mutations. It has been suggested that "sacrificial guanines" in intron regions of DNA might serve to protect genes from damage. We have investigated the ability of a noncovalently bound sacrificial reagent to protect DNA from damage. Irradiation of an anthraquinone (AQ)-linked DNA duplex injects a radical cation into the DNA that causes reactions at GG steps close to and farther from the AQ. Bis[2-(3-(aminopropyl)amino)ethyl]disulfide, an analogue of spermine, binds to duplex DNA. Irradiation of the AQ-linked DNA in the presence of this disulfide suppresses the reaction at both GG steps and protects the DNA from damage. It is suggested that evolutionary pressure for the preservation of genomic integrity would yield disulfide-containing compounds optimized to bind to DNA and neutralize base radical cations.     

The reactivity of 2,5-diaminoimidazolone base modification towards aliphatic primary amino derivatives: nucleophilic substitution at C5 as a potential source of abasic sites in oxidatively damaged DNA

N5-deoxyribosyl derivatives of 2,5-diaminoimidazolone formed by oxidative damage to the guanine bases in 2-deoxyguanosine and highly polymerized DNA readily undergo nucleophilic substitution at C5 in reaction with primary amines in neutral aqueous solutions at 37–70 °C, as it was found in a kinetic study using reverse-phase HPLC. The reaction of 2-amino-5-[(2′-deoxy-β-D-erythro-pentofuranosyl)amino]-4H-imidazol-4-one (dIz) with excess of ethanolamine, alanine and γ-aminobutyric acid (0.2–1 M) is a pseudo-first-order process that proceeds with 45–80 % yields depending on the nature of the amine, its concentration, and the reaction temperature. In the case of ethanolamine, the corresponding bimolecular rate constant has a pre-exponential factor and activation energy of 1.1 × 10⁵ s^?1 and 47 kJ mol^?1, respectively. The reaction is highly competitive with the previously described hydrolysis of dIz into 2,2-diamino-4-[(2-deoxy-β-D-erythro-pentofuranosyl)amino]-5(2H)-oxazolone under biologically relevant conditions. A similar reaction with the same lesion in polymeric DNA results in the release of a low-molecular-weight analog of dIz, presumably producing an abasic site as the second reaction product. Kinetic characteristics of this process make it a potentially important source of abasic sites in oxidatively damaged DNA, formed through the reaction of 2,5-diaminoimidazolone lesions with naturally abundant DNA-affinic amines and proteins. The release of low-molecular-weight analogs of dIz can potentially be employed for quantification of imidazolone lesions in oxidized DNA. The half-life of imidazolone lesions in double-stranded DNA evaluated using this approach was found to be 154 min at 37 °C.     

Ph(2)PI as a reduction/phosphination reagent: providing easy access to phosphine oxides

The reaction of aldehydes with Ph(2)PI provides a facile way to the synthesis of pentavalent phosphine compounds with moderate to good yields.     

Alkylsulfanylphenyl derivatives of cytosine and 7-deazaadenine nucleosides, nucleotides and nucleoside triphosphates: synthesis, polymerase incorporation to DNA and electrochemical study

Aqueous Suzuki–Miyaura cross‐coupling reactions of halogenated nucleosides, nucleotides and nucleoside triphosphates derived from 5‐iodocytosine and 7‐iodo‐7‐deazaadenine with methyl‐, benzyl‐ and tritylsufanylphenylboronic acids gave the corresponding alkylsulfanylphenyl derivatives of nucleosides and nucleotides. The modified nucleoside triphosphates were incorporated into DNA by primer extension by using Vent(exo‐) polymerase. The electrochemical behaviour of the alkylsulfanylphenyl nucleosides indicated formation of compact layers on the electrode. Modified nucleotides and DNA with incorporated benzyl‐ or tritylsulfanylphenyl moieties produced signals in [Co(NH₃)₆]³⁺ ammonium buffer, attributed to the Brdi?ka catalytic response, depending on the negative potential applied. Repeated constant current chronopotentiometric scans in this medium showed increased Brdi?ka catalytic response, which suggests the deprotection of the alkylsulfanyl derivatives to free thiols under the conditions.     

A gold-containing TiO complex: a crystalline molecular precursor as an alternative route to Au/TiO2 composites

The gold-containing titanium peroxo-complex AuCl4(NH4)7[Ti4(O2)4(Hcit)2(cit)2].12H2O 1 allows an easy reproducible access to pure Au/TiO2 composites.     

The ring opening of cyclopentene oxides by pyrimidines and purines as a pathway to carbocyclic nucleoside analogues

Summary Various carbocyclic nucleosides withxylo-configuration have been synthesized using ring opening of 5-O-acetyl-1,2-anhydro-3-O-benzylcarba--DL-xylo-pentofuranose (6) by thymine, uracil, 4-N-benzoylcytosine, adenine, 6-N-benzoyladenine, and 2-amino-6-chloropurine in alkaline medium. For this purpose, the use of triethylaluminum is introduced into carbanucleoside chemistry. The new method proved to be superior over the application of sodium hydride and potassium or caesium carbonate.

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Ringöffnung von Cyclopentenoxiden mit Pyrimidinen und Purinen als Syntheseweg zu carbocyclischen Nucleosidanalogen

Zusammenfassung Ringöffnung von 5-O-Acetyl-1,2-anhydro-3-O-benzylcarba--DL-xylo-pentofuranose (6) mit Thymin, Uracil, 4-N-Benzoylcytosin, Adenin, 6-N-Benzoyladenin und 2-Amino-6-chlorpurin in alkalischem Medium ergab die entsprechendenxylo-konfigurierten carbocyclischen Nucleoside. Als Hilfsbase wurde Triethylaluminium verwendet, was deutliche Vorteile gegenüber der Verwendung von Natriumhydrid und Kalium- oder Cäsiumcarbonat bezüglich Produktreinheit und Ausbeute bietet.