Diagnostics of the Behavior of apatite and its aggregates with sphene in dilute mineral acids

Behavior of monomineral fractions of apatite and sphene and their aggregates in treatment with dilute solutions of hydrochloric and sulfuric acids was studied by electron microscopy, IR spectroscopy, crystal-optical methods, and X-ray and chemical analyses. The manner in which aggregates of apatite and sphene disintegrate was for the first time visualized by electron scanning microscopy. The efficiency of purification of the apatite concentrate to remove apatite with hydrochloric and sulfuric acid solutions was examined.     

Preparation of Titanium-Containing Sulfuric Acid Solutions

The influence exerted by fluorine-containing agents introduced into nitric acid in leaching of calcium oxide from the sphene concentrate on the possibility of performing the process under atmospheric pressure to obtain titanium dioxide of anatase structure in the solid residue was examined. The sulfatization of the titanium-silica product obtained in nitric acid breakdown of the sphene concentrate and aqueous leaching of titanium sulfates from the forming cakes were studied.     

合成榍石的抗辐照稳定性和热稳定性

以H2SiO3、CaCO3、TiO2为原料,通过固相反应合成榍石,并对合成的榍石进行热处理和60Co源辐照试验,借助X射线衍射(XRD)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、红外光谱(IR)、激光拉曼光谱(LRS)等分析手段,研究合成榍石的抗辐照稳定性和热稳定性.结果表明,辐照累计剂量为5.76×105Gy的60Co源辐照没有造成榍石晶格的辐射损伤,合成的榍石具有良好的抗辐照稳定性;在200℃、400℃、600℃、800℃热处理24h,榍石晶体没有发生物相变化,合成榍石晶体具有良好的热稳定性.     

Purification of sphene concentrate to remove phosphorus impurity with dilute mineral acids

Methods of crystal-optic, X-ray phase, chemical, and IR spectroscopic analyses were used to study the interaction of sphene and fluorapatite concentrates with dilute mineral acid solutions. The conditions under which the sphene concentrate can be purified to remove admixtures of phosphorus-containing compounds were found.     

Physicochemical processes in mechanical activation of titanium-and calcium-containing minerals

A comparative study of processes occurring in mechanical activation of perovskite, sphene, and vollastonite in air and in the atmosphere of carbon dioxide was made. Data on the effect of mechanical activation on the degree of perovskite and sphene decomposition by a 20% nitric acid solution under the standard conditions are presented. Original Russian Text A.M. Kalinkin, 2007, published in Zhurnal Prikladnoi Khimii, 2007, Vol. 80, No. 10, pp. 1585–1591.     

Composition of Solid Phases Isolated from Sulfuric Acid Solutions of Titanium(IV) by the Action of Phosphoric Acid

The composition of titanium phosphates precipitated in the course of the hydrothermal sulfuric acid decomposition of sphene concentrate in the presence of phosphoric acid was studied.     

Recovery of Nitric Acid To Obtain a Gypsum Binder

The possibility of processing nitric acid leaching solutions to obtain recovered nitric acid and gypsum with good binding properties was studied in order to develop a new technology for processing of the sphene concentrate.     

Granulation of core particles suitable for film coating by agitation fluidized bed II. A proposal of a rapid dissolution test for evaluation of bitter taste of ibuprofen

To prepare powdered drugs that do not have a bitter taste, a film coating covering the surfaces of the core particles is required. The dissolution rate of ibuprofen from the coated particles changes according to the physical properties of the core particles. In this study, the effects of the physical properties of granules prepared by using several scales of agitation fluidized beds on the drug dissolution rate were investigated. The dissolution rate of ibuprofen decreased when the apparent density and shape factor of the granules increased. In contrast, the dissolution rate of the drug increased with the friablility of the granules increased. Thus, the structures of the granules appear to affect the dissolution rate of the drug to a large degree. A rapid dissolution test that can be used to investigate the early dissolution rate of ibuprofen in vitro was proposed to evaluate the taste-masking level of the coated particles. The bitter taste-masking level of the coated particles was successfully confirmed by using this novel test method.     

Dissolution kinetics of copper(II) oxide in water saturated by sulphur dioxide

The dissolution and the kinetics of dissolution of cooper(II) oxide in water saturated by sulphur dioxide has been studied. In the experiments, the particle size, the flow rate of the gas, the solid to liquid ratio, and the reaction temperature have been chosen as parameters, while the stirring rate was held constant. As a result of present experiments, it was observed that the decrease of the particle size, the solid to liquid ratio, and an increase of the reaction temperature increased the dissolution rate. It was also observed that the flow rate of sulphur dioxide in the range of its flow rate values did not affect the dissolution rate. The reaction kinetics of copper(II) oxide according to the heterogeneous reaction models was examined and it was found that the dissolution rate was controlled by chemical reaction. The calculated activation energy is 66.50 kJmol^?1. © 1994 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

Relationship between dissolution rate of uranium dioxide pellets in nitric acid solutions and their porosity

Dissolution of uranium dioxide pellets /10 mmø×11 mm/ in nitric acid was studied. A dependence of the initial dissolution rate on acid concentration and temperature was observed. The effective surface area of the pellet was measured during the dissolution process, and compared with its apparent surface area. The experimental dissolution curve was in good agreement with the curve obtained by simulations assuming that the dissolution rate depends on the effective surface area.     

Improvement of the dissolution rate of silymarin by means of solid dispersions

Solid dispersions of silymarin were prepared by the fusion method with the intention of improving the dissolution properties of silymarin. Polyethylene glycol 6000 (PEG 6000) was used as the inert hydrophilic matrix. The dissolution studies of the solid dispersions were performed in vitro. And the results obtained showed that the dissolution rate of silymarin was considerably improved when formulated in solid dispersions with PEG 6000 as compared to original drug, and the increased dissolution rate might be favorable for further oral absorption.     

Reaction of hydroquinone with hematite; II. Calculated electron-transfer rates and comparison to the reductive dissolution rate

The rate of reaction of hematite with quinones and the quinone moieties of larger molecules may be an important factor in limiting the rate of reductive dissolution of hematite, especially by iron-reducing bacteria. It is possible that the rate of reductive dissolution of hematite in the presence of excess hydroquinone at pH 2.5 may be limited by the electron-transfer rate. Here, a reductive dissolution rate was measured and compared to electron-transfer rates calculated using Marcus theory. An experimental rate constant was measured at 9.5 x 10 (-6) s(-1) and the reaction order with respect to the hematite concentration was found to be 1.1. Both the dissolution rate and the reaction order of hematite concentration compare well with previous measurements. Of the Marcus theory calculations, the inner-sphere part of the reorganization energy and the electronic coupling matrix element for hydroquinone self-exchange electron transfer are calculated using ab initio methods. The second order self-exchange rate constant was calculated to be 1.3 x 10 (7) M(-1)s(-1), which compares well with experimental measurements. Using previously published data calculated for hexaquairon(III)/(II), the calculated electron-transfer rate for the cross reaction with hydroquinone also compares well to experimental measurements. A hypothetical reductive dissolution rate is calculated using the first-order electron-transfer rate constant and the concentration of total adsorbed quinone. Three different models of the hematite surface are used as well as multiple estimates for the reduction potential, the surface charge, and the adsorption density of hydroquinone. No calculated dissolution rate is less than five orders of magnitude faster than the experimentally measured one.     

The unique mechanism of analcime dissolution by hydrogen ion attack

Acidization is the process of injecting acid into porous oil bearing formations to dissolve minerals in the pore space and is a common technique to increase oil production. Analcime is a zeolite which is one of the minerals found in oil reservoirs in the Gulf of Mexico. This mineral is particularly troublesome during the injection of hydrochloric acid during stimulation of the well reservoir because of the precipitation of silicate and analcime dissolution products. To better understand the dissolution/precipitation process, a fundamental investigation of dissolution of analcime was carried out. Experiments establish that silicate precipitates completely from solution during analcime dissolution in hydrochloric acid and that the precipitation does not influence the dissolution kinetics. Comparison of Si and Al initial dissolution rates demonstrates that Al is selectively removed from the zeolite. The selective removal rate parameter is defined as the ratio of the measured Si dissolution rate to the stoichiometric Si dissolution rate. A new concept is introduced of using the selective removal rate parameter to delineate the mechanism of particle dissolution by demonstrating the influence of the Si-to-Al ratio. The mechanism comprises the removal of Si facilitated by the selective removal of Al, leading to the formation of undissolvable silicate particles. Consequently, the unique mechanism of analcime dissolution has general implications pertaining to how microporous materials dissolve.     

Study of Solubilizing Capacity of Anionic Surfactants (AOS and SLS) in Spray-Dried Pesticide Formulation

The slow dissolution rate exhibited by sparingly water‐soluble pesticide is a major challenge in the pesticide development process. The aim of this study was to improve the dissolution rate of a sparingly water soluble model pesticide, Atrazine. Microparticles containing the model pesticide (atrazine) were produced by spray‐drying technique in the absence and presence of an anionic surfactant. Alpha olefin sulfonate (AOS) and Sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS) were chosen as the surfactants to improve the particle wetting and the dissolution rate. The spray dried particles were characterized by SEM and particle size analyzer and dissolution studies were carried out by USP XXIII paddle method. Also the effect of spray drying on atrazine was studied by DSC. The results obtained showed that the dissolution rate of the spray dried atrazine‐surfactant particles were significantly increased compared to the active. This proves that the better wetting characteristics conferred by the hydrophilic surfactant were responsible for the enhanced dissolution rate of the model pesticide. 50% water dispersible granules (WDG) of atrazine were also prepared by spray‐drying technique. The resulting granules had a unique combination of good flow ability and a good degree of dispersion.     

Immediate release tablets of telmisartan using superdisintegrant-formulation, evaluation and stability studies

Telmisartan (anti-hypertensive) is insoluble in water; hence the drug may be slowly or incompletely dissolved in the gastro intestinal tract. So the rate of dissolution and therefore its bioavailability is less (bioavailability 42%). In the present study an attempt has been made to prepare immediate release tablets of telmisartan by using Polyplasdone XL-10 (Crosspovidone) at intragranular, extragranular and partly intra and extragranular level of addition to increase the rate of drug release from dosage form to increase the dissolution rate and hence its bioavailability. The prepared granules and tablets were evaluated for their physiochemical properties and in-vitro dissolution study was conducted for the prepared tablets. It was concluded that the immediate release tablets with proper hardness, disintegration time and with increase rate of dissolution can be made using Polyplasdone XL-10. Formuation-10 (F10) was selected for stability study and the in-vitro dissolution study showed that was no difference in percent of drug released between initial and sixth month sample.     

Improvement of dissolution and bioavailability for mebendazole, an agent for human echinococcosis, by preparing solid dispersion with polyethylene glycol.

The solid dispersion of mebendazole was prepared with polyethylene glycol (PEG) to enhance the dissolution rate of mebendazole, an agent for the chemotherapy of human echinococcosis. The dissolution rate of the solid dispersion increased compared with the physical mixture, and also increased with the incorporation of an increasing amount of PEG-6000. An extensive improvement of the dissolution rate was observed when the ratio of the solid dispersion of mebendazole to PEG-6000 was more than 1: 2. Furthermore, greater bioavailability in rabbits was obtained after oral administration of the solid dispersion compared with the physical mixture.     

海沙钛铁矿在硫酸溶液中的电化学溶解研究

采用电化学技术研究了孟加拉国海沙里钛铁矿在硫酸溶液中不同温度下的溶解行为. 循环伏安研究表明,在没有添加碳粉的条件下钛铁矿的溶解非常困难. 为了探明钛铁矿的溶解过程,考察了钛铁矿-碳比例、硫酸浓度和温度对钛铁矿电化学溶解行为的影响. 结果显示,钛铁矿在低还原电位和低温下的溶解速率较慢. 施加更负的还原电位和在较高的温度下溶解速率加快. 增加硫酸浓度（最大浓度到1 mol?dm^-3）也可提高溶解速率. 但是,在较高的硫酸浓度和还原电位下,由于氢气析出导致钛铁矿的溶解速率降低,且气体吸附最后使得钛铁矿的活性表面积减小. 计算得到活化能数值在高温区间为50±10 kJ•mol^-1, 而低温区间为?15±5kJ•mol^-1, 说明低温区间为扩散控制过程,而高温区间为化学控制过程.     

Variability of dissolution rates at constant undersaturation

Dissolution processes play an important role in marble weathering. Investigation of the dissolution kinetics of powdered Pentelic marble, a calcitic natural stone, showed that the rates measured at constant undersaturation decreased with time. It was found that the rate of dissolution decreased sharply to about 50% of the initial value before 5% of the initially suspended powder was dissolved. Past a dissolution extent corresponding to 25% with respect to the suspended solid, the rates of dissolution at the same constant undersaturation reached a stable value corresponding to 20-25% of the initial rate measured. The reduction in the rates of dissolution up to 25% of mass loss was in agreement with the reduction in the total surface area exposed to the solution, suggesting a dependence of the rate on the number of active sites on the surface of the dissolving material. The decrease in the dissolution rates did not depend on the undersaturation of the solution or on the physical characteristics of the particles such as specific surface area, porosity, and particle size distribution. Equal mass losses, with respect to the initially suspended solid, of different samples exhibited the same relative decrease in rate regardless of the conditions of the aqueous solutions.     

钛表面生物活性榍石/氧化钛复合涂层的结构和磷灰石形成机理

采用微弧氧化和热处理复合技术,在钛表面制备了具有双层结构的榍石/氧化钛复合涂层。榍石/氧化钛复合涂层的外层是由微弧氧化涂层经热处理后晶化生成;而内层是由钛基底的氧化生成,并且氧化钛表现出不同的Ti,O原子比。由于钛基底的氧化,孔径在50~500nm的微孔呈层状结构分布在涂层内层。与微弧氧化涂层相比,该复合涂层具有很好的磷灰石诱导能力,这是由于榍石沿着特定晶面和晶向与羟基磷灰石表现出良好的晶体学匹配关系,从而为磷灰石的成核和取向沉积过程提供良好的位点。     

钛表面生物活性榍石/氧化钛复合涂层的结构和磷灰石形成机理(英文)

采用微弧氧化和热处理复合技术,在钛表面制备了具有双层结构的榍石/氧化钛复合涂层。榍石/氧化钛复合涂层的外层是由微弧氧化涂层经热处理后晶化生成;而内层是由钛基底的氧化生成,并且氧化钛表现出不同的Ti,O原子比。由于钛基底的氧化,孔径在50~500 nm的微孔呈层状结构分布在涂层内层。与微弧氧化涂层相比,该复合涂层具有很好的磷灰石诱导能力,这是由于榍石沿着特定晶面和晶向与羟基磷灰石表现出良好的晶体学匹配关系,从而为磷灰石的成核和取向沉积过程提供良好的位点。