Simplified Approach for Optimizing Optical Asymmetric Curved Waveguides of Broadband Directional Couplers

ABSTRACT

Optical broadband directional couplers (BDCs) are indispensable components for providing wavelength-insensitive and flexible optical splitting in the construction of functional photonic integrated circuits (PICs). The existing BDC device structures are usually required to determine specific design parameters for different waveguide structures and operating wavelength bands. To circumvent this dilemma, here we present a novel optimization procedure to realize a compact BDC by using the asymmetric curved waveguide structure. The versatile particle swarm optimization (PSO) technique is adopted to determine the optimal device parameters of the compact and broadband asymmetric curved directional couplers (ACDCs) for different coupling ratios. In order to reduce the computational complexity in the optimization, the 3D ACDC is first converted to an equivalent 2D structure by using the modified effective index method (MEIM). The device parameters of the equivalent 2D ACDC are optimized by the PSO with the objective function of a wavelength flattened coupling ratio. Afterward, the optimized 2D structure is converted to the 3D one by including the waveguide thickness. To cope with the approximation error by the MEIM, the 3D ACDC is further fine-tuned by sweeping one of the device parameters with the full 3D simulation but keeping all of the other optimal parameters obtained from the PSO intact. As a result, a DC with broad bandwidth of 100 nm is obtained over the wavelength range from 1.50 µm to 1.60 µm with a very small coupling length of 6 µm. The semi-optimized ACDC is used to construct an unbalanced Mach-Zehnder interferometer (MZI) and a Sagnac loop mirror (SLM), both of which show high extinction ratios of >25 dB over a broad wavelength range with low excess loss.     

An Analytical Model for the Coupling Between the Array Waveguides in AWGs and Star Couplers

The purpose of this paper is to present an accurate analytical solution for the coupling between the array waveguides in arrayed waveguide grating (AWG) devices and star couplers. The results of this analysis will be useful for developing numerical models of AWGs and star couplers, as well as other optical waveguide components containing arrays of coupled waveguides.     

Improved Design of 8-Channel Silicon-on-Insulator (SOI) Arrayed Waveguide Grating (AWG) Multiplexer Using Tapered Entry into the Slab Waveguides

An improved design of silicon-on-insulator based 8 × 8 AWG multiplexer is presented using tapered entry into the slab waveguide. Our simulation result clearly shows significant enhancement of electric field from 0.44 V/m to 0.732 V/m, reduction in insertion loss from 7.13 db to 2.7 db, with bandwidth of 230 GHz and channel spacing 200 GHz while keeping other parameters within acceptable limits.     

新型非对称Y分支波导设计与分析

非对称型Y分支波导是用于实现分支波导光功率非均分输出的重要单元器件,在集成光子器件中有广泛应用.基于全内反射原理,提出了一种新型非对称Y分支波导,通过将左右分支波导相对于输入波导在横向方向上进行偏移以实现特定分束比光输出,并对其光学特性进行模拟分析.结果表明,该波导结构不仅能实现任意特定分束比光输出,在分支角达到14°条件下其输出损耗仅为0.417 dB,而且偏振依赖性低、工艺制作难度小,这种新型非对称Y分支波导在集成光子器件中具有重要应用意义.     

Improved Design of 8-Channel Silicon-on-Insulator (SOI) Arrayed Waveguide Grating (AWG) Multiplexer Using Tapered Entry into the Slab Waveguides

An improved design of silicon-on-insulator based 8 × 8 AWG multiplexer is presented using tapered entry into the slab waveguide. Our simulation result clearly shows significant enhancement of electric field from 0.44 V/m to 0.732 V/m, reduction in insertion loss from 7.13 db to 2.7 db, with bandwidth of 230 GHz and channel spacing 200 GHz while keeping other parameters within acceptable limits.     

高效垂直耦合的光栅耦合器设计

利用反射式光栅和分布布喇格反射镜的反射特性,分别从光栅耦合器的侧面和底部对光进行高反射,通过合理选取反射光栅和耦合光栅的间距使两组光栅的反射光实现相消干涉来减弱耦合光栅在实现垂直耦合时存在的负二阶反射,从而设计出高效率垂直耦合的光栅耦合器.采用本征模展开方法,模拟计算了垂直耦合光栅耦合器的耦合效率随不同结构参量而变化的相关特性,在绝缘体硅平面波导和单模光纤之间对波长1550 nm的光获得了最高89％的耦合效率.所得结果对实际垂直耦合光栅耦合器的制备具有一定参考价值.     

亚波长之字形MIM等离子波导宽带滤波器

运用时域有限差分（FDTD）方法数值研究了一种亚波长之字形金属-绝缘体-金属（MIM）等离子波导结构的传输属性。之字形波导在连续两个拐角可向外延伸出1~4个短切口。每个切口独立构成一个谐振腔,谐振波长近似与切口深度成线性正比,而与切口方向无关。当任意一个切口满足谐振条件时,该波导结构在对应波长的透射率均趋近于0。随着同深度切口数目的增加,禁带波长区域逐渐展宽,形成一个良好的宽带滤波器。     

分析各向异性光波导的一种新系统

报道一种灵活，交互和自动化的系统，它以矢量有限无法为基础，并在ＩＭＳＬ的ＰＤＥ／ｐｒｏｔｒａｎ题解环境中实现，用它分析各向异性光波异，得到了各向异性介矩形导中所用传播模式的数值结果，以及采用传播常数和模场分布二种形式评价这个方法的精度，并与早期的研究结果加以比较。     

一种全面测定平板波导折射率参数的新方法

本文通过对耦合棱镜中反射光束强度变化的测量，给出了平板波导的全部折射率参数，包括波导表面，波导模以及衬底的折射率，由此可以精确的得到平板波导的折射率分布，为波导的设计提供了可靠的参数。     

A Novel Fabrication for Method Long PeriodFiber Grating

A new method of fabricating all-fiber broadband-rejection filter based on long period fiber grating (LPFG) is proposed. The principle in the method is to make periodic asymmetrical deformation in the core of fiber without microbends by electrode discharging so as to induce periodic refractive index changes. Two kinds of filters whose rejection peak wavelength at 1550 nm and 1310 nm are obtained. The insertion loss is less than 0.6 dB and 1.4 dB respectively. The 20 dB bandwidth ranges from 10 nm to 39 nm. The backward reflection loss is extremely small (less than - 70 dB). Such devices can be used as isolation filters in 1310/1550 nm WDM system and other fields.     

Numerical Analysis of Coupling between Two-Dimensional Conventional Dielectric Waveguides and Photonic Crystal Waveguide

A problem of coupling between conventional dielectric waveguides and a two-dimensional photonic crystal waveguide is analyzed, using the Fourier series expansion method combined with the absorbing boundary condition of a perfectly matched layer (PML). A novel structure for the input and output ends of the photonic crystal waveguide is proposed to increase the coupling efficiency. Numerical examples are demonstrated and discussed to validate the effectiveness of the proposed structure.     

Design of a Broadband E-Plane Power Combiner Based on Quarter-Arc Bent Rectangular Waveguides for Sub-THz and THz Wave

A method of designing an E-plane power combiner composed of two quarter-arc bent rectangular waveguides is proposed for sub-THz and THz waves.The quarter-arc bent-waveguide power combiner has a simple geometry which is easy to design and fabricate.By HFSS codes,the physical mechanism and performance of the power combiner are analyzed,and the relationship between the output characteristics and the structure/operating parameters is given.Simulation results show that our power combiner is suitable for the combining of two equalpower and reversed-phase signals,the bandwidth of the combiner is wide and can be adjusted by the radius of the quarter-arc,and the isolation performance of the combiner can be improved by adding thin film resistive septa at the junction of two quarter-arc bent waveguides.Meanwhile,an approximate method based on the analytic geometrical analysis is given to design this power combiner for different frequency bands.     

A Novel Fabrication for Method Long Period Fiber Grating

A new method of fabricating all-fiber broadband-rejection filter based on long period fiber grating (LPFG) is proposed. The principle in the method is to make periodic asymmetrical deformation in the core of fiber without microbends by electrode discharging so as to induce periodic refractive index changes. Two kinds of filters whose rejection peak wavelength at 1550 nm and 1310 nm are obtained. The insertion loss is less than 0.6 dB and 1.4 dB respectively. The 20 dB bandwidth ranges from 10 nm to 39 nm. The backward reflection loss is extremely small (less than -70 dB). Such devices can be used as isolation filters in 1310/1550 nm WDM system and other fields.     

一种基于光栅的滚转角测量新方法

提出了一种利用一维平面透射光栅作为敏感器件的滚转角测量新方法。利用聚焦透镜及光电位置探测器组成接收测量单元, 避免了直线度误差带来的影响; 利用光栅的±1级衍射光束构成双光路差动测量, 基本避免了俯仰、偏摆角的串扰, 实现了误差分离, 同时增强了抗干扰能力。通过详细的理论分析, 论证了方案的可行性, 并在此基础上通过实验得到了定标曲线, 其线性相关度为1, 滚转角测量的角度分辨率可以达到0.6″。测量方法简单灵活, 仅需更换不同线数的光栅便可满足不同测量精度的要求。     

一种制作投影灰度正弦光栅的新方法

针对传统方法难以制作结构光三维投影测量设备的灰度正弦光栅元件,并以Ronchi光栅代替从而影响测量准确度,提出了一种制作灰度按正弦分布的光栅模板的新方法.通过对银盐全息干板透过率特性曲线的理论分析,指出在对比度为一的正弦干涉条纹下曝光不能得到线性记录和变换的原因,并提出了采用均匀非相干光预曝光提供偏置点来实现线性记录的新方法.实验表明,采用空间滤波法能够获得对称双光束正弦干涉条纹记录,并准确控制正弦干涉条纹曝光在干板的线性区域,可以达到线性记录并获得尽可能高的反衬度.     

Novel Efficient Circuit Design for Multilayer QCA RCA

The novel emerging technology, QCA technology, is a candidate for replacing CMOS technology. Full Adder (FA) circuits are also widely used circuits in arithmetic circuits design. In this paper, two new multilayer QCA architectures are presented: one-bit FA and 4-bit Ripple Carry Adder (RCA). The designed one-bit multilayer FA architecture is based on a new XOR gate architecture. The designed 4-bit multilayer QCA RCA is also developed based on the designed one-bit multilayer QCA FA. The functionality of the designed architectures are verified using QCADesigner tool. The results indicate that the designed architecture for 4-bit multilayer QCA RCA requires 5 clock phases, 125 QCA cells, and 0.17 μm² area. The comparison results confirm that the designed architectures provide improvements compared with other adder architectures in terms of cost, cell count, and area.

     

一种制作投影灰度正弦光栅的新方法

针对传统方法难以制作结构光三维投影测量设备的灰度正弦光栅元件,并以Ronchi光栅代替从而影响测量准确度,提出了一种制作灰度按正弦分布的光栅模板的新方法.通过对银盐全息干板透过率特性曲线的理论分析,指出在对比度为一的正弦干涉条纹下曝光不能得到线性记录和变换的原因,并提出了采用均匀非相干光预曝光提供偏置点来实现线性记录的新方法.实验表明,采用空间滤波法能够获得对称双光束正弦干涉条纹记录,并准确控制正弦干涉条纹曝光在干板的线性区域,可以达到线性记录并获得尽可能高的反衬度.     

一种改善频谱性能的蚀刻衍射光栅输出结构新设计

对波分复用系统中一种重要的解复用器-衍射蚀刻光栅(EDG)的输出结构进行了研究,并提出一种新的采用渐变波导和空气槽相结合的结构设计,在保持器件原有的紧凑结构的前提下极大的提高了器件的频谱特性.该结构设计不需要额外的工艺过程,并且具有很好的工艺容差性.结构的有效性通过波束传播方法(BPM)和模式传播分析(MPA)得到了验证.在所给的数值模型中,-1 dB带宽和品质因素分别比传统设计提高了1.474和1.383倍.同时,相邻信道间的串扰降低了15 dB以上,而整个结构引入的功率损耗仅仅为0.65 dB.