Electrification of human body by walking

The process of electrification of the human body by walking on resistive floors has been analysed and the corresponding body potential measured. A model for electric body potential caused by walking has been proposed and then verified experimentally. The model combines two main processes: an exponential increase of potential due to successive charging and potential oscillations caused by periodic changes of body capacitance during walking. The conditions for initiation of Paschen's microdischarges running in the gaps between floor and soles of walker's footwear have been specified and a corresponding relation for minimum saturated body potential causing Paschen's discharges has been derived. This saturated critical potential has been found to be much higher than that usually attained by walking on common floors which explains why the Paschen discharges did not appear in such air gaps. On the other hand, the microdischarges developed between uncovered parts of the human body and grounded metallic objects have been found to be likely even with common floor and sole materials.     

Rhythm analysis of orthogonal signals from human walking

In physical terms, periodic movements of a human body resulting from walking produce a pulse sequence with repetition time T(1) (instant cadence frequency, 1/T(1)) and duration time T(2). Footstep forces generate periodic T(1) broadband seismic and sound signals due to the dynamic forces between the foot and the ground/floor with duration time T(2), which is equal to the time interval for a single footstep from heel strike to toe slap and weight transfer. In a human gait study (for normal speeds of walking), T(1) was detected as 0.5-0.69 s and double limb support takes up about 12% of the gait cycle (2T(1)), so T(2) is greater than 0.12-0.17 s. Short range (of about 50 m) signatures for 30 humans were recorded simultaneously by four orthogonal sensor types at two locations. The sensor types were active Doppler sonar/radar and passive seismic/acoustics. Analysis of signals from these four sensors collected for walking humans showed temporal synchronization and stability of the cadence frequencies, and the cadence frequency from each sensor was equivalent. The time delay between signals from these sensors due to the differences in speeds of propagation for seismic, sound, and electromagnetic waves allows calculation of the distance from a walker to the sensor suite.     

低压重频感应加速组元参数分析

针对脉冲源+传输线+感应腔和储能电容+固态开关+感应腔两种常见的脉冲感应组元结构,对相同感应腔的腔压波形进行了实验对比和理论分析,推导出了不同组元结构下感应腔中磁芯回路电感量、匹配电阻阻值和感应脉冲幅度间的关系表达式,分析对比了两种组元结构下感应腔电感量和电阻值变化对腔压平顶影响的程度和差异,为低压重频脉冲感应加速组元的参数选择和优化提出建议和判据。     

感应叠加过程行波分析和模拟

 采用变换矩阵为研究工具对感应叠加过程中行波的传播、透射、反射进行了分析，得到了和集中参数分析一致的稳定解，给出了电压随时间变化的细节。建立了3.5 MeV注入器脉冲功率源和感应叠加结构的电路模型，得到的感应腔压模拟波形和实验波形基本一致，结合行波分析法基本解释了腔压波形和Blumlein线输出波形之间较大差异的成因，阴极叠加电压的模拟也反映了实验中主脉冲后的反射波形。     

感应叠加过程行波分析和模拟

采用变换矩阵为研究工具对感应叠加过程中行波的传播、透射、反射进行了分析,得到了和集中参数分析一致的稳定解,给出了电压随时间变化的细节。建立了3.5 MeV注入器脉冲功率源和感应叠加结构的电路模型,得到的感应腔压模拟波形和实验波形基本一致,结合行波分析法基本解释了腔压波形和Blumlein线输出波形之间较大差异的成因,阴极叠加电压的模拟也反映了实验中主脉冲后的反射波形。     

低压重频感应加速组元参数分析

针对脉冲源+传输线+感应腔和储能电容+固态开关+感应腔两种常见的脉冲感应组元结构,对相同感应腔的腔压波形进行了实验对比和理论分析,推导出了不同组元结构下感应腔中磁芯回路电感量、匹配电阻阻值和感应脉冲幅度间的关系表达式,分析对比了两种组元结构下感应腔电感量和电阻值变化对腔压平顶影响的程度和差异,为低压重频脉冲感应加速组元的参数选择和优化提出建议和判据。     

磁通运动的电压噪声频谱分析和动力学相变

用Langevin分子动力学方法模拟磁通运动的纵向电压噪声谱随磁场和电流的变化.计算结果表明，外加磁场增大到磁通运动动力学相变场F_P，电压噪声 谱中低频宽带噪声减小而出现洛伦兹形高频窄带噪声.外加磁场增大到熔化场F_m附近，高频窄带噪声 峰值增高 ，峰值对应频率增大.在外加电流增强到磁通弹性运动区域，高频窄带噪声频谱呈现搓衣板 形式.搓衣板高频窄带噪声产生于磁通平移速度的周期性调制，它表明层状超导体中运动的 磁通格子存在有平移序的BG相. 关键词： 第Ⅱ类超导体 电压噪声 动力学模拟     

When human walking becomes random walking: fractal analysis and modeling of gait rhythm fluctuations

We present a random walk, fractal analysis of the stride-to-stride fluctuations in the human gait rhythm. The gait of healthy young adults is scale-free with long-range correlations extending over hundreds of strides. This fractal scaling changes characteristically with maturation in children and older adults and becomes almost completely uncorrelated with certain neurologic diseases. Stochastic modeling of the gait rhythm dynamics, based on transitions between different "neural centers", reproduces distinctive statistical properties of the gait pattern. By tuning one model parameter, the hopping (transition) range, the model can describe alterations in gait dynamics from childhood to adulthood including a decrease in the correlation and volatility exponents with maturation.     

Nonlinear time series analysis of normal and pathological human walking

Characterizing locomotor dynamics is essential for understanding the neuromuscular control of locomotion. In particular, quantifying dynamic stability during walking is important for assessing people who have a greater risk of falling. However, traditional biomechanical methods of defining stability have not quantified the resistance of the neuromuscular system to perturbations, suggesting that more precise definitions are required. For the present study, average maximum finite-time Lyapunov exponents were estimated to quantify the local dynamic stability of human walking kinematics. Local scaling exponents, defined as the local slopes of the correlation sum curves, were also calculated to quantify the local scaling structure of each embedded time series. Comparisons were made between overground and motorized treadmill walking in young healthy subjects and between diabetic neuropathic (NP) patients and healthy controls (CO) during overground walking. A modification of the method of surrogate data was developed to examine the stochastic nature of the fluctuations overlying the nominally periodic patterns in these data sets. Results demonstrated that having subjects walk on a motorized treadmill artificially stabilized their natural locomotor kinematics by small but statistically significant amounts. Furthermore, a paradox previously present in the biomechanical literature that resulted from mistakenly equating variability with dynamic stability was resolved. By slowing their self-selected walking speeds, NP patients adopted more locally stable gait patterns, even though they simultaneously exhibited greater kinematic variability than CO subjects. Additionally, the loss of peripheral sensation in NP patients was associated with statistically significant differences in the local scaling structure of their walking kinematics at those length scales where it was anticipated that sensory feedback would play the greatest role. Lastly, stride-to-stride fluctuations in the walking patterns of all three subject groups were clearly distinguishable from linearly autocorrelated Gaussian noise. As a collateral benefit of the methodological approach taken in this study, some of the first steps at characterizing the underlying structure of human locomotor dynamics have been taken. Implications for understanding the neuromuscular control of locomotion are discussed. (c) 2000 American Institute of Physics.     

感应电压叠加器中水介质开关脉冲自击穿特性

 设计了应用于感应电压叠加器中的水介质主开关与峰化开关,主开关的电极结构为“平板 环型”,峰化开关的电极结构为“环型”。研究了开关在300 ns脉冲电压下的自击穿特性,给出了不同工作电压下开关的间隙距离。实验结果表明,主开关与峰化开关的结构合理、击穿特性稳定、相互配合良好,峰化开关可以有效地峰化主脉冲,降低预脉冲的幅值。主开关的实验结果同时验证了Martin经验公式的适用性。     

感应电压叠加器中水介质开关脉冲自击穿特性

设计了应用于感应电压叠加器中的水介质主开关与峰化开关,主开关的电极结构为“平板 环型”,峰化开关的电极结构为“环型”。研究了开关在300 ns脉冲电压下的自击穿特性,给出了不同工作电压下开关的间隙距离。实验结果表明,主开关与峰化开关的结构合理、击穿特性稳定、相互配合良好,峰化开关可以有效地峰化主脉冲,降低预脉冲的幅值。主开关的实验结果同时验证了Martin经验公式的适用性。     

Dynamics of human walking at steady speeds

Biped locomotion is discussed through a Lagrangian formulation for velocity-dependent, body driving forces. An analysis of level walking in humans is given through the known experimental data on the ground-reaction force and the external work without recourse to inverted-pendulum modeling. At a certain speed, rectilinear motion of the center of mass with its backward rotation along a shortened hypocycloid is ensured by double-frequency nonlinear oscillations, whose energy cost is 1% of the external work. With increasing speed, a peculiarity and an instability of the trajectory indicate, respectively, a slow-to-normal gait crossover and the maximal fast walking speed. Key words: integrative biology, biped locomotion, human gaits, muscles.     

3 MV感应电压叠加器的磁感应腔研制

 根据脉冲驱动源和负载参数,提出了3 MV感应电压叠加器磁感应腔的设计指标为1.2 MV/70 ns。由感应腔的电流传输效率和真空同轴线绝缘要求,确定了磁芯的几何尺寸;研制了矩形比为0.5的预退火非晶磁环,明确磁环数量不少于6只;在30 T/s时,实验测量的最大脉冲相对磁导率与饱和波模型计算结果相当;估算磁感应腔的等效激磁电感约为7.3 μH,涡流损耗电阻约为139 Ω。根据临界击穿场强的经验公式,采用电场数值分析方法,确定了磁感应腔的电气结构;实验验证了磁感应腔设计有效性;建立了基于磁感应腔的3 MV感应电压叠加器全电路模型,阳极杆箍缩二极管电压、电流计算波形,与实验结果基本相符。     

3 MV感应电压叠加器的磁感应腔研制

根据脉冲驱动源和负载参数,提出了3 MV感应电压叠加器磁感应腔的设计指标为1.2 MV/70 ns。由感应腔的电流传输效率和真空同轴线绝缘要求,确定了磁芯的几何尺寸;研制了矩形比为0.5的预退火非晶磁环,明确磁环数量不少于6只;在30 T/s时,实验测量的最大脉冲相对磁导率与饱和波模型计算结果相当;估算磁感应腔的等效激磁电感约为7.3 μH,涡流损耗电阻约为139 Ω。根据临界击穿场强的经验公式,采用电场数值分析方法,确定了磁感应腔的电气结构;实验验证了磁感应腔设计有效性;建立了基于磁感应腔的3 MV感应电压叠加器全电路模型,阳极杆箍缩二极管电压、电流计算波形,与实验结果基本相符。     

感应电压叠加器模块对方波脉冲的响应

为了解感应电压叠加器(IVA)对馈入脉冲的响应特性,尤其对上升前沿、平顶的影响,从理论和实验两个方面对IVA模块进行了研究。介绍了IVA的工作原理,利用集总参数方法建立了相应的电路模型,通过拉普拉斯变换分析了感应电压叠加器对方波脉冲上升前沿和平顶的响应,并在一个特定的IVA模块上进行了实验研究。选择输出阻抗约1.2Ω、脉宽约1μs的脉冲形成网络作为馈源,在匹配负载上得到的波形与输入波形在幅值、上升前沿方面达到了很好的吻合,平顶出现略微的顶降,与理论预期相一致。     

感应电压叠加器模块对方波脉冲的响应

为了解感应电压叠加器（IVA）对馈入脉冲的响应特性,尤其对上升前沿、平顶的影响,从理论和实验两个方面对IVA模块进行了研究。介绍了IVA的工作原理,利用集总参数方法建立了相应的电路模型,通过拉普拉斯变换分析了感应电压叠加器对方波脉冲上升前沿和平顶的响应,并在一个特定的IVA模块上进行了实验研究。选择输出阻抗约1.2 Ω、脉宽约1 μs的脉冲形成网络作为馈源,在匹配负载上得到的波形与输入波形在幅值、上升前沿方面达到了很好的吻合,平顶出现略微的顶降,与理论预期相一致。     

Extraction of the velocity of walking human's body segments using ultrasonic Doppler

The focus of this paper is to experimentally extract the Doppler signatures of a walking human's individual body segments using an ultrasonic Doppler system (UDS) operating at 40 kHz. In a human's walk, the major contribution to Doppler velocities and acoustic scattering is from the foot, lower leg, thigh (upper leg) and torso. The Doppler signature of these human body segments are extracted experimentally. The measurements were made by illuminating one of these body segments at a time and blocking the remaining body segments using acoustic screens. The results obtained in our experiment were verified with the results published by Bradley using a physics-based model for Doppler sonar spectrograms.     

Holographic walking from tachyon DBI

We use holography to study conformal phase transitions, which are believed to be realized in four dimensional QCD and play an important role in walking technicolor models of electroweak symmetry breaking. At strong coupling they can be modeled by the non-linear dynamics of a tachyonic scalar field with mass close to the Breitenlohner–Freedman bound in anti-de Sitter spacetime. Taking the action for this field to have a tachyon-Dirac–Born–Infeld form gives rise to models that resemble hard and soft wall AdS/QCD, with a dynamically generated wall. For hard wall models, the highly excited spectrum has the KK form _mn∼n$m_n\sim n$; in the soft wall case we exhibit potentials with _mn∼n^α$m_n\sim n^{\alpha }$, 0<α?1/2$0<\alpha ?1/2$. We investigate the finite temperature phase structure and find first or second order symmetry restoration transitions, depending on the behavior of the potential near the origin of field space.