Challenges of partial discharge diagnostics of low-voltage cables

Partial discharge measurement is one of the most important diagnostic methods to detect local faults in insulation systems. Detection of local faults in low-voltage cables would be attractive for condition assessment of power plant secondary cables. The construction of low-voltage cables is different from the medium and high voltage ones, preventing the direct application of the already developed models and methods. An analysis of partial discharge detection and evaluation methods for low-voltage cable diagnostics are given in this paper. Some laboratory measurement results are also presented and the identified issues are described in this paper.     

Measurement of airborne sound insulation of timber noise barriers: Comparison of in situ method CEN/TS 1793-5 with laboratory method EN 1793-2

Recent progress in the development of European standards has allowed the in situ testing of roadside noise barriers. CEN/TS 1793-5 describes a test method using maximum length sequences (MLS) for the characterisation of airborne sound insulation. However, many barriers are tested according to a laboratory standard, EN 1793-2, based on measurements carried out in reverberant chambers and in the case of timber barriers with a relatively low airborne sound insulation it is not clear to what extent the results of the two tests compare. The paper describes the results of tests carried out using both methods. Six samples of timber barrier were compared including single-leaf and double-leaf constructions and single-leaf constructions with an absorptive core. Very good agreement was found especially when account was taken of the valid frequency range in each test method. The results open up the possibility of routinely evaluating the performance of timber barriers at the roadside where build quality can be variable and there are concerns that the acoustic performance may not match that obtained under laboratory test conditions where typically the barrier is more carefully constructed.     

Sound insulation of domestic roofing systems: Part 1

The three parts of this paper are to be published in three issues of Applied Acoustics. The present part discusses the experimental facilities of the measuring laboratory and gives details of tests conducted on ceiling specimens. In Part 2 the work on various types of roof component will be presented. In Part 3 will follow the results of tests carried out on the roof and ceiling components combined. It will also consider the ability of the roofing system to provide sound insulation, as a component of the whole building envelope, from typical external noise spectra. The availability of sound insulation values obtained by laboratory measurements does provide the building industry with guidance in building design, even though values for actual buildings may vary considerably from laboratory-measured values.     

Reduction of external noise by building facades: tolerance of standard EN 12354-3

The European standard EN 12354-3 describes a calculation model designed to estimate the reduction of outdoor sound by facades of buildings. The accuracy of the prediction method is not specified in the standard. In this paper, the tolerance of the method is studied by comparing the calculation results to the laboratory and field measurement results of different types of facades. For the weighted sound reduction index, the mean and standard deviation of the difference between the calculated and measured values of nineteen facades is 0.3±0.4 dB in laboratory conditions. In field conditions, the mean and standard deviation of the difference between the calculated and measured values of twelve facades is 3.8±3.8 dB. The tolerance is considerably larger compared to the laboratory measurements because the sound insulation of the single building facade elements have been evaluated based on the empirical estimations and not on measurement results.     

Standardised acoustic characterisation of sonic crystals noise barriers: Sound insulation and reflection properties

This work presents sound insulation and sound reflection measurements conducted over sonic crystal noise barriers according to the European standards EN 1793-2, EN 1793-5 and EN 1793-6. In most of the reference literature, sound insulation and reflection properties of sonic crystals are measured or a diffuse sound field or in a direct sound field including the top and side edge diffraction effects together with the transmitted (or reflected) components. The aim of this work is to perform free-field measurements over a real-sized sample in order to window out all diffraction components and to verify the points of strength and weakness of the application of standardised measurements to sonic crystals. Diffuse field measurements in laboratory are also done for comparison purposes. Since the target frequency range for traffic noise spectrum is centred at around 1000 Hz, a finite element based parametric investigation is performed to design unit cells capable of generating band gaps in the one-third octave bands ranging from 800 Hz to 1250 Hz. Then, 3 × 3 m sonic crystal noise barriers are installed in the Laboratory of the University of Bologna and sound insulation and sound reflection measurements are performed according to the mentioned active standards for normal incidence. Sound insulation is measured for diffuse incidence too. The two methods give different results. The method more directly comparable to calculations is the free-field one. However, if on the one hand the application of a time window allows to compute the transmitted or reflected component only, on the other hand the time window itself limits the maximum width of the sample for which all reflections of the n-th order having a significant spectral content are included, and thus results critical in the analysis of this kind of noise barriers. Nevertheless, the standardised measurements allow a direct comparison between the performance of sonic crystals and common noise barriers.     

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为了保障EAST快控电源系统的稳定运行,提出了一种适用于EAST快控电源的高频高压工作环境的交流绝缘监测技术.此方法利用电阻不平衡桥,通过交替投切电阻造成分压的变化,实时采集电压,计算出绝缘电阻值.搭建了Simulink仿真平台,分别将~220V市电和EAST快控电源输出作为电压输入进行实时绝缘监测仿真分析,波形与预期相符.经过实验验证,新方法能够准确完成220V市电交流输入的绝缘监测,并且在快控电源现场能正常工作,达到绝缘监测的精度要求.     

适用于EAST快控电源的交流绝缘监测技术

为了保障EAST快控电源系统的稳定运行,提出了一种适用于EAST快控电源的高频高压工作环境的交流绝缘监测技术。此方法利用电阻不平衡桥,通过交替投切电阻造成分压的变化,实时采集电压,计算出绝缘电阻值。搭建了Simulink仿真平台,分别将~220V市电和EAST快控电源输出作为电压输入进行实时绝缘监测仿真分析,波形与预期相符。经过实验验证,新方法能够准确完成220V市电交流输入的绝缘监测,并且在快控电源现场能正常工作,达到绝缘监测的精度要求。     

基于广度优先搜索算法的故障隔离矩阵生成方法

相关性矩阵表示故障与测试之间的逻辑关系。隔离矩阵表示在给定的测试顺序下,故障隔离与测试之间的需求关系。测试顺序对诊断费用影响可以通过隔离矩阵进行计算。所以求解隔离矩阵是诊断费用优化的前提。针对相关性矩阵与隔离矩阵易于混淆的问题,以及传统分析方法求解隔离的不足,详述隔离矩阵的概念和生成原理,设计基于广度优先搜索的隔离矩阵生成算法。示例表明,生成算法是可行的和有效的。     

The effect of gamma radiation on the stator insulation of rotating electrical machines

ABSTRACT

The paper examines the influence of γ radiation on the stability of the insulation characteristics of the stator winding of rotating electrical machines. The tested insulation characteristics are loss tangent angle, resistance, polarization factor, threshold voltage of partial discharge, breakdown voltage, coefficient of proportionality and lifetime exponent. The radiation dose was used as the γ radiation parameter. Different winding areas have been specifically tested in which a different impact is expected on technological winding production process. Tests were performed on a representative statistical sample under well-controlled laboratory conditions. The combined measurement uncertainty of the experimental procedure was about 5%.     

高频电压下交联聚乙烯电缆绝缘中电树枝生长的动力学模型

针对高压交联聚乙烯电缆绝缘试样,在1000—2000Hz 10kV峰值正弦电压下,采用计算机实时显微数字摄像技术进行了电树枝培养实验.基于半结晶绝缘材料中电树枝生长机理和电树枝结构的分形特征,提出了一个在高频范围定量预测电应力驱动下交联聚乙烯电缆绝缘中电树枝生长特性的动力学模型,获得了电树枝生长率方程和从电树枝生长到击穿过程的寿命公式.将该模型预测值与实验中获得的电树枝生长规律实验数据进行比较,其结果有较好的一致性,表明提出的模型化方法可以应用到交联聚乙烯电缆绝缘中电树枝老化规律的定量分析研究中. 关键词： 交联聚乙烯电缆绝缘 电树枝 施压频率 动力学模型     

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用有限元法对ITER装置磁体系统的高性能氦气密复合材料绝缘子的结构设计进行电场分析和力学性能分析。分析结果表明,绝缘子能够承受耐电压56kV、耐气压4MPa、耐拉力2000N、耐弯矩1000Nm、耐扭矩100Nm的技术参数要求;同时热应力分析结果表明,与外力作用的影响相比,热应力是影响绝缘子性能的关键因素;绝缘子在拉力、弯矩和扭矩受力下发生变形的是金属部分,外力对绝缘部分的影响不大。     

ITER轴向绝缘子结构设计与分析

用有限元法对ITER装置磁体系统的高性能氦气密复合材料绝缘子的结构设计进行电场分析和力学性能分析。分析结果表明,绝缘子能够承受耐电压56kV、耐气压4MPa、耐拉力2000N、耐弯矩1000Nm、耐扭矩100Nm的技术参数要求;同时热应力分析结果表明,与外力作用的影响相比,热应力是影响绝缘子性能的关键因素;绝缘子在拉力、弯矩和扭矩受力下发生变形的是金属部分,外力对绝缘部分的影响不大。     

A new laboratory facility for the determination of airborne sound insulation of party walls

The laboratory test chamber described in this paper was designed to provide a test facility for the measurement of airborne sound insulation of party walls and their associated flanking construction. Initially developed as a research tool to overcome the need to carry out field measurements on new dwelling types, the results obtained in the chamber were found to be in close agreement with the results of field measurements in dwellings with similar constructional detailing. It is concluded that a chamber of this type provides a simple and economic means of assessing in the laboratory the airborne sound insulation of dwellings.     

Capacitive micromachined ultrasonic transducers (CMUTs) with isolation posts

In this paper, an improved design of a capacitive micromachined ultrasonic transducer (CMUT) is presented. The design improvement aims to address the reliability issues of a CMUT and to extend the device operation beyond the contact (collapse) voltage. The major design novelty is the isolation posts in the vacuum cavities of the CMUT cells instead of full-coverage insulation layers in conventional CMUTs. This eliminates the contact voltage drifting due to charging caused by the insulation layer, and enables repeatable CMUT operation in the post-contact regime. Ultrasonic tests of the CMUTs with isolation posts (PostCMUTs) in air (electrical input impedance and capacitance vs. bias voltage) and immersion (transmission and reception) indicate acoustic performance similar to that obtained from conventional CMUTs while no undesired side effects of this new design is observed.     

Identification of two simultaneous partial discharge sources in an oil-pressboard insulation system using acoustic emission techniques

Insulation failure is one of the major causes of catastrophic failure of transformers. It is established that partial discharge (PD) causes insulation degradation and premature failure of insulation. In power apparatus, more than one PD source may be active simultaneously. The nature of insulation degradation for multiple PD sources is different from that due to single PD source. Therefore, it will be helpful for severity assessment of insulation degradation, if the number of active PD sources are identified and classified. This paper presents a method for identification and classification of two simultaneously active PD sources using acoustic emission techniques. The acoustic emission (AE) signals are measured for laboratory simulated PD in an oil-pressboard insulation system for three different electrode systems. The measurements of partial discharge acoustic emission (PDAE) signals are carried out for single PD source and for two simultaneous PD sources. The measured signals are analyzed using discrete wavelet transform (DWT), box counting fractal dimension and lacunarity. Box counting fractal dimension and lacunarity are calculated for DWT decomposed signal of major frequency band. Energy distribution in different frequency bands of DWT decomposed signal along with box counting fractal dimension and lacunarity is used for classification of two simultaneous PD sources.     

基于统计学模型的真空绝缘堆闪络概率计算分析

对比了几种不同类型的过电压因子下绝缘堆闪络概率的特点, 考虑了多层均压及圆周渡越时间后得到的闪络概率更能反映绝缘堆耐压水平;简化计算统计学经验公式中矩阵可保持绝缘堆闪络概率计算值准确性并减少过电压因子的静电场计算次数。分析在固定间隙距离下绝缘环个数与电压峰值及电场强度峰值的关系, 计算结果表明:存在最优绝缘环个数承受最高电压峰值与电场强度, 承受最大工作场强的绝缘环个数下, 工作电压幅值已降低很多。在选择绝缘环个数时应综合考虑, 该计算方法可应用于工程绝缘结构设计中合理选取绝缘环个数。     

冷绝缘超导电缆绝缘设计及测试方法的简介

超导电缆主绝缘的设计在整个超导电缆的设计中占有十分重要的地位。文中介绍了冷绝缘HTS电缆主绝缘的设计方法和绝缘性能的检测方法;对于超导电缆耐受电压、设计场强和绝缘厚度的确定以及超导电缆主绝缘的性能检测都做了详细的总结;同时也介绍了由于失超引起的局放对绝缘设计的影响。该文所介绍的设计方法和性能检测方法能够为超导电缆主绝缘的设计和绝缘性能检测提供一些参考。     

Cyclic strength of imperfectly saturated sands and analysis of liquefaction

The simplified method of analysis to assess liquefaction potential of a given sand deposit is briefly introduced in the first part of this paper. Then, recent advances in the laboratory testing for evaluating liquefaction resistance are described with a particular emphasis on the sand partly saturated with water. As a means to identify the degree of saturation which is applicable for both field deposits and laboratory samples, the use of the longitudinal wave (P-wave) is proposed based on a suite of data obtained from the triaxial tests in the laboratory. It is recommended that the non-destructive P-wave measurements be carried out first to determine the degree of saturation, and then the cyclic triaxial tests involving large destructive strains should be performed to determine the cyclic strength on the same sample of the sand. In order to demonstrate usefulness of the proposed approach, two sets of undisturbed samples were secured from two sites; one is located in Sakai-minato city which has suffered severe liquefaction at the time of the 2000 Tottoriken-Seibu earthquake and the other site is located in Koshigaya city, Saitama, where likelihood of liquefaction to occur in a future earthquake is of major concern. Penetration tests and in-situ velocity logging were also conducted at these two sites. By adjusting the P-wave velocity of the undisturbed samples in the laboratory so as to have the same velocity in the field, the in-situ state of saturation was reproduced in the laboratory samples. Then, the cyclic loading tests were conducted to determine the cyclic strength of intact samples. The results of the laboratory tests as above were incorporated into the simple method of liquefaction analysis described in the first section of this paper. The analysis seems to yield results which are in reasonably good agreement with what was observed at the time of the earthquake.     

Errata to “Cyclic strength of imperfectly saturated sands and analysis of liquefaction”: [Proc. Jpn. Acad., Ser. B 80, No. 8, 372–391 (2004)]

The simplified method of analysis to assess liquefaction potential of a given sand deposit is briefly introduced in the first part of this paper. Then, recent advances in the laboratory testing for evaluating liquefaction resistance are described with a particular emphasis on the sand partly saturated with water. As a means to identify the degree of saturation which is applicable for both field deposits and laboratory samples, the use of the longitudinal wave (P-wave) is proposed based on a suite of data obtained from the triaxial tests in the laboratory. It is recommended that the non-destructive P-wave measurements be carried out first to determine the degree of saturation, and then the cyclic triaxial tests involving large destructive strains should be performed to determine the cyclic strength on the same sample of the sand. In order to demonstrate usefulness of the proposed approach, two sets of undisturbed samples were secured from two sites; one is located in Sakai-minato city which has suffered severe liquefaction at the time of the 2000 Tottoriken-Seibu earthquake and the other site is located in Koshigaya city, Saitama, where likelihood of liquefaction to occur in a future earthquake is of major concern. Penetration tests and in-situ velocity logging were also conducted at these two sites. By adjusting the P-wave velocity of the undisturbed samples in the laboratory so as to have the same velocity in the field, the in-situ state of saturation was reproduced in the laboratory samples. Then, the cyclic loading tests were conducted to determine the cyclic strength of intact samples. The results of the laboratory tests as above were incorporated into the simple method of liquefaction analysis described in the first section of this paper. The analysis seems to yield results which are in reasonably good agreement with what was observed at the time of the earthquake.     

The field performance of partially open dual glazing

The insulation of partially open dual glazing has already been measured in the laboratory. During an extensive programme of sound insulation tests on a house near Manchester Airport the opportunity was taken to measure the field performance. The results show an increase in insulation of up to 3 dB(A) when compared with predictions based upon laboratory SRIs.An assessment was also made of the ventilation by comparing the rate of air change when the dual windows were open with that due to a mechanical ventilator operating with the windows closed. Under typical weather conditions it was found that there was little difference, a rate of 2–3 air changes/hour being measured.