异构化催化剂Pd／HM结炭失活研究

本文研究了正已烷异构化反应中双功能催化剂Ｐｄ／ＨＭ的结碳部位及反应条件、反应时间对催化剂结炭的影响。结果表明：催化剂金属和酸性中心均有结炭现象，金属中心先结炭，且比酸中心上结炭容易除去。两中心上结炭数量及除去难度都随反应条件的变化而增加，尤其是酸中心，这一现象与延长反应时间带来的影响是一致的。     

New Models of Catalyst Deactivation by Coke: II. Coking of Supported Platinum Catalysts

Metal and support deactivation upon the coking of supported metal catalysts occurs via different mechanisms. Several models of coking are presented. The most complete complex model is developed for supported platinum catalysts. It implies multilayer coke formation on support, the rapid formation of polymeric coke capable of self-regeneration by hydrogen directly in the course of reaction on platinum, and the slow conversion of this coke into graphite-like coke, which is removed only by oxidative regeneration. The models are experimentally supported for cyclohexane dehydrogenation.     

吸热型碳氢燃料的结焦研究Ⅰ含硫抑制剂

在连续进样微反测焦系统上考察了二硫化碳、噻酚等含硫化合物添加前后碳氢燃料S-1裂解结焦速率的变化。结果显示,两种含硫抑制剂均可明显降低燃料裂解时的结焦速率,二硫化碳的抑制效果较好,可以使初始结焦速率降低90％。同时,气相色谱的分析结果显示,含硫抑制剂对燃料裂解产物的分布情况有一定影响,促进了烯烃选择性的提高,有利于改善燃料的吸热能力。利用扫描电镜以及元素分析手段对焦形态结构和元素组成的研究结果显示,含硫抑制剂还有利于改善焦的形态结构以及氢碳元素组成,对清焦工作有一定帮助。     

SO_4~(2-)促进型多元氧化物超强酸催化剂上丁烷异构化反应

考察了一系列SO促进型多元氧化物超强酸催化剂的正丁烷异构化反应性能．在ZrO2中添加Ni、Fe、Cr、Mn和V等第二和第三组份金属元素可有效地提高催化剂在氮气气氛下的异构化活性，但催化剂活性下降很快．改成氢气气氛可使部分多元氧化物催化剂的积炭速度减缓，进一步提高活性和稳定性．载铂对提高SO／ZrO2催化剂的活性和稳定性是有效的，但对多元氧化物催化剂无积极作用．在临氢反应过程中，添加的金属元素价态未发生变化，催化剂的稳定性与积炭量相对应，烧炭以后初活性可完全恢复，积炭可能是造成催化剂迅速失活的主要原因．     

原料油中氮、硫体积分数及反应压力对加氢裂化催化剂积炭的影响

在高压连续流动微型反应器上对加氢裂化催化剂进行催速老化实验,用元素分析、傅里叶变换红外光谱（FTIR）、X-光电子能谱（XPS）、热重/微商热重（TG/DTG）等手段考察了不同体积分数的噻吩、吡啶和操作压力对催化剂积炭行为的影响。结果发现：原料中吡啶和噻吩体积分数分别高于0.1%和0.6%时,会导致催化剂积炭明显增加。含吡啶的原料在进行加氢裂化时生成的积炭,主要集中在微孔（<6 nm）中,并会削弱催化剂的酸性中心,尤其是强酸中心。含噻吩原料加氢裂化生成的积炭,存在于不同孔径的孔中,在催化剂表面形成少量机械孔。原料中噻吩体积分数低于0.6%时,噻吩中的硫可以提高催化剂的硫化度使积炭减缓。相同体积分数的吡啶对催化剂积炭的贡献大于噻吩,催化剂比表面积降低更多。提高压力可以显著地降低催化剂的积炭量,减缓比表面的降低,减少酸中心数目的损失,导致微孔（<6 nm）中积炭增多,积炭中石墨型积炭的相对比例增大。     

催化裂化装置沉降器内结焦的微观结构及其生长过程的分析

对催化裂化装置（FCCU）沉降器内结焦的微观结构进行分析，结果表明，结焦形态主要有4种，丝状焦、滴状焦、块状焦和颗粒状焦。各种结焦形态的成因机理不同，微观结构及生长过程也不同。丝状焦是由铁、镍金属元素催化烃类气体，以及易生焦物发生脱氢缩合反应，以催化剂颗粒形成结焦中心并逐渐长大形成细丝状焦炭；滴状焦是由稠环芳烃脱氢缩合反应而生成，高沸点未汽化油滴黏附在催化剂颗粒或器壁表面形成“焦核”，即由重芳烃、胶质、沥青质脱氢缩合反应和二烯烃聚合环化反应而生成的；块状焦是高沸点未汽化油滴相互溶解后，再脱氢缩合反应或聚合环化反应而形成的结焦；颗粒状焦是油气在气相中脱氢缩合反应或聚合环化反应形成的微小结焦颗粒相互团聚形成的颗粒簇。催化裂化装置沉降器内的结焦一般是上述几种结焦过程的组合，是催化结焦和非催化结焦过程共同作用的结果。     

原位FTIR在研究催化剂积炭失活中的应用

本文综述了原位傅立叶变换红外光谱(FTIR)在研究石油化工催化反应中积炭现象的进展,介绍了运用原位FTIR在表征催化异构化反应、催化还原反应、催化裂化反应过程中催化剂积炭的结果,总结了对固体酸催化剂和双官能贵金属-酸催化剂上积炭形式的研究,讨论了不同温度下的积炭形成的过程。结合本课题组对正庚烷催化裂解反应的初步研究结果,提出原位FTIR重点问题是峰的识别与归属,其应用可以拓展到更多催化反应的机理和历程的研究。     

超临界条件下正庚烷的裂解与结焦

以正庚烷为碳氢燃料模型化合物, 考察其在超临界条件下的裂解和结焦情况, 着重探讨了裂解温度和雷诺数(Re)对裂解反应的影响. 在4.0 MPa和500～650 ℃范围内, 随着反应温度升高, 正庚烷的裂解转化率大幅度提高, 裂解反应及其产物的二次反应使结焦前驱物增加, 最终导致结焦严重; 在超临界条件下, 提高流体的湍动程度, 有利于抑制结焦. 采用扫描电镜(SEM)、透射电镜(TEM)、差示扫描量热(DSC)和X射线衍射(XRD)等技术分析固体焦的形貌特性, 结果表明正庚烷裂解结焦主要以金属催化作用产生的丝状焦为主, 丝状焦的生长是不锈钢发生渗碳现象的重要原因.     

水蒸汽对Ni/CeO2-ZrO2-Al2O3催化剂上CO2+CH4重整反应的影响

The Ni/CeO2 -ZrO2 -Al2O3 catalyst was prepared with the hydrothermal method. The catalytic performance for the CO2 reforming of CH4 reaction with or without small amount of steam was tested and the amount of coke deposition was measured. The XAFS of Ni K-edge was attained. The results show that the formation of CeAlO3 occurs in reaction,but the coke deposition is responsible for the deactivation of the catalyst. The addition of steam into feed gas can decrease the amount of coke deposition,and promote the stability. Due to the carbon atom penetration into the Ni lattice,for the catalyst sample after reaction without the addition of steam into feed gas,the coordination number of the first Ni-Ni shell decreases sharply. For the catalyst sample after reaction with the addition of steam in feed gas,the coordination numbers of the first Ni-Ni shell decrease slightly. It is due to the addition of steam into feed gas,which can suppress the coke formation and maintain the metallic structure of active Ni metal.     

碱土金属氧化物对焦炭溶损反应的催化作用研究

近年来 ,由于高炉冶炼技术的进步 ,焦比大幅度下降 ,以焦炭溶损反应为代表的焦炭热性质越来越受到人们的重视 ,而矿物质对焦炭溶损反应的催化作用因而也受到了研究者们的注意[1,2 ] 。对焦炭溶损反应的催化作用研究最多的是碱金属 ,然而 ,除钾、钠外 ,焦炭中还存在许多其它矿物质 ,它们大多数对焦炭溶损反应具有催化作用。本实验用碱土金属浸渍在高炉焦炭上 ,采用程序升温热重法 ,考察碱土金属氧化物对焦炭溶损反应ＴＧ线及反应动力学参数的影响。1　实验部分1 1　试样制备及矿物质加入方法　古交焦炭经破碎机粗破碎 ,缩分 ,弃去一部分焦样 …     

About the Development and Dynamics of Microdischarges in Toluene-Containing Air

Plasma Chemistry and Plasma Processing - The development of microdischarges and the inception dynamics of subsequent microdischarges in an electrode arrangement consisting of a metal pin and a...     

甲烷干重整反应用Ni-Ru/MgAl类水滑石催化剂的研究

采用焙烧记忆法分别制备Ni/Mg Al O和NiRu/Mg Al O类水滑石催化剂用于甲烷干重整反应.利用XRD、TPR、TG、XPS、CO2-TPD、TEM等表征催化剂的结构及失活特征,发现在Ni/Mg Al O中添加Ru,有利于增加催化剂表面Ni含量,并促进Ni2+的还原.不同Mg/Al比双金属催化剂中,7Ni-0.15Ru/Mg2.5Al催化剂具有较高的催化活性,这归结为该催化剂适宜的碱性、较高表面Ni含量以及小尺寸的Ni0物种.添加Ru明显抑制Ni/Mg Al O催化剂表面的丝状碳的形成.而7Ni-0.15Ru/Mg2.5Al较强的抗积碳性能与其较小Ni0晶粒尺寸及适宜催化剂碱性有关.     

N2/H2 Non-thermal Transferred arc Plasma Nitriding Treatment of Stainless Steel at Atmospheric Pressure

Plasma Chemistry and Plasma Processing - In the paper, a novel metal surface nitriding method is presented by using an atmospheric pressure non-thermal transferred arc plasma technique. In the...     

Nonequilibrium Phenomena in (Quasi-)thermal Plasma Flows

Plasma Chemistry and Plasma Processing - Thermal plasmas are utilized in diverse applications that require high power densities or throughputs, such as metal cutting, welding, spraying, metallurgy,...     

Preserved in a Shell: High‐Performance Graphene‐Confined Ruthenium Nanoparticles in Acetylene Hydrochlorination

The potential implementation of ruthenium‐based catalysts in polyvinyl chloride production via acetylene hydrochlorination is hindered by their inferior activity and stability compared to gold‐based systems, despite their 4‐fold lower price. Combining in‐depth characterization and kinetic analysis we reveal the superior activity of ruthenium nanoparticles with an optimal size of 1.5 nm hosted on nitrogen‐doped carbon (NC) and identify their deactivation modes: 1) nanoparticle redispersion into inactive single atoms and 2) coke formation at the metal sites. Tuning the density of the NC carrier enables a catalytic encapsulation of the ruthenium nanoparticles into single layer graphene shells at 1073 K that prevent the undesired metal redispersion. Finally, we show that feeding O₂ during acetylene hydrochlorination limits coke formation over the nanodesigned ruthenium catalyst, while the graphene layer is preserved, resulting in a stability increase of 20 times, thus rivalling the performance of gold‐based systems.     

Influence of Groove on Metal Vapour Behavior and Arc Characteristics in TIG Welding of High Manganese Stainless Steels

Plasma Chemistry and Plasma Processing - In arc welding, a groove is often used between metal pieces being welded. In tungsten inert gas welding of high-manganese stainless steels with arc voltage...     

Analysis of the Thermal Decomposition Path of SF6 on the Surface of Cu and its Oxides

Plasma Chemistry and Plasma Processing - Accurately grasping the decomposition path of SF6 on the surface of typical metals and metal oxides is the key to reveal the decomposition mechanism of...     

Ethylene Epoxidation in AC Dielectric Barrier Discharge Over Silver-Based Catalysts with Different Second Metals

Plasma Chemistry and Plasma Processing - This work was to investigate the effects of Ag-based catalysts and the addition of a second metal (Sn or Cu) loaded on an 0.1% wt% Ag catalyst on the...     

Synthesis and Characterization of Titanium Oxide Nanoparticles by Plasma in Contact with Liquid

Plasma Chemistry and Plasma Processing - Two types of plasma in contact with water were employed for the synthesis of mixed-phase TiO2 in a liquid. This is glow discharge with a metal cathode and...     

Effect of CO2/CO Addition in Dehydroaromatization of Methane on Zeolite-Supported Mo and Re Catalysts Towards Hydrogen, Benzene and Naphthalene

High activity and high formation selectivity for aromatics in the dehydrocondensation reaction of methane were realized only on selected catalysts. The requisites of a metal and a zeolite support as the selected catalyst were described. However, the catalytic activity steadily declined even on the selected catalysts with time on stream because of coke accumulation. A stable catalytic activity was obtained when CO₂ or CO was added into methane feed due to effective removal of coke from the catalyst surface by CO or CO₂. The route from methane to aromatics and the formation process of active phase of catalyst were discussed.