激光三角法测量中被测物表面特性对测量精度影响的分析

激光三角法测量是现代测量技术中重要的测量方法,但其测量精度受自身系统、环境以及被测物表面特征等因素的影响。针对被测表面的特性是激光三角法产生测量中产生测量误差的主要因素,根据特定颜色所造成误差的重复特性提出了数据标定的改进方法;针对表面粗糙度,通过在光路适当位置安装偏振片有效消除了镜面反射,采用双光路设计有效改善了被测物倾斜带来的误差。最后通过实验验证了改进方法的有效性。     

测定物质比热容实验的探讨

混合法测定物质的比热容实验的方法：首先将被测物的质量进行测量,然后把被测物放入水中加热并测量其温度;测量量热器中水的质量,并测出其温度;再把高温被测物放进量热器中搅拌,测量出混合后的终温;然后根据比热容公式计算出被测物的比热容．然而学生实验中发现测量值始终小于理论值,这是由于整个实验过程损失了较多的热量．那么如何减小误差,本文对此提加以探讨．     

物理奥林匹克竞赛实验专题

第 8期试题解答首先利用约利弹簧秤和砝码求出弹簧的劲度系数 (用作图法处理数据 ) ,然后得出待测物的质量 ;再求出待测物浸没在水中排开水的质量 ,进而由阿基米德定律求出其体积 ;知道了待测物的质量、总体积以及两种组分的密度 ,就可以算出每种材料的含量 .测量步骤为 :1 )弹簧挂在约利弹簧秤顶端 ,弹簧下端挂砝码盘 .盘内放不同质量的砝码时 ,记录约利弹簧秤弹簧伸长的读数 .以砝码质量为横坐标 ,伸长读数为纵坐标 ,做直线拟合数据 .2 )取出盘内砝码 ,放入待测物 .记录弹簧伸长读数 X,用拟合直线求出待测物质量 M.3 )将盛水烧杯放在约利…     

三线摆测转动惯量实验中的扭动周期

三线摆测转动惯量实验中的扭动周期陶绪德（安徽师范大学物理系芜湖市２４１０００）在三线摆测转动惯量实验中，扭动周期的测定是十分重要的，当三线摆上未放待测物（即空载）和已放待测物时扭动周期是如何变化呢？本文作如下分析．根据教材测定三线摆圆盘（即悬盘）绕中...     

用Meyers-Tracy信号补偿技术作含高溶解固体样品的ICP-AES分析

以往一直采用内标法改善发射光谱法的长期稳定性。但此法并不能改善短期精密度,特别是当样品含有大量溶解固体和当待测物信号与背景信号相比不大时更是如此。Meyers和Tracy曾用ICP研究过与待测物信号噪音有关的一些问题并指出了待测物噪音特性与参比元素有很好相关性的条件。本文讨论了用Meyers-Tracy信号补偿技术作各种含高溶解固体样品的分析。方法是对光源来的三种信号(待测物、内参比元素和等离子体背景)加以监测。用两台专用滤光光度计在与待测物信号同时对参比信号和背景信号作实时监测。内参比光度计的中心波长为钪424.686nm,背景的起伏则在419到420nm间的一系列氩线处测量。待测物、参比和背景信号都同时以8毫秒的时间幅度加以测量。然后三个信号顺序通过同一模-数转换器和电子滤波线路加以处理以保证所得数字强度都能真正代表光源中各对应的信号。     

三角法激光位移测量系统的光功率控制研究

在三角法激光位移测量系统中,光功率的强度和稳定性对测量精度具有重要影响。首先通过实验研究了待测物面颜色和粗糙度对系统中光束衰减程度的影响,然后在MATLAB/Simulink中进行位移测量系统的光功率控制建模和分析。结果表明:对不同颜色和粗糙度的待测物面,在75μs之后系统光功率控制稳定度达到了0.1mW;待测物面对光束的衰减作用越小,功率控制系统的超调量越大,响应时间越快。这为精确控制激光器的发光强度和适应不同物面的精确位移测量打下了基础。     

聚合物波导型表面等离子体共振传感器的特性研究

基于表面等离子体共振理论,将SU-8作为波导芯层材料,以聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯(PMMA)为下包层材料,设计了一款聚合物波导型SPR传感器。理论计算了波导芯层折射率、被测物折射率、不同金属薄膜及其厚度等因素对表面等离子体共振曲线的影响。分析结果表明,在可测试范围内,被测物折射率越大,灵敏度越高;波导芯层折射率减小,共振峰向长波方向移动,被测物检测范围整体向折射率小的方向偏移,波导芯层折射率增大则相反。     

红外光学系统焦距测量的研究

红外光学系统是红外系统的关键组件,而焦距是光学系统重要的参数之一,它的测量直接影响到红外系统的定位精度和打击目标的准确率。传统的测量焦距的方法一直沿用可见光照明的放大率法,其测量精度受很多因素的制约。研制的测量红外光学系统焦距的系统,采用倒置放大率法测量方式,直接用红外光源照明放置在被测光学系统物方焦面上的玻罗板,用线...     

一种测薄透镜光学参量的简便方法

此法适用于透镜两球面曲率半径相等的等凸、等凹透镜的测量．一、实验装置与测量方法如图1所示，在光具座上依次放上小灯、毛玻璃、有箭头孔的物屏和待测透镜．图1测量装置简图共轴调节后，使待测透镜贴近物屏，然后逐渐远离物屏，直到在物屏上看到清晰的、与物等高倒立的实像为止，设此时透镜与物屏间距离为S．在本文中，S是个重要的量，由它可以方便地求出透镜的各光学参量．下面给出用S表述的透镜焦距人折射率n。、两球面半径r．因两球面半径相等，故均用r代之；在本文第3节中将证明，当待测透镜为等四透镜，其当符测透镜为等凸透镜，…     

测量三棱镜折射率的一种新方法

本文介绍一种用移测显微镜测量三棱镜折射率的方法,该方法通过测量物点和物点在三棱镜中所成虚像之间的几何关系,可计算得到三棱镜折射率。     

Time domain finite volume method for the transient response and natural characteristics of structural-acoustic coupling in an enclosed cavity

A time domain finite volume method（TDFVM）based on wave theory is developed to analyze the transient response and natural characteristics of structural-acoustic coupling problems in an enclosed cavity.In the present method,the elastic dynamic equations and acoustic equation in heterogeneous medium are solved in solid domains and fluid domains respectively.The structural-acoustic coupling is implemented according to the continuity condition of the particle velocity along the normal direction and the normal traction equilibrium condition on the interface.Several numerical examples are presented to validate the effectiveness and accuracy of the present TDFVM.Then the effects of water depth on the acoustic and vibration characteristics and the natural characteristics of a structural-acoustic coupling system are analyzed.The numerical results show that the increase of water depth leads to a stronger coupling between the water and structure and the decrease of natural frequencies of coupling system,The computational cost and memory of this method are small and it can be applicable to structural-acoustic coupling problems in the heterogeneous fluid.     

2D-Mueller-matrix tomography of optically anisotropic polycrystalline networks of biological tissues histological sections

A new technique of Mueller-matrix mapping of the birefringent structure of biological preparations of human organs tissues is suggested. The algorithms of reconstruction of average values and magnitude of fluctuations of the phase (birefringence) and amplitude (dichroism) of optically anisotropic structure of myocardium and connective tissue component of the vaginal wall histological section are proposed. The magnitudes and ranges of changes in the statistical moments of the 1st-4th order that characterize the distribution of average values and magnitude of fluctuations of birefringence and dichroism of the myocardium and connective tissue of the vaginal tissues histological sections were determined. Joint studies of distributions of the characteristics of phase and amplitude of the anisotropy of myocardium and connective tissue component of the vaginal wall tissues of different states were performed. The cases of various necrotic changes in the myocardium and pathological conditions of the vagina wall (prolapse of the genitals) are examined. Balanced accuracy of the method of Mueller-matrix polarization-phase and diffuse tomography of optically anisotropic polycrystalline networks in the differentiation of necrotic and pathological changes in human organs is determined.     

Spectroscopic and nano-molecular modeling investigation on the binary and ternary bindings of colchicine and lomefloxacin to Human serum albumin with the viewpoint of multi-drug therapy

Combination of several drugs is often necessary especially during long-term therapy. The competitive binding drugs can cause a decrease in the amount of drug bound to protein and increase the biological active fraction of the drug. The aim of this study is to analyze the interactions of Lomefloxacin (LMF) and Colchicine (COL) with human serum albumin (HSA) and to evaluate the mechanism of simultaneous binding of LMF and COL to protein. Fluorescence analysis was used to estimate the effect of drugs on the protein fluorescence and to define the binding and quenching properties of drugs-HSA complexes. The binding sites for LMF and COL were identified in tertiary structure of HSA with the use of spectrofluorescence analysis. The analysis of fluorescence quenching of HSA in the binary and ternary systems show that LMF does not affect the complex formed between COL and HSA. On the contrary, COL decreases the interaction between LMF and HSA. The results of synchronous fluorescence, resonance light scattering and circular dichroism spectra of binary and ternary systems show that binding of LMF and COL to HSA can induce micro-environmental and conformational changes in HSA. The simultaneous presence of LMF and COL in binding to HSA should be taken into account in the multi-drug therapy, and necessity of using a monitoring therapy owning to the possible increase of the uncontrolled toxic effects. Molecular modeling of the possible binding sites of LMF and COL in binary and ternary systems to HSA confirms the spectroscopic results.     

Influences of Quantum and Disorder Effects on Solitons Excited in Protein Molecules in Improved Model

Utilizing the improved model with quasi-coherent two-quantum state and new Hamiltonian containing an additional interaction term [Phys. Rev. E62 (2000) 6989 and Euro. Phys. J. B19 (2001) 297] we study numerically the influences of the quantum and disorder effects including distortion of the sequences of masses of amino acid molecules and fluctuations of force constant of molecular chains, and of exciton-phonon coupled constants and of the dipole-dipole interaction constant and of the ground state energy on the properties of the solitons transported the bio-energy in the protein molecules by Runge-Kutta method. The results obtained show that the new soliton is robust against these structure disorders, especially for stronger disorders in the sequence of masses spring constants and coupling constants, except for quite larger fluctuations of the ground state energy and dipole-dipole interaction constant. This means that the new soliton in the improved model is very stable in normal cases and is possibly a carrier of bio-energy transport in the protein molecules.     

基于高光谱技术的酸奶中常见致病菌的快速鉴别及计数

酸奶是一种发酵型乳制品饮料,因其特殊的功能性和良好的口感而广受欢迎。但由于商业链的不正当运行,如奶源非法获取、灭菌不充分等原因,导致酸奶中致病菌大量滋生,酸奶中毒事件频繁发生。酸奶中常见的致病菌主要有大肠杆菌、金黄色葡萄球菌和沙门氏菌,这三种致病菌由人体摄入并达到一定的数量时会产生腹痛、腹泻等严重的消化道疾病,并且会破坏人体肠道内的正常菌群平衡,因此国标对奶制品中这三种致病菌的数量已有明确的限量规定。由于酸奶的主要消费对象为老人和小孩,故其潜在危害不容小觑。传统菌落检测方法虽具有简单,灵敏、可操作性强等优点,但当不同菌落混杂在一起时无法同时进行定性定量的检测,且具有试剂成本高,检测周期长,人为因素影响较大等缺点。因此开发一种快速、简单、准确的混合鉴定计数方法为避免致病菌对酸奶的潜在危害提供了有效的途径。高光谱技术同时包含样本的光谱信息与图像信息,既能够根据化学组分的微小变化进行精确识别（光谱信息）,又能够反映出菌株在外部多层次的变化（图像信息）。因此该研究尝试对比高光谱图像技术和光谱技术,采用模式识别的方法,对比不同的模型识别结果,优选出最佳识别率的识别模型作为计数模型,最后通过最佳鉴别计数模型的识别分类结果来达到对酸奶中常见致病菌鉴定计数的目的。首先,购买酸奶中常见的乳酸菌种（保加利亚乳杆菌、嗜热链球菌、嗜酸乳杆菌、干酪乳杆菌、植物乳杆菌）和潜在污染的致病菌种（金黄色葡萄球菌、大肠杆菌、沙门氏菌）等标准菌株进行培养,提取经过48 h培养后的菌落图像信息和光谱信息。采用几种不同的预处理方式（SNV,MC,MSC,1stDER,2ndDER）对所提取的光谱数据进行预处理,并应用遗传算法筛除光谱数据中冗余的波段,保留有效波段。利用图像处理技术对图像信息中的菌株与培养基背景进行去除,然后采用主成分分析法从每幅图中优选出3个特征波长,并运用图像处理技术从特征波长所对应图像中提取菌株的18个基于GLCM的纹理特征信息。挑选合适的主成分分别建立不同的鉴别模型（LDA,KNN,BP-ANN,LS-SVM）,通过其最终的鉴别模型的识别率来确定最佳鉴别计数模型。最后从标准菌株中分别挑选出30株进行计数测试,通过比较模式识别的分类数量结果与菌株的实际数量来验证模式识别效果的准确率。研究表明,运用SNV预处理后光谱数据在提高信噪比效果上明显优于其他几种预处理方式。745.790 8,773.098 4和779.207 0 nm为图像信息中方差贡献率最大的三个波长,运用从特征波长所对应的图像中所提取的纹理特征信息建立图像识别模型。通过对比图像信息和光谱信息的模式识别结果发现,光谱特征鉴别模型普遍优于图像纹理特征鉴别模型,且当主成分数为9时,运用光谱特征所建立的LS-SVM模型的校正集识别率为96.25%,预测集的识别率为91.88%,为最优模型。采用优选的最优模型对菌株进行识别计数,大肠杆菌计数的相对误差为3.33%,金黄色葡萄球菌和沙门氏菌计数的相对误差均为0,验证了高光谱技术应用于酸奶中常见致病菌的鉴别计数的可行性。     

Temperature Sensitivity Control and Mechanical Stress Effect of Boron-Doped Long-Period Fiber Gratings

We will present in this work the quantitative analysis of the relationship between the doping concentrations of GeO 2 and B 2 O 3 in the core and cladding regions and the temperature sensitivity of the resonance wavelength shift in long-period fiber gratings (LPFGs). Based on this analysis, the temperature sensitivity was suppressed and enhanced to 0.002 nm/°C and 0.28 nm/°C, respectively. We will also discuss the effect of the residual mechanical stress on the optical and mechanical properties of LPFGs. In particular, we will present the measurement results of the dependence of the refractive index change and mechanical strength on the residual mechanical stress in the boron-doped fibers with depressed clad and matched clad.     

Design and simulation of the wire scanner for the injector linac of BEPC Ⅱ

BEPC Ⅱ,the upgrade project of Beijing Electron Positron Collider (BEPC),is an accelerator with large beam current and high luminosity,so an efficient and stable injector is required.Several beam diagnostic and monitoring instruments are used.A new diagnostic instrument--wire scanner,has been designed and will be used to nleasure the profile of the linac beam of BEPC Ⅱ.This paper describes the prototype of this system and the cause of heat generating of the wire.Some simulation results of the heat and force by using finite element method software-ANSYS(R),2) are presented and discussed.     

地塞米松磷酸钠和倍他米松磷酸钠两种差向异构体的FTIR,FT-Raman和SERS光谱研究

检测了地塞米松磷酸钠和倍他米松磷酸钠两种差向异构体的红外光谱(FTIR), 固体和饱和溶液的常规拉曼光谱(NRS)及以银胶为基底的表面增强拉曼光谱(SERS)。通过红外和拉曼光谱的结合,对其各基团的振动模式进行解析,并对峰进行归属和比较。结果表明：两种物质的主要区别是地塞米松磷酸钠的CH₃非对称伸缩振动和对称面内变形振动的拉曼位移较大;依据SERS作用机理和规律,推测两种物质在银胶上主要是通过P—O键、羧基和五元环与银胶垂直吸附。建立了两种差向异构体基于银纳米粒子的吸附模式,实现了对两种物质进行快速鉴别与区分的方法,为进一步研究肾上腺皮质激素类药物提供了十分重要的信息和可靠的参考。     

抗酸化微生物复合菌系对餐厨垃圾堆肥腐殖质组分光谱学性质的影响

抗酸化微生物复合菌系（AAMC）通过多种耐酸、嗜酸微生物的协同作用,在克服由于酸化抑制导致的餐厨垃圾堆肥发酵崩溃问题方面效果显著,接种AAMC可明显加速有机物质降解。然而生物堆肥存在有机物彻底降解和碳重新固定（形成稳定的腐殖质类物质）两种途径,有机质降解与腐殖质形成具有互动关系,为腐殖质形成提供原材料。为探究接种AAMC对餐厨垃圾堆肥腐殖质品质的影响,采用树脂柱法进行腐殖质分组,分别研究接种AAMC对富里酸、亲水性组分和胡敏酸3个组分分子结构复杂度和稳定性的影响。设接种组（AAMC）、加碱组（MgO和K₂HPO₄）和自然堆肥组3个处理,采用三维荧光技术（EEM）结合两种定量表征方法区域体积积分（FRI）和平行因子分析（PARAFAC）,实现对富里酸、亲水性组分和胡敏酸3个组分光谱学性质定量表征的准确性和完整性。FRI结果显示,堆肥结束后3个腐殖质组分中表征简单分子结构组分例如羧基或蛋白源结构区域的P_{i, n}值均降低,接种组降低幅度显著大于对照组,降低幅度大小排序为：接种组＞加碱组＞对照组。表征高芳香度和缩聚程度的胡敏酸类物质区域的P_{i, n}值均上升,且接种组上升幅度显著高于其他两处理,上升幅度排序也为：接种组＞加碱组＞对照组。PARAFAC结果显示,富里酸和胡敏酸组分又可分成短波长胡敏酸、长波长胡敏酸和色氨酸或类蛋白类物质3个组分,亲水性组分又可分为短波长胡敏酸、色氨酸和酪氨酸3个组分。堆肥结束后,表征短波胡敏酸和长波胡敏酸组分的F_max升高,而表征色氨酸等类蛋白类物质组分的F_max降低,升高或降低的幅度接种组最高,显著高于加碱组和对照组。综上结果说明接种AAMC可明显促进腐殖质组分子结构复杂化、稳定化,提高腐殖质组分高芳香度和缩聚程度,改善餐厨垃圾堆肥腐殖质品质,利于施用堆肥土壤保水保肥。这可能与AAMC具有高的小分子有机酸降解、转化能力,可规避酸累积对堆肥微生物活性的抑制导致的堆肥腐殖化效率低的问题密切相关。添加化学缓冲剂也能一定程度促进腐殖质组分稳定化、结构复杂化和提高堆肥腐殖化程度。这可能与堆料pH的改善,使得小分子有机酸可被持续降解和转化,有利于堆肥腐殖化进程有关。     

Party–state systems and their dynamics as networks

The dynamics of expansion and retreat of a network are detailed in the example of the birth and demise of party–state systems. This systemic network is described with the help of the interactive party–state (IPS) model through the interrelationship of individual party–state and economic decision-makers. The model also describes the causes of the internal dynamics of this network: its generators, its self-similarities and differences, as well as the dynamics of its operation and transformation. In view of the IPS model, I elaborate on the specific structure and dynamics of the Chinese party–state.