Orbifold models and modular transformation

The orbifold models of the heterotic string are constructed on the quotient spaces of generalized tori by translational and rotational discrete symmetries. In order to obtain the consistent orbifold models, the conditions of the modular invariance are derived from a one-loop vacuum amplitude. Z₃ orbifold models satisfying such conditions are searched systematically. It is shown that there are infinite possible models with N = 2 supersymmetry. Among these models, two examples having E₆ and E₇ gauge groups are discussed. The orbifold models with N = 1 supersymmetry are also discussed in detail. It is shown that there are only five consistent models in the class of these models based on E₈ ⊗ E′₈ heterotic string in which the extra six-dimensional torus and the E₈ ⊗ E′₈ maximal torus are modded out by the rotational and the translational Z₃ symmetries respectively.     

Influence of non-uniform J<Subscript>c</Subscript> distributions on flux jumps in high-temperature superconductors

The influence of non-uniform J_c distributions on flux jumps in high-temperature superconductors is investigated with the simplified models in the form of a composite superconducting slab consisting of different pinning regions. The magnetization loops and flux jumps for the simplified models are calculated with the modified recursion formulas which could predict the flux-jump fields. The valid ranges of the temperature and sweep rate for B_fj1 are specified and the fields of the subsequent jumps after the first flux jump of the inhomogeneous models are obviously lower than that of the homogeneous models. The results indicate that flux jump instability could be stimulated by non-uniform J_c distributions and with the increase of the discrepancy of J_c between different pinning regions the instability also increase.     

A Monte Carlo study of two-dimensional classical easy-plane Heisenberg models with symmetry-breaking

Monte Carlo studies of thermodynamic functions for quasi-2-dimensional classical ferromagnets are reported. Easy-plane Heisenberg models with Ising and 6-fold symmetry breaking fields in the easy-plane are emphasized as models of Rb₂CrCl₄ and CoCl₂-intercalated graphite.     

Model building on asymmetric Z3 orbifolds: Non-supersymmetric models

Four-dimensional string models arising in the asymmetric Z₃ orbifold compactifications of the heterotic string are studied. A mechanism for supersymmetry breaking that gives rise to chiral models in four dimensions is presented, and some typical models are discussed. A formalism for calculating one-loop partition functions in Z₃ models is developed. One partition function is constructed that may correspond to a non-supersymmetric, tachyon-free theory, with a vanishing cosmological constant as a consequence of Atkin-Lehner symmetry. The negative result of a search for the model corresponding to this partition function is reported.     

掺杂稀土离子发光动力学模型

研究了发光体系中能量传递对发光时间演化的影响.针对以往各种能量传递模型中存在的问题,同时考虑施主-受主（D-A）能量传递和施主-施主（D-D）能量迁移,将只考虑D-A能量传递的I-H,D-H,V-F模型与考虑到D-D能量迁移的跳跃模型B分别结合起来,建立了I-H-B,D-H-B,V-F-B三种综合模型.采用这些模型对钾冰晶石（elpasolite）体系的施主发光激发态占据概率进行数值模拟,给出不同D、A浓度下及不同D-A,D-D作用强度条件下施主发光的时间演化曲线,发现V-F-B模型给出的曲线最合理.然后 关键词：     

星际氧气分子的气相-尘埃模型研究

本文采用气相-尘埃模型Nautilus研究了星际氧气的演化过程,使用了两种典型初始丰度值下的恒温模型和变化物理条件下的加热模型进行模拟计算. 结果表明,在冷致密云的条件下,CO、O₂和H₂O达到峰值的时间依赖于氢核密度的多少,其随氢核密度的增大而减小. 在加热模型中,在温度升高后的10⁵年后,氧气的丰度值与观测结果符合较好. 在温度大于30 K后,氧气的稳态丰度值将不再随氢核密度而变化,且大于此温度可以阻止氧气大量的沉降到尘埃表面. 此外,无论在恒温模型还是在加热模型中,低氢核密度更有利于O₂的生成.     

Defect chemistry and electrical properties of La1-xSrxCoO3-δ

This paper considers defect chemistry models of La_1−xSr_xCoO_3−δ, such as random defect model and the cluster defect model. These models are considered in terms of defect equilibria with respect to (i) the formation of oxygen vacancies, (ii) intrinsic electronic ionisation and (iii) the formation of defect clusters. The defect models are derived using the available data of nonstoichiometry for the LSC materials.     

Proton Spin and Chiral Dynamics

 Recent successful chiral models for the spin fractions of the proton rely on parametrizations that are inconsistent with deep inelastic lepton scattering unless the quark masses are neglected and inconsistent with chiral quark models based on constituent quarks, because only chiral spinflip transitions are considered. Non-spinflip transitions are important for constituent quarks as they depend on the quark masses. Therefore, the models are valid at a scale of about 0.63 GeV to Λ_χ, where dynamical quark masses are expected to be close to current quark masses, rather than Λ_QCD. When constituent quark masses are properly included, chiral quark models generate spin fractions that disagree with the proton spin data. Received July 1, 1998; accepted for publication January 30, 1999     

An investigation on surface tensions of Pb-free solder materials

Surface tensions of some Pb-free solder systems such as Ag–Bi–Sn with cross-sections Ag/Bi = 1/1, Ag/Bi = 1/2, Ag/Bi = 2/1, In–Sn–Zn with cross-sections Sn/In = 1/1, Sn/In = 1/3 and (Ag₇Cu₃)_100?x Sn_x with cross-section Ag/Cu = 7/3 are calculated from the sub-binary surface tension data using the models, such as the Muggianu, Kohler, Toop models, Butler’s equation and Chou’s General Solution Model (GSM) at 873, 923 and 1073 K, respectively. The surface tension of In–Sn–Zn increases wavily with increasing amount of Zn and it is found that the best models are the GSM for both cross-sections in question while GSM becomes the best model for (Ag₇Cu₃)_100?x Sn_x alloy in the whole experimental range. Moreover, the surface tension of (Ag₇Cu₃)_100?x Sn_x decreases slightly with increasing amount of Sn. The Muggianu, Butler and Butler models are determined as the best models for the cross-sections in the order given above for entire measurement range, respectively, and the surface tension of Ag–Bi–Sn decreases slightly with an increasing amount of Bi and Ag but increases with increasing Sn in liquid alloys.     

CPN−1 model: A toy model for QCD?

We examine the CP^N?1₂ models and discuss their relevance as toy models for QCD₄. Specifically, we study the role of instantons, θ vacua, and confinement in the $\text{1}\text{N}$ expansion. Our results, and comparisons with other two-dimensional models, suggest that most of the interesting features of these models are peculiarities of two-dimensional space-time and cannot be expected to reappear in QCD₄.     

Orbifold-compactified models in torus-compactified string theories

On the basis ofU(1) currents, we found a series of string models compactified onZ ₂-orbifold which are equivalent to those on tori. The correspondence of states between two models is clarified and tree amplitudes for twisted states are evaluated by use of vertex operators of the torus-compactified models. The relation betweenZ ₂-twisting andZ ₂-shifting is briefly discussed.     

A network problem: Modelling alkali-silicate glasses with RMC

Structural models of four potassium-silicate glasses, (K₂O)_x(SiO₂)_1-x with x=0, 0.15, 0.25 and 0.45, have been created using the reverse Monte Carlo (RMC) method. The current use of RMC for creating topologically constrained models of amorphous materials is described in detail. The models are based on the simultaneous combination of neutron diffraction and ²⁹Si magic angle spinning NMR data, the latter for the first time. We show that the predictions of Modified Random Network theory are consistent with the data. It is found that models whose topology is determined by short-range chemical bonding constraints and the macroscopic density are able to reproduce all details of the structure factor, including its complex form at low momentum transfer. It is not necessary to ‘build in’ specific ring structures or other complex units beforehand; these arise naturally as a consequence of the constraints of density and chemical bonding.     

非晶态二元合金模型偏干涉函数的计算及应用

本文从计算非晶态材料散射强度的Debye方程,推导出非晶态二元合金模型的Faber-Ziman偏干涉函数计算公式。利用这些公式,计算了Fe₈₃B₁₇和Ni₆₄B₃₆金属玻璃模型的S_FeB(Q)和S_NiB(Q),并和实验结果及模型计算的偏散射强度I_FeB(Q)和I_NiB(Q)作了比较。文中还计算了Hg₂Na液态合金模型的偏干涉函数,并把它们外推到零衍射角时的数值。最后讨论了具有化学短程序合金的全干涉函数在零衍射角附近的行为。 关键词：     

Magnetic field effects on the magnetism of Zr3FeH5.3

Zr₃FeH_5.3 exhibits hydrogen-induced magnetism below an ordering temperatureT ₀=135 K. Comparison of three fit models for analysis of the zero field Mössbauer spectra belowT ₀ is presented. The models are based on discrete and distributed static hyperfine fields and magnetic relaxation. The response of Zr₃FeH_5.3 to an applied field of 6.9 T indicates that antiferromagnetic interactions are present with spin canting also possible.     

Variational calculations of ν8 models of nuclear matter

We report variational calculations of ν8 models of nuclear matter which contain central, spin, isospin, tensor and spin-orbit potentials. These semi-realistic models can explain the nucleon-nucleon scattering in 1S0, 3S1?3D1, 1P1 and 3P2?3F2 states up to ～ 300 MeV. The variational wave function has two-body central, spin, isospin, tensor and spin-orbit correlations. The terms in the cluster expansion of the energy expectation value, that do not contain the spin-orbit correlations are summed by chain summation techniques developed for the ν6 models. Of the terms containing spin-orbit correlations, the two-body and three-body-separable ones are calculated, and the magnitude of the rest is estimated. Results for three phase-equivalent ν8 models, which differ significantly in the strength of tensor and spin-orbit potentials, are reported. They suggest that simple ν8 models may not be able to simultaneously explain the binding energy and density of nuclear matter.     

A comparison of the Lund and Hoyer et al. fragmentation models

Large differences between the hadronic distributions from the fragmentation models of Lund and Hoyer et al. are found if the same value of α_s is used in both models. The distributions agree only if α_s is increased by a factor of about 2 for the Lund model.     

Fermion spectra from superstrings

Some compactifications of the ten-dimensional anomaly-free E₈ × E₈ and SO(32) theories that correspond to superstrings are studied. Compactification is achieved by setting the classical gauge field equal to the spin connection. The resulting chiral fermion spectra are obtained for any six-dimensional manifold, under the condition Tr F² = 30 Tr R², plus a quantization condition for U(1) charges. For E₈ × E₈ these conditions lead to potentially realistic models for any irreducible six-dimensional manifold and any embedding of the holonomy group. Apart from a few more exotic examples, the four-dimensional models we obtain are more or less standard SU(5), SO(10), SU(4) × SU(2) × SU(2) or E₆ models.     

One-dimensional models of thermal activation under shear stress

The analysis of thermal activation under shear stress in three- and even two-dimensional models presents unresolved problems. The analysis of one-dimensional models presented here may illuminate the study of more realistic models. For the model in which as many dislocations are poised for backward jumps as for forward jumps, the experimental activation volume V ^?e(σ_a) under applied stresses close to σ_a is different from the true activation volume V(σ) evaluated at σ = σ_a. The relations between the two are developed. A model is then discussed in which fewer dislocations are available for backward than for forward jumps. Finally, the appropriateness of the hyperbolic sine approximation for moderately low stresses is defined and shown to be very limited.     

High resolution study of the ν5 + ν12 band of C2H4

The combination band ν₅ + ν₁₂ of ethylene, C₂H₄, has been recorded for the first time with a high resolution Fourier transform spectrometer Bruker IFS 125HR. Assignments of transitions and preliminary rotational analysis are made. Two models (Hamiltonian of the isolated vibrational state and Hamiltonian that takes into account resonance interactions) are used. Influence of the local resonance interactions on the parameters and reproduction power of the models is discussed.