On the role of the magnetic dipolar interaction in cold and ultracold collisions: numerical and analytical results for NH(3Σ−) + NH(3Σ−)

We present a detailed analysis of the role of the magnetic dipole-dipole interaction in cold and ultracold collisions. We focus on collisions between magnetically trapped NH molecules, but the theory is general for any two paramagnetic species for which the electronic spin and its space-fixed projection are (approximately) good quantum numbers. It is shown that dipolar spin relaxation is directly associated with magnetic-dipole induced avoided crossings that occur between different adiabatic potential curves. For a given collision energy and magnetic field strength, the cross-section contributions from different scattering channels depend strongly on whether or not the corresponding avoided crossings are energetically accessible. We find that the crossings become lower in energy as the magnetic field decreases, so that higher partial-wave scattering becomes increasingly important below a certain magnetic field strength. In addition, we derive analytical cross-section expressions for dipolar spin relaxation based on the Born approximation and distorted-wave Born approximation. The validity regions of these analytical expressions are determined by comparison with the NH + NH cross sections obtained from full coupled-channel calculations. We find that the Born approximation is accurate over a wide range of energies and field strengths, but breaks down at high energies and high magnetic fields. The analytical distorted-wave Born approximation gives more accurate results in the case of s-wave scattering, but shows some significant discrepancies for the higher partial-wave channels. We thus conclude that the Born approximation gives generally more meaningful results than the distorted-wave Born approximation at the collision energies and fields considered in this work.     

Centrality and energy dependence of rapidity correlation patterns in relativistic heavy ion collisions

The centrality and energy dependence of rapidity correlation patterns are studied in Au+Au collisions by using AMPT with string melting,RQMD and UrQMD models.The behaviors of the shortrange correlation(SRC)and the long-range correlation(LRC)are presented clearly by two spatial-position dependent correlation patterns.For centrality dependence.UrQMD and RQMD give similar results as those in AMPT,i.,e., in most central collisions,the correlation structure is flatter and the correlation range is larger,which indicates a long range rapidity correlation.A long range rapidity correlation showing up in RQMD and UrQMD implies that patton interaction is not the only source of long range rapidity correlations.For energy dependence,AMPT with string melting and RQMD show quite different results.The correlation patterns in RQMD at low collision energies and those in AMPT at high collision energies have similar structures,i.e.aconvex curve.while the correlation patterns in RQMD at high collision energies and those in AMPT at low collision energies show fiat structures,having no position dependence.Long range rapidity correlation presents itself at high energy and disappears at low energy in RQMD,which also indicates that long range rapidity correlations may come from some trivial effects,rather than the parton interactions.     

Cold temperatures invert product ratios in Penning ionisation reactions with argon

In many chemical reactions with more than one possible outcome, the branching ratio, which is the ratio between the different reaction paths, is nearly constant over a wide range of collision energies. In barrierless systems governed by long-range interactions, however, the branching ratio is more sensitive to collision energy, and its dependence on it can be useful for better understanding the dynamics and reconstructing interaction potentials. Here we present the reaction rates of Penning and associative ionisation of metastable neon and helium with argon atoms. We obtain reaction rates in merge beam experiments, over a wide range of collision energies corresponding to that of room temperature, all the way down to a few millikelvins. We observe a change of two orders of magnitude in the branching ratio in the measured collision energy range and explain these changes using theoretical calculations.     

等离子体屏蔽对He2+与H原子碰撞电离微分截面的影响

应用经典径迹Monte Carlo（CTMC）方法研究了He²⁺与H原子在等离子体环境下的碰撞电离过程,计算了在5—400 keV/u的能区随等离子体屏蔽作用变化的碰撞电离总截面和一阶微分截面.等离子体中带电粒子之间的相互作用采用Debye-Hückel模型来描述.由于等离子体屏蔽效应的存在,靶中束缚态电子能级及其经典微正则分布以及入射离子与靶电子的相互作用都发生了变化,而这些变化会直接影响碰撞电离过程.研究发现,碰撞电离总截面随等离子屏蔽的增加而增大,特别是在10 keV/u以下的低能区电离截面有量级的增加.对随能量变化的一阶微分截面,在低能碰撞过程中,屏蔽作用增加,微分截面呈量级增加,高能碰撞微分截面呈倍数增加.同时,屏蔽作用导致电离电子向高能方向移动,随着碰撞能量的增加两体碰撞机制的贡献越来越大,并在较高的出射电子能量出现了一个新的峰.对无屏蔽的自由原子碰撞过程,CTMC方法计算出的电离总截面在碰撞能量大于70 keV/u的较高能区在实验误差内与实验测量结果符合很好,而在较低的能区比实验值小30%—50%. 关键词： 重粒子碰撞电离 等离子体屏蔽效应 经典径迹Monte Carlo方法 Debye-Hückel模型     

Electron collisional excitation of argon-like Ni XI using the Breit-Pauli R-matrix method

Electron excitation collision strengths for the transitions from the ground state to the fine-structure levels of the 3s²3p⁵3d and 3s²3p⁶3d configurations in Ni XI are calculated using the Breit-Pauli R-matrix method. Configuration interaction wavefunctions have been used to represent the target states. The relativistic effects are incorporated in the Breit-Pauli approximation by including one-body mass correction, Darwin, and spin-orbit interaction terms in the scattering equations. Collision strengths are tabulated at selected energies in the range 10 to 75 Rydberg. Effective collision strengths are determined by integrating collision strengths by assuming a Maxwellian distribution of electron energies. The effective collision strengths are listed over a wide temperature range (2×10⁴-1×10⁷ K) applicable to astrophysical plasmas. Our results are the only collision strengths and effective collision strengths available for this ion. We believe that the data calculated in this work will be useful in solar, astrophysical and laser applications.     

Threshold Collision Energy of the QCD Phase Diagram Tricritical Endpoint

Using the most advanced formulation of the hadron resonance gas model we analyze the two sets of irregularities found at chemical freeze-out of central nuclear-nuclear collisions at the center of mass energies 3.8–4.9 GeV and 7.6–9.2 GeV. In addition to previously reported irregularities at the collision energies 4.9 and 9.2 GeV we found sharp peaks of baryonic charge density. Also we analyze the collision energy dependence of the modified Wroblewski factor and the strangeness suppression factor. Based on the thermostatic properties of the mixed phase of a 1st order phase transition and the ones of the Hagedorn mass spectrum we explain, respectively, the reason of observed chemical equilibration of strangeness at the collision energy 4.9 GeV and above 8.7 GeV. It is argued that the both sets of irregularities possibly evidence for two phase transitions, namely, the 1st order transition at lower energy range and the 2nd order transition at higher one. In combination with a recent analysis of the light nuclei number fluctuations we conclude that the center of mass collision energy range 8.8–9.2 GeV may be in the nearest vicinity of the QCD tricritical endpoint. The properties of the phase existing between two phase transitions are revealed and discussed.     

低碰撞能下Li+HF(v=0－3，j=0－40)→LiF+H反应的立体动力学研究

基于2003年势能面,运用准经典轨线法(QCT)研究Li+HF→LiF+H反应立体动力学.探究较低碰撞能(1.15 kcal·mol-1-5.00 kcal·mol-1)下碰撞能、振转激发对极化微分反应截面(PDDCSs)和三矢量相关的P(θr,r)分布函数的影响,将积分散射截面与已有的理论及实验结果比较.结果显示,在较低碰撞能下碰撞能、振转激发对极化微分散射截面和三矢量相关的P(θr,r)分布函数有影响,但振转激发对极化微分反应截面和P(θr,r)分布的影响更大,碰撞能的增加使产物转动角动量后向散射的极化强度增大.在计算的能量范围内积分散射截面与其它的理论及实验结果符合较好.     

Detachment of electrons during the collision of two negative ions

The cross sections of the detachment of one and two electrons during the collision of two negative ions H^? + H^?, H^? + Cs^?, and Cs^? + Cs^? are calculated in a wide range of collision energies: from the energy threshold to approximately 100 keV. In adiabatically slow collisions, the detachment of electrons occurs as a result of one-or two-electron Auger decays whose rates are calculated in the approximation of asymptotically large separations between ions. For high collision energies, the cross sections of the electron detachment are calculated by the method of close coupling of states. The calculated cross sections are in good agreement with the results of experimental measurements made for the H^? + H^? collision.     

Neutrino propagation in a medium with a magnetic field

Data on the mean multiplicity of strange hadrons produced in minimum bias proton-proton and central nucleus-nucleus collisions at momenta between 2.8 and 400 GeV/c per nucleon have been compiled. The multiplicities for nucleon-nucleon interactions were constructed. The ratios of strange particle multiplicity to participant nucleon as well as to pion multiplicity are larger for central nucleus-nucleus collisions than for nucleon-nucleon interactions at all studied energies. The data at AGS energies suggest that the latter ratio saturates with increasing masses of the colliding nuclei. The strangeness to pion multiplicity ratio observed in nucleon-nucleon interactions increases with collision energy in the whole energy range studied. A qualitatively different behaviour is observed for central nucleus-nucleus collisions: the ratio rapidly increases when going from Dubna to AGS energies and changes little between AGS and SPS energies. This change in the behaviour can be related to the increase in the entropy production observed in central nucleus-nucleus collisions at the same energy range. The results are interpreted within a statistical approach. They are consistent with the hypothesis that the Quark Gluon Plasma is created at SPS energies, the critical collision energy being between AGS and SPS energies.     

用准经典轨迹的理论方法研究H+ +H2反应

在新的势能面上,用准经典轨迹的方法对H H2反应体系进行了动力学研究．理论计算的结果发现,这个反应体系的前向和后向的角分布基本是对称的．同时还给出了在不同碰撞能下这个反应体系的转动态的分布情况．在碰撞能的从0．124到1．424 eV时,反应H H2的积分截面是随着碰撞能的增加而逐渐降低的．而且理论计算结果与实验结果也符合的非常好．     

Heavy ion reactions around the Coulomb barrier

The angular distributions of fission fragments for the 32S+184W reaction near Coulomb barrier energies are measured. The ex perimental fission excitation function is obtained. The measured fission cross sections are decomposed into fusion-fission, quasi-fission and fast fission contributions by the dinuclear system (DNS) model. The hindrance to completing fusion both at small and large collision energies is explained. The fusion excitation functions of 32S+90,96Zr in an energy range from above to below the ...     

Study of the Process $${e}^{{+}}{e}^{{-}}{\to}{\eta\pi}^{{0}}{\gamma}$$ in the Cossision-Energy Range of $$\sqrt{{s}}{=}{1.05{-}2.00}$$ GeV

Physics of Atomic Nuclei - The process $$e^{+}e^{-}\to\eta\pi^{0}\gamma$$ is studied in the range of center-of-mass (c.m.) collision energies between 1.05 and 2.00 GeV on the basis of data...     

Studies of In-Medium Nucleon-Nucleon Collision Cross Section in the Nonrelativistic Energy Region

At nonrelativistic energy region, by using Skyrme interaction, nucleon-nucleon collision cross sections in medium and their relations with densities and energies have been studied. It is found that under PauLi correction, nucleon-nucleon collision cross section in medium is larger than free nucieon-nucleon collision cross section.     

Thermal cellular automata fluids

The concepts of local temperature and local thermal equilibrium are introduced in the context of lattice gas cellular automata (LGGAs) whose dynamics conserves energy. Green-Kubo expressions for thermal transport coefficients, in particular for the heat conductivity, are derived in a form, equivalent to those for continuous fluids. All thermal transport coefficients are evaluated in Boltzmann approximation as thermal averages of matrix elements of the inverse Boltzmann collision operator, fully analogous to the results for continuous systems, and fully model-independent. The collision operator is expressed in terms of transition probabilities between in- and out-states. Staggered diffusivities arising from spuriously conserved quantities in LGCAs are also calculated. Examples of models with either cubic or hexagonal symmetries are discussed, where particles may or may not have internal energies.     

Thermalization,Expansion and Radial Flow in HIC

The thermalization,expansion and radial flow are discussed in the processes of intermediate energy heavy ion collisions via BUU model.Our results show that at lower energies,the thermalization is reached for the collision system,but at higher energies the global thermalization is violated and only local equilibrium exists.The expansion process in the heavy ion collision at medium energies is also discussed.     

颗粒碰撞率的实验研究

本文采用一种新的研究思路,以高速摄像作为手段,结合各种新颖的PTV算法,在毫秒级时间尺度和毫米级空间尺度上(颗粒尺寸)来对颗粒碰撞率做实验研究,对长期以来一直沿用的描述颗粒碰撞率的关系进行检验与修正。通过对实际颗粒碰撞率与颗粒浓度、平均相对速度的关系进行测量研究,发现理论关系与实验存在较大的差别,理论关系较大地高估了碰撞率。指出了需要进一步深入和完善描述颗粒碰撞率的实验规律,这些规律可直接应用于气固两相流动的数值计算与理论分析中。     

Significance of the fragmentation region in ultrarelativistic heavy-ion collisions

We present measurements of the pseudorapidity distribution of primary charged particles produced in Au+Au collisions at three energies, sqrt[s(NN)]=19.6, 130, and 200 GeV, for a range of collision centrali-ties. The distribution narrows for more central collisions and excess particles are produced at high pseudorapidity in peripheral collisions. For a given centrality, however, the distributions are found to scale with energy according to the "limiting fragmentation" hypothesis. The universal fragmentation region described by this scaling grows in pseudorapidity with increasing collision energy, extending well away from the beam rapidity and covering more than half of the pseudorapidity range over which particles are produced. This approach to a universal limiting curve appears to be a dominant feature of the pseudorapidity distribution and therefore of the total particle production in these collisions.     

Probing the QCD critical point with relativistic heavy-ion collisions

We utilize an event-by-event relativistic hydrodynamic calculation performed at a number of different incident beam energies to investigate the creation of hot and dense QCD matter near the critical point. Using state-of-the-art analysis and visualization tools we demonstrate that each collision event probes QCD matter characterized by a wide range of temperatures and baryo-chemical potentials, making a dynamical response of the system to the vicinity of the critical point very difficult to isolate above the background.     

The modified Glauber approximation

This article reviews the modified Glauber approximation which has been considered for electron and positron-atom scatterings at intermediate energies during the last decade. The theoretical basis for the proposal of the method is expounded and the results of the calculation in various atomic collision processes are presented. Some alternative methods of approximation which may be used in an attempt to improve the modified Glauber approximation at this range of energies are also discussed.