N-substituted 2,5-Di(2-thienyl)pyrroles. Synthesis and electrochemical properties

2,5-Dithienylpyrroles containing p-substituted benzene ring at the nitrogen atom were synthesized. The formylation and subsequent crotonic condensation of N-(4-nitrophenyl)-2,5-di (2-thienyl)pyrrole was performed. Electrochemical behavior of the compounds and electrochromic properties of 2,5-di(2-thienyl)-pyrrole containing p-semidine fragment at its nitrogen atom were studied.     

C-amidoalkylation of pyrroles with <Emphasis Type="Italic">N</Emphasis>-trifluoromethylsulfonyl and <Emphasis Type="Italic">N</Emphasis>-arylsulfonyl polychloroaldehyde imines

N-(Trifluoromethylsulfonyl) and N-arylsulfonyl polychloroacetaldehyde imines reacted with pyrrole, 1-alkyl-, 1-benzyl-, and 1-(4-nitrophenyl)-substituted pyrroles, and bis-pyrroles to give the corresponding 2-[1-(sulfonylamino)polychloroethyl]-1H-pyrroles or mixtures of 2- and 3-[1-(sulfonylamino)polychloroethyl]-1H-pyrroles, depending on the nature of the Schiff base and substituent on the pyrrole nitrogen atom and reaction conditions. The first synthesis of 2,5-disubstituted NH-pyrrole by reaction of pyrrole with Schiff bases was described.     

Tuning the anion binding properties of calixpyrroles by means of p-nitrophenyl substituents at their meso-positions

Extended cavity calix[4]pyrroles and a calix[6]pyrrole were synthesized by cyclization of 5-methyl-5-(4-nitrophenyl)dipyrromethane with acetone in the presence of acid. The solid-state structures of the novel macrocycles were determined by X-ray crystallography. The host-guest chemistry of these receptors towards halide ions was investigated in solution by ¹H NMR titration techniques and compared with those of the meso-octamethylcalix[4]pyrrole and meso-dodecamethylcalix[6]pyrrole. The binding of chloride anions was observed to occur with different affinities on the two faces of the novel calix[6]pyrrole derivative described here.     

Electrosynthesis of poly(<Emphasis Type="Italic">p</Emphasis>-phenylene) and poly(<Emphasis Type="Italic">p</Emphasis>-phenylene/pyrrole) films under controlled humidity

Poly(p-phenylene/pyrrole) (PPP-PPY) films were electrochemically synthesised on transparent indium-tin-oxide-covered glass (ITO) electrodes. The presence of two monomers, p-phenylene and pyrrole, in the polymerisation medium facilitated the synthesis process, yielding electroactive, uniform and stable films. In order to obtain materials with improved quality, PPP, PPY and PPP-PPY films were prepared in a mild, dry atmosphere. The morphological, electrochemical and optical properties were compared for different films obtained by varying the number of cycles with and without controlling humidity.     

Triaryl-substituted pyrrolo-p-phenylene-linked porphyrin-fullerene dyads: Expanding the structural diversity of photoactive materials

A protocol for the synthesis of pyrrolo-p-phenylene-linked porphyrin-fullerene dyads suitable as photoactive materials was developed. The sequence of aziridination – aziridine ring opening – 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition reactions enabled us to provide structural variability both to the porphyrin core and to pyrrole linker, which facilitates designing the electronic structure and morphological parameters of the dyads. The key porphyrin building blocks, nitro-porphyrins, were synthesized by a stochastic cyclocondensation of arenecarbaldehydes with p-nitrophenyl(dipyrrolyl)methane.     

Shape- and stereo-selective esterase activities of cross-linked polymers imprinted with a transition-state analogue for the hydrolysis of amino acid esters

Various cross-linked (with N,N′-ethylene (C₂), butylene (C₄), hexamethylene (C₆), or decamethylene (C₁₀)-bisacrylamide) polymer catalysts containing l-histidine and quaternary trimethylammonium groups were imprinted with a racemic transition-state analogue of phenyl 1-benzyloxycarbonyl-3-methylpentylphosphonate for the hydrolysis of p-nitrophenyl N-(benzyloxycarbonyl)-l (or d)-leucinate (Z-l (or d)-Leu-PNP). Among these polymer catalysts, N,N′-C₄-bisacrylamide-cross-linked polymer catalyst, which was copolymerized with styrene monomer, exhibited the notable substrate-stereospecificity for the Z-l-Leu-PNP hydrolysis among the hydrolyses of enantiomeric l (or d)-N-protected (such as tert-butyloxycarbonyl (Boc-), acetyl (C₂-), decanoyl (C₁₀-) or benzyloxycarbonyl (Z-)) amino acid (Leu, Ala, or Phe) p-nitrophenyl esters in 10 vol.% MeCN-Tris buffer (pH 7.15) at 30°C.     

The synthesis of (4S,5S)-(−)-isocytoxazone

(4S,5S)-(?)-Isocytoxazone, which is needed for a configurational study, was synthesized from the commercially available (1S,2S)-(+)-2-amino-1-(4-nitrophenyl)-1,3-propanediol in which the p-nitro substituent was replaced by a p-methoxyl group; the thus prepared p-methoxyphenyl amino diol was cyclized via an N-Boc derivative.     

An efficient preparation of N-per- (or poly)fluorophenyl pyrroles and N-fluoroalkanesulfonyl pyrroles

Hetero-Diels-Alder reaction of N-sulfinyl per- (or poly)fluoroaniline and N-sulfinylfluoroalkanesulfonyl amine with 1,3-dienes affords the corresponding cycloadduct 3,6-dihydro-1,2-thiazine-1-oxide which is readily converted to N-per- (or poly)fluorophenyl pyrrole and N-fluoroalkanesulfonyl pyrrole under mild reaction conditions in good yields.     

Stereoselective synthesis of both enantiomers of P-chirogenic 2-oxo-2-thio-1,3,2-oxazaphosphorinane tetramethylammonium salt as key precursors to structurally diverse chiral derivatives

A fully stereoselective synthesis of both enantiomers of 2-oxo-2-thio-1,3,2-oxazaphosphorinanyl salt has been accomplished in five steps with an overall 40–45% yield starting from the diastereoisomeric N-methylstrychninium salts of methyl p-nitrophenyl phosphorothioic acid. Their conversion to the enantiomeric forms of methyl p-nitrophenyl phosphorochloridothionate as a two-step phosphorylating agent allowed the formation of the 1,3,2-oxazaphosphorinane ring in this reaction sequence. An alternative four-step approach to the enantiopure title salt was developed which involves in the first and crucial step cyclocondensation between thiophosphoryl chloride and N-α-naphthylethyl containing a 1,3-aminopropanol group, occurring with almost complete diastereoselectivity.     

Regioselective Reaction of N1-Benzyl-N2-(4-nitrophenyl)ethanediamide and Acetylenic Esters

The regioselective reaction of N¹-benzyl-N²-(4-nitrophenyl)ethanediamide with dialkyl acetylenedicarboxylates or alkyl propiolates in the presence of triphenylphosphine leads to dialkyl 4-benzylamino-1-(4-nitrophenyl)-5-oxo-2,5-dihydro-1H-pyrrole-2,3-dicarboxylates or alkyl 4-benzylamino-1-(4-nitrophenyl)-2-oxo-5-pyrrolidinecarboxylates in good yields.     

Anion recognition by N,N′-diarylalkanediamides

The preparation of N,N′-diarylalkanediamides from the respective aliphatic dicarboxylic acids and 4-nitroaniline via microwave-prompted reactions is presented. The most positive effect of microwave irradiation was observed for N,N′-bis(4-nitrophenyl)butanediamide. Anion binding studies on the obtained diamides were carried out in DMSO and acetonitrile using UV-vis and ¹H NMR spectroscopy. A mechanism for selective fluoride recognition by N,N′-bis(4-nitrophenyl)butanediamide in DMSO is proposed.     

Synthesis of 2-aryl-3H-naphtho[1,2-d]imidazoles containing an adamantane fragment

N ²-[1-(1-Adamantyl)alkyl]naphthalene-1,2-diamines reacted with benzoyl chlorides in chloroform in the presence of triethylamine to give N-{2-[1-(1-adamantyl)alkylamino]naphthalen-1-yl}benzamides which underwent intramolecular cyclization to 2-aryl-3H-naphtho[1,2-d]imidazoles on heating in toluene in the presence of p-toluenesulfonic acid. 3-[(1-Adamantyl)methyl]-2-(3-nitrophenyl)-3H-naphtho[1,2-d]imidazole was synthesized from N ²-[(1-adamantyl)methyl]naphthalene-1,2-diamine and 3-nitrobenzaldehyde.     

Novel porphyrin-quinazoline conjugates via the Diels-Alder reaction

Novel derivatives of meso-tetraphenylporphyrin with appended quinazoline moieties were synthesized, via the Diels-Alder reaction, between a 4-(porphyrinyl)pyrimidine ortho-quinodimethane and 1,4-benzoquinone, 1,4-naphthoquinone and N-(p-nitrophenyl)maleimide. The structure of one bis adduct was established by X-ray crystallography and mass spectrometry. We have unequivocally confirmed that the 2:1 adducts obtained from the reaction of pyrimidine-fused 3-sulfolenes with N-arylmaleimides have an open-chain structure and not a cyclooctapyrimidine structure, as previously published.     

One-pot synthesis of meso-tris-aryl-substituted N-21-methyl- and N-21-benzyl-corroles

A simple and versatile synthesis of meso-substituted N-21-alkylcorroles was achieved directly from aldehydes, pyrrole and N-alkylpyrroles via mix-condensation. Compounds inaccessible via previous routes have been obtained in acceptable yields. It was proved that meso-substituted N-21-alkylcorroles differ from N-unsubstituted corroles in absorption spectra, stability and solubility.     

Preparation and some properties of diamine-diacid type alternating copolyamides

The polycondensations of N,N′-bis-(6-aminohexyl)oxamide, N,N′-bis-(6-aminohexyl) succinimide and N,N′-bis(6-aminohexyl)-sebacamide, with p-nitrophenyl adipate in 1,2,4-trichlorobenzene solution, using relatively low temperature (100°) to avoid the amide exchange reactions, gave alternating copolyamides corresponding to (6-6) (6-2), (6-6) (6-4) and (6-6) (6–10) nylons. These copolymers have melting points between those of their corresponding homopolyamides, whereas the random copolymers melt lower than either of the homopolymers. The microstructure of the copolymers seems to be modified by heat treatment below the melting points. Amide exchange reactions occur when they are heated to melting. C¹³ spectra allowed differentiation between the CO groups of the two constituent units of the copolymers, but not between the alternating and the random copolymers.     

A simple and efficient biphasic method for the preparation of 4-nitrophenyl N-methyl- and N-alkylcarbamates

Treatment of 4-nitrophenyl chloroformate with alkylammonium hydrochloride salts and solid anhydrous Na₂CO₃ in either CH₂Cl₂ or CH₃CN gave 4-nitrophenyl N-methylcarbamate and other N-alkylcarbamate analogues in excellent yields. Of particular interest is the observation that 4-nitrophenyl N-methylcarbamate, a safer alternative to the highly toxic methyl isocyanate, is obtained in quantitative yield (?95% pure as determined by ¹H NMR) after simple filtration and solvent evaporation.     

Transformations of (1E,3E)-1-(benzoylamino)-4-(dimethylamino)buta-1,3-diene-1,2,3-tricarboxylates into pyridine and pyrrole derivatives

New, highly functionalised (1E,3E)-1-(benzoylamino)-4-(dimethylamino)buta-1,3-diene-1,2,3-tricarboxylates proved to be useful and versatile reagents in the formation of highly substituted pyridine, N-aminopyridine, pyrrole and pyrido[3,4-c]pyridazine derivatives. The formation of the particular type heterocyclic system is dependent on the starting (1E,3E)-1-(benzoylamino)-4-(dimethylamino)buta-1,3-diene-1,2,3-tricarboxylate. By an appropriate choice of different ester groups it is possible to drive the reactions towards the formation of either pyridine or pyrrole derivatives.     

Hydrolytic and transglycosylation reactions of N-acyl modified substrates catalysed by β-N-acetylhexosaminidases

The hydrolytic and transglycosylation capabilities of 35 fungal β-N-acetylhexosaminidases with p-nitrophenyl 2-amino-2-deoxy-β-d-glucopyranoside and its four N-acyl derivatives (CHO, COCH₂OH, COCH₂CH₃, COCF₃) as substrates were tested. The preparation of four novel p-nitrophenyl disaccharides from these unnatural substrates catalysed by enzymes from Aspergillus oryzae, Penicillium oxalicum and Talaromyces flavus represents a considerable extension of the synthetic potential of glycosidases.     

Ultrasensitive electrochemical sensor for p-nitrophenyl organophosphates based on ordered mesoporous carbons at low potential without deoxygenization

p-Nitrophenyl organophosphates (OPs) including paraoxon, parathion and methyl parathion, etc, are highly poisonous OPs, for which sensitive and rapid detection method is most needed. In this work, an ultrasensitive electrochemical sensor for the determination of p-nitrophenyl OPs was developed based on ordered mesoporous carbons (OMCs) modified glassy carbon electrode (GCE) (OMCs/GCE). The electrochemical behavior and reaction mechanism of p-nitrophenyl OPs at OMCs/GCE was elaborated by taking paraoxon as an example. Experimental conditions such as buffer pH, preconcentration potential and time were optimized. By using differential pulse voltammetry, the current response of the sensor at −0.085 V was linear with concentration within 0.01–1.00 μM and 1.00–20 μM paraoxon. Similar linear ranges of 0.015–0.5 μM and 0.5–10 μM were found for parathion, and 0.01–0.5 μM and 0.5–10 μM for methyl parathion. The low limits of detection were evaluated to be 1.9 nM for paraoxon, 3.4 nM for parathion and 2.1 nM for methyl parathion (S/N = 3). Common interfering species had no interference to the detection of p-nitrophenyl OPs. The sensor can be applicable to real samples measurement. Therefore, a simple, sensitive, reproducible and cost-effective electrochemical sensor was proposed for the fast direct determination of trace p-nitrophenyl OPs at low potential without deoxygenization.     

Electrocatalytic reduction of carbon dioxide by a polymeric film of rhenium tricarbonyl dipyridylamine

A dipyridylamine ligand with a pendant pyrrole (N-(3-N,N′-bis(2-pyridyl)propylamino)pyrrole, PPP) and its corresponding rhenium(I) complex, Re(CO)₃(κ²-N,N-PPP)Cl, were synthesized. The structure of Re(CO)₃(κ²-N,N-PPP)Cl was determined by X-ray crystallography. Electrochemical polymerization of the pyrrole moiety resulted in the immobilization of poly[Re(CO)₃(κ²-N,N-PPP)Cl] film onto a glassy carbon electrode, which exhibited electrocatalytic activity for the reduction of CO₂ to CO.