Effect of shape of Fe3Al particles on their microwave permeability and absorption properties

Flake-shaped and sphere-shaped Fe₃Al powder-paraffine composites have been studied in the microwave frequency range. Mössbauer results show that the flake-shaped Fe₃Al particles have easy magnetization plane, which indicates that it is planar-anisotropy. Enhanced permeability is achieved in flake-shaped Fe₃Al compared with the sphere-shaped Fe₃Al. The permeability is further enhanced by using a rotational orientation method. The complex permeability can be characterized by the superposition of two types of magnetic resonance. The resonance peak at high frequency is attributed to the natural resonance, while the peak at low frequency is attributed to the domain-wall resonance. By employing the shape effect and the rotational orientation, the peak frequency of reflection loss for the oriented sample was adjusted to L-band. The planar-anisotropy Fe₃Al powder-paraffine composite can be attractive candidates for thinner microwave absorbers in L-band (1-2 GHz).     

Resonantly enhanced strip-line technique to measure microwave permeability of thin films

The sensitivity of a reflective single-port strip-line technique is increased by 10-20 times by amplification of a measured reflectivity response at a set of resonance frequencies. The resonant behavior is organized by connecting the strip cell to a network analyzer through a capacitor with a long coaxial cable. The capacitance defines the amplification; the cable length defines the resonance frequencies. S-parameters of the coaxial-to-strip junction and the field inhomogeneity inside the cell are accounted for by a reference measurement of sample with known constitutive parameters. Two methods for permeability calculation are suggested. The fist method is based on the comparison of Lorentzian parameters of resonance reflectivity curves. The second method is based on numerical solution of Fresnel's equation. The enhancement is essential at low-frequency part of the band, where the cell reflectivity is close to unity and the sensitivity of non-resonant technique is poor. The technique sensitivity is estimated by permeability measurements of Al stripes with different cross-section.     

Calculations of three-dimensional magnetic excitations in permalloy nanostructures with vortex state

Dynamic susceptibility spectra of the vortex state in nanorings and nanodots are studied using three-dimensional micromagnetic simulations. Spatial maps of the susceptibility have enabled identification of various resonance modes. For an exciting field along the x axis, several resonance peaks appear for a thin dot, including a core mode, whereas only one main resonance peak is detected for a ring corresponding to a volume mode with uniform magnetization perpendicular to the exciting field (x direction). A low-frequency resonance peak related to a surface mode and a high-frequency resonance peak viewed as an edge mode are additionally observed for a thick ring. These three resonance modes (surface, volume and edge modes) which correspond to low, intermediate and high-frequency resonance peaks, respectively, are also captured for an exciting field along the y axis. In addition, a mixed edge and volume mode is revealed at a higher frequency.     

Complex permittivity, permeability and wide band microwave absorbing property of La substituted U-type hexaferrite

Polycrystalline samples of U-type hexaferrite series: (Ba_1−3xLa_2x)₄Co₂Fe₃₆O₆₀ with 0.10≤x≤0.20 in step of 0.05, are prepared by conventional solid state reaction route. Partial substitution of Ba²⁺ ions with La³⁺ ions enhances the electron hopping and reduces the magnetic interaction in the samples over the entire X-band frequencies; leading to wide band microwave absorption in all sample. Relative complex permittivity (ε_r=ε′−jε″) and permeability (μ_r=μ′−jμ″) of the prepared samples were measured using Vector Network Analyzer (VNA, Agilent PNA-L N5230A) for X-band (8.2-12.4 GHz) frequency range. The maximum absorption of 99.8% was obtained for x=0.10 sample for thickness t_m=1.8 mm and all sample showed absorption ≥96%. The reflection loss (R_L) calculated using the measured parameter (ε_r=ε′−jε″ and μ_r=μ′−jμ″) shows good agreement when compared with the return loss measured directly using VNA for sample x=0.20. The material can be expected to find relevance in suppression of electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding and reduction of radar signatures.     

Magneto-optical and micromagnetic simulation study of the current-driven domain wall motion in ferromagnetic (Ga,Mn)As

We have studied current-driven domain wall motion in modified Ga_0.95Mn_0.05As Hall bar structures with perpendicular anisotropy by using spatially resolved polar magneto-optical Kerr effect microscopy and micromagnetic simulation. Regardless of the initial magnetic configuration, the domain wall propagates in the opposite direction to the current with critical current of 1-2×10⁵ A/cm². Considering the spin-transfer torque term as well as various effective magnetic field terms, the micromagnetic simulation results are consistent with the experimental results. Our simulated and experimental results suggest that the spin-torque rather than Oersted field is the reason for current-driven domain wall motion in this material.     

Frequency dispersive complex permittivity and permeability of ferromagnetic metallic granular composite at microwave frequencies

We experimentally studied the frequency dependent complex permittivity ε and permeability μ of composite composed of carbonyl iron powder (CIP) and epoxy resin in the frequency range 1-18 GHz. We found that the intrinsic ε and μ of CIP extracted from the measured ε and μ of composites follow the classical Maxwell equations and the Landau-Lifshitz-Gilbert (LLG) equation, respectively. The dependences of ε and μ of composites on the volume fraction of CIP (vf_CIP) were investigated using the two-exponent phenomenological percolation equation (TEPPE). We found that the TEPPE can fit the experimental results very well. Comparing the results of percolation parameters derived by experimental data at different frequencies, we show that the TEPPE is frequency independent for the composites at microwave frequencies. The results also show that the ε and μ spectrums of composites with definite vf_CIP can be correctly calculated by combining the TEPPE with the theoretical models of intrinsic ε and μ.     

Complex permittivity,complex permeability and microwave absorption properties of ferrite–polymer composites

The complex permittivity (ε′–jε″), complex permeability (μ′–jμ″) and microwave absorption properties of ferrite–polymer composites prepared with different ferrite ratios of 50%, 60%, 70% and 80% in polyurethane (PU) matrix have been investigated in X-band (8.2–12.4 GHz) frequency range. The M-type hexaferrite composition BaCo⁺²_0.9Fe⁺²_0.05Si⁺⁴_0.95Fe⁺³_10.1O₁₉ was prepared by solid-state reaction technique, whereas commercial PU was used to prepare the composites. At higher GHz frequencies, ferrite's permeabilities are drastically reduced, however, the forced conversion of Fe⁺³ to Fe⁺² ions that involves electron hopping, could have increased the dielectric losses in the chosen composition. We have measured complex permittivity and permeability using a vector network analyzer (HP/Agilent model PNA E8364B) and software module 85071. All the parameters ε′, ε″, μ′ and μ″ are found to increase with increased ferrite contents. Measured values of these parameters were used to determine the reflection loss at various sample thicknesses, based on a model of a single-layered plane wave absorber backed by a perfect conductor. The composite with 80% ferrite content has shown a minimum reflection loss of −24.5 dB (>99% power absorption) at 12 GHz with the −20 dB bandwidth over the extended frequency range of 11–13 GHz for an absorber thickness of 1.6 mm. The prepared composites can fruitfully be utilized for suppression of electromagnetic interference (EMI) and reduction of radar signatures (stealth technology).     

超材料微波磁导率色散行为的电可调控性研究

研究在开口金属谐振环(SRR)结构嵌入一个电容二极管后,通过电压调控二极管的电容使得SRR结构的等效电容值发生改变,能实现对SRR的谐振频率和等效磁导率的调控,从而提出了一种智能的微波磁性超材料结构.采用时域差分有限元法(Finite-Difference Time-Domain)和恢复算法模拟了变容二极管的工作电压变化下,SRR结构谐振频率和磁导率的变化规律.研究结果表明工作电压增大使变容二极管的电容值减小时,将导致SRR结构的谐振频率向低频段移动,其磁导率的共振频率也将向低频移动.最后指出了SRR结构与常规磁性材料(如铁氧体)磁导率色散行为的不同之处. 关键词： 超材料 微波磁导率     

Magnetic transition phase diagram of cobalt clusters electrodeposited on HOPG: Experimental and micromagnetic modelling study

The magnetic transition from mono- to multidomain magnetic states of cobalt clusters electrodeposited on highly oriented pyrolytic graphite electrodes was studied experimentally using Magnetic Force Microscopy. From these images, it was found that the critical size of the magnetic transition is dominated by the height rather than the diameter of the aggregate. This experimental behavior was found to be consistent with a theoretical single-domain ferromagnetic model that states that a critical height limits the monodomain state. By analyzing the clusters magnetic states as a function of their dimensions, magnetic exchange constant and anisotropy value were obtained and used to calculate other magnetic properties such as the exchange length, magnetic wall thickness, etc. Finally, a micromagnetic simulation study correctly predicted the experimental magnetic transition phase diagram.     

Self consistent multi-fluid FDTD simulations of a nanosecond high power microwave discharge in air

FDTD simulations of the Maxwell equations are combined with the multi-fluid plasma equations to study the dynamics of a high power microwave discharge in air. The breakdown takes place in a short time of a few nanoseconds and the concentrations of electrons, ions, excited species, and the dissociation products are quickly enhanced. The breakdown time decreases with decreasing of the pressure and the pulse amplitude, while increases with increasing of the pulse width. N${{}_2}^{+}$ and O${}_2^{+}$ are the most important positive ions, whereas O^? is the most populated negative ion. For a single microwave pulse, the electron number density is large up to 1 μs, and the dissociation and excitation continue to increase the small radicals and excited species. Then the electron number density drops and the population of excited species declines. The ozone production becomes important after 1 μs when the three body association of O and O₂ dominates over the dissociation processes. The ozone number density continues to grow up to 5 ms, and then saturates at a value of 10²² m^?3. Quenching of electronically excited nitrogen molecules by O₂ molecules and the subsequent dissociation to atomic oxygen and generation of NO, are found to be important and can play a significant role in the ultrafast gas heating.     

磁斯格明子的微磁学研究进展和应用

磁斯格明子作为一种具有拓扑保护性质的准粒子受到了磁学与磁性材料领域科学家的广泛关注.本文对磁斯格明子的拓扑性质进行了概述,回顾了磁斯格明子的存在条件以及运输特性,综述了近年来利用微磁学模拟研究的磁斯格明子激发、操控、微波磁场响应以及基于磁斯格明子的器件设计,主要包括赛道存储器、自旋纳米振荡器、晶体管和逻辑门.通过本文的综述,希望为磁斯格明子在未来信息领域的应用提供参考.     

Magnetic states of small cubic particles with uniaxial anisotropy

The lowest energy states in small cubic particles with uniaxial anisotropy are explored as a function of anisotropy strength and particle size. The investigations result in a phase diagram which contains the boundaries between the regions of one, two and three domains (flower, vortex and double vortex states). While the general features of the phase diagram are derived from energy estimates based on domain theory, the details are obtained using numerical micromagnetics. The two-domain and the three-domain phase can be subdivided into subphases. The comparison between different configurations revealed that a twisted vortex configuration with an S-shaped domain wall replaces the symmetric vortex with a straight wall at larger sizes. The three-domain phase contains two subphases which are symmetric with respect to (1 0 0) and (1 1 0) mirror planes, respectively. The transition from two to three domains occurs into the (1 1 0)-three-domain-state (diagonal state). This structure can be described as a configuration with two (quarter-) circular domain walls in two opposing corners. However, this configuration is energetically favored only in a small region within the phase diagram relative to the (1 0 0)-symmetry three-domain state with straight walls (sandwich state).     

A contribution from the magnetoelastic effect to measured microwave permeability of thin ferromagnetic films

Microwave magnetic performance of thin ferromagnetic films is of interest in view of many technical problems. For measuring the microwave permeability, a shorted stripline technique is in common use. Recently, a coaxial technique has been developed for permeability measurements of films deposited onto a flexible substrate. The coaxial technique is reported to be advantageous over the conventional stripline method in wideband operating range and accuracy. In this paper, measurement results are presented which are obtained with these two techniques for Fe–N films. It is found that the magnetoelastic effect contributes greatly to the measured microwave permeability of the films. With the coaxial measurements under an external magnetic bias, this effect may be accounted for to estimate the permeability of a plane film sample. Additional information on the properties of the film can also be extracted from these data, such as estimations of average magnetic anisotropy field and of the magnetostriction constant of the film.     

Micromagnetic simulations of spinel ferrite particles

This paper presents the results of simulations of the magnetization field ac response (at 2-12 GHz) of various submicron ferrite particles (cylindrical dots). The ferrites in the present simulations have the spinel structure, expressed here by M₁−_nZn_nFe₂O₄ (where M stands for a divalent metal), and the parameters chosen were the following: (a) for n=0: M={Fe, Mn, Co, Ni, Mg, Cu }; (b) for n=0.1: M = {Fe, Mg} (mixed ferrites). These runs represent full 3D micromagnetic (one-particle) ferrite simulations. We find evidences of confined spin waves in all simulations, as well as a complex behavior nearby the main resonance peak in the case of the M = {Mg, Cu} ferrites. A comparison of the n=0 and n=0.1 cases for fixed M reveals a significant change in the spectra in M = Mg ferrites, but only a minor change in the M=Fe case. An additional larger scale simulation of a 3 by 3 particle array was performed using similar conditions of the Fe₃O₄ (magnetite; n=0, M = Fe) one-particle simulation. We find that the main resonance peak of the Fe₃O₄ one-particle simulation is disfigured in the corresponding 3 by 3 particle simulation, indicating the extent to which dipolar interactions are able to affect the main resonance peak in that magnetic compound.     

磁性多孔纳米片微波磁导率的微磁学研究

本文基于微磁学理论模拟了多孔α-Fe纳米片的微波磁性能. 与无纳米孔洞的纳米片对比, 发现由于纳米孔洞的引入导致退磁能发生改变, 破坏了纳米片原有的磁畴分布, 使纳米片内部存在数目更多、体积更小、局域有效场强不同的磁畴, 从而增加了高频磁损耗峰的数目. 由于部分损耗峰的相互交叠, 为在10–30 GHz范围拓宽电磁波吸收的带宽提供了潜在可能性. 模拟结果表明多孔纳米片的磁损耗峰数目、强度、峰宽和频率分布受孔洞排布方式和孔洞数目的影响. 由于纳米孔洞的存在可以降低材料的密度, 模拟结果表明多孔α-Fe纳米片可用于开发吸收频段宽、重量轻的电磁波吸收材料.     

The shape dependence of magnetic and microwave properties for Ni nanoparticles

The magnetic and microwave properties of Ni nanospheres and conical nanorods have been investigated through experimental and theoretical methods. Ni nanospheres and conical nanorods have the same crystal structure and close particle size, whereas the remanence ratio, coercivity, dynamic permeability and microwave absorbing properties show great dependence on their shape. Ni conical nanorods self-assembled into urchin-like structure have higher natural resonance frequency due to the large shape anisotropy compared to the Ni nanospheres. Supposing random spatial distribution of magnetic easy axes and using the Landau-Lifshitz-Gilbert equation associated with the Bruggeman's effective medium theory, we simulate the complex permeability of Ni nanoparticles, which agrees well with the experimental results.     

Microstructure and microwave permeability of FeCo thin films with Co underlayer

Microstructure, static magnetic properties and microwave permeability of sputtered FeCo films were examined. Fe₆₀Co₄₀ films (100 nm in thickness) deposited on glass substrates exhibited in-plane isotropy and a large coercivity of 161.1 Oe. When same thickness films were deposited on 2.5 nm Co underlayer, well-defined in-plane anisotropy was formed with an anisotropy field of 65 Oe. The sample had a static initial permeability of about 285, maximum imaginary permeability of 1255 and ferromagnetic resonance frequency of 2.71 GHz. Cross-sectional TEM image revealed that the Co underlayer had induced a columnar grain structure with grain diameter of 10 nm in the FeCo films. In comparison, FeCo films without Co underlayer showed larger grains of 70 nm in diameter with fewer distinct vertical grain boundaries. In addition, the Co underlayer changed the preferred orientation of the FeCo from (1 0 0) to (1 1 0). The improvement in soft magnetic properties and microwave behavior originates from the modification of the film microstructure, which can be well understood by the random anisotropy theory.     

Reliable control of magnetic vortex chirality in asymmetrically optimized magnetic nanodisk

Magnetic vortex has attracted attention in the field of information storage because their topological spin structures with chiral bistable states. If the vortex core polarity and vortex circulation sense can be controlled simultaneously in a nanodisk, which will be more beneficial to realize the multi-bit ultrahigh density storage. In this paper, a reliable control scheme for magnetic vortex chirality is proposed by optimizing the structure of Pac-Man-like nanodisk. The results show that the polarity and circulation of the vortex can be controlled simultaneously by changing the direction of the global magnetic field, and even the chiral states of the vortex can be determined by detecting the stray field distribution on the surface of the nanodisk. The optimized Pac-Man-like nanodisk provide an experimental method for the control and detection of magnetic vortex chirality, which will be beneficial to the realization of multi-bit magnetic storage or magnetic logic technology in the future.     

半球壳型介质输出窗辐射图研究

 利用球矢量波函数的线性组合导出了球壳并矢格林函数;使用并矢格林函数方法，取5阶、球面波半张角8°、口面半径0.2 m、频率为10 GHz的高斯场，分析了半球壳型输出窗在束腰分别取0.2, 0.3, 0.4, 0.5, 0.6, 0.7, 0.8情况下对高斯口面场远场辐射图的影响。分析表明:当束腰较小时（取0.3,0.2），半球壳型输出窗对高斯口面场的辐射图影响较小；当束腰较大时(取0.8,0.7,0.6)，辐射图的旁瓣升高，主瓣变窄，反射场对口面场的影响较大。半球壳型输出窗适用于束腰较小的高斯馈源，对于束腰较大的高斯馈源则不适用。