环境辐射对目标热辐射特性测试的影响

把落到目标上的总的环境辐射等效成一个温度为T₀的黑体辐射,研究了环境辐射改变时对热成象系统灵敏度方程的影响,从而从理论上证明了用改变环境辐射的办法可以测定目标的比辐射率。给出了用红外测温仪测定环境等效黑体温度T₀的方法和实验结果。给出了用红外测温仪测定目标比辐射率的一种新方法及实验结果。对于环境辐射不能忽略时如何用比辐射计测定目标的真实温度作了方法性和原理性的讨论。对于如何用测温仪测定地物对太阳的光谱反射率也作了方法性和原理性的讨论。 关键词：     

Multispectral infrared pyrometer for temperature measurement with automatic correction of the influence of emissivity

A new method for contactless temperature measurement has been developed.⁽¹⁾ It is applied advantageously to highly reflecting objects of moderate temperatures (emitting no visible radiation), where conventional methods fail. A set of data is collected by radiance measurement m a number of n narrow spectral bands. These data represent numerical values for a set of analytical equations of the radiation emerging from the object. Solving the set of equations leads to u ⩽ n unknowns, which are the temperature of the object, its emissivity and the temperature of its environment. Balancing calculation enhances the accuracy. Software simulations, including the balancing calculation, the radiation transfer and the hardware of the prospected multispectral radiometer optimized the whole system prior to hardware development. The finally assembled laboratory model, a ten channel filter spectrometer, proved to function as predicted. The temperature of objects about 500 K and an emissivity as low as 0.03 has been determined with less than 1% deviation from thermocouple measurement. Measurement at lower temperatures and/or higher emissivities or higher temperatures and/or lower emissivities is possible with comparable accuracy.     

5.2-5.6-microm source tunable by frequency conversion in a GaAs-based waveguide

A tunable mid-IR source obtained by difference-frequency generation is demonstrated in a selectively oxidized GaAsAlAs multilayer waveguide. We designed the waveguide to present the required form birefringence for phase matching of the nonlinear interaction. We took special care to lower losses for the mid-IR radiation. IR tunability from 5.2 to 5.6 mum was achieved by variation of the waveguide temperature and one pump wavelength. IR output power as great as 0.12 muW was obtained with the product of two pump powers of 7 mW(2). Losses of ~50 cm(-1) were measured for the mid-IR radiation. These losses are attributed to surface scattering.     

低温辐射计热结构设计与分析

低温辐射计利用低温超导下的电替代测量原理,将光辐射计量溯源到可以精确测量的电参数测量,是目前国际上光功率测量的最高基准.本文实验研究了低温辐射计的热路结构,系统分析了腔体组件与热链材料的热学特性对低温辐射计响应率和时间常数特性参数影响的机理.在此基础上,设计了由黑体腔、热链和支撑结构组成的热结构机械件,搭建了低温辐射计特性参数测试系统,并针对OHFC铜、6061铝、304不锈钢和聚酰亚胺四种不同热链材料测试了低温辐射计的时间常数和响应率,时间常数跨度为23—506 s,响应率跨度为35.5—714.8 K/W.结果表明,在腔体组件确定的情况下,通过调节热链的材料和结构,可以实现对低温辐射计特性参数的调控.实验结果对低温辐射计特性参数指标分配和指导下一代低温辐射计的研制具有一定参考价值.     

新一代高温黑体和同步辐射装置及其在地外太阳光谱辐照度测量中的应用

在地外太阳光谱辐照度测量和大气定量遥感等项研究的推动下,近二、三十年,国际上光谱辐射计量技术发展十分迅速。基于先进的高温技术、优异的高温热解石墨材料和独特的设计,全俄光学物理测量研究所(VNIIOFI)研制出温度高达3 200～3 500 K、具有高均匀性和高稳定性的大面积普朗克高温黑体光源。基于低温绝对辐射计的滤光片辐射计迭代测温技术,使高温黑体温度测量不确定度小于0.5 K。在德国物理技术研究院(PTB),将这种高温黑体直接用于国际空间站地外太阳光谱测试仪器(SOLSPEC)的辐射定标,定标综合不确定度小于0.5%～1%。2008年德国物理技术研究院(PTB)建成名为计量光源(MLS)的新一代专用同步辐射存储环并投入使用。为调节同步辐射的光谱分布,稳态下其能量可设置为105～630 MeV任意值,相应特征波长随之从735 nm改变至3.4 nm。为在不改变光谱分布情况下改变光强,电子束流可调节 11个量级,即从 1个存储电子(相当于1 pA)到200 mA。美国国家标准技术研究院(NIST)在同步辐射紫外辐射装置(SURF Ⅲ)3号光束线上建立了使用同步辐射的光谱辐照度定标装置(FICUS),为紫外传递标准光源定标,光谱范围200～400 nm,相对测量不确定度1.2% (k=2)。新一代同步辐射装置为地外太阳光谱辐照度测量仪器,如SUSIM,SOLSTICE,SBUV,SIM和SOLSPEC等,短波段高精度辐射定标奠定了技术基础。该文描述新型高温黑体和同步辐射装置的建立与发展,光谱辐照度和光谱辐亮度标准的传递及国际比对并评述它们在太阳光谱辐照度测量中的应用。     

低温辐射计不同结构黑体腔吸收率仿真与实验测量

目前,国际最高光辐射功率基准为低温辐射计,其可探测光谱范围覆盖真空紫外到太赫兹波段(115 nm～T Hz),利用真空低温超导条件下的电替代测量原理,将光辐射功率参数溯源到可以精确测量的电参数进行高精度测量,实现超宽光谱范围的光辐射绝对功率测量,其测量不确定度达到10-5量级,尤其在国防军事和光辐射计量领域,光电有效载...     

光谱辐照度测量的数学模型及其方法研究

光谱辐照度是光谱辐射计量中最基本的参数，是研究各种辐射源及光电探测器特性的重要依据。为提高光谱辐照度的测量精度和量值溯源等问题，国防科工委光学计量一级站采用BB3200K高温黑体作为基准的辐射源，以新型辐射测温法为基础，通过一系列光辐射理论和几何原理推导出辐射温度与辐射光功率之间的关系；通过对光辐射功率的绝对测量，并结合低温辐射计，从而完成了光谱辐照度量值的精度测量。该理论奠基了以探测器为基础的新的光辐射量传体系。主要介绍了在光谱辐照度标准装置的项目中复现光谱辐照度所建立的数学模型及新的测试方法，给出了测量结果，并简要介绍了基于该理论的测量装置的组成及原理。     

绝对辐射计预测辐射电补偿的快速测量方法

绝对辐射计测量光辐射需要接收辐射和电定标两个阶段,这两个阶段都要使辐射计的接收腔达到热平衡才能比较它们的腔温响应．电定标其辐射量值。根据绝对辐射计接收腔在光入射(或电加热)时腔温升响应的指数变化规律,研究出在辐射入射腔之初就动态预测其功率．电加热补偿,使腔的温度住接收辐射和电定标阶段维持恒定的状态下．快速达到平衡进行测量的新方法。为世界辐射中心(PMOD／WRC)研制的两台太阳辐照绝对辐射计SIAR-2a和SIAR-2b采用了这种快速测量的厅法。斤在世界辐射中心进行一年半10000多次同世界标准(辐射计)组(WSG)一起同时观测太阳辐照度的比刘实验．结果表明其绝对辐射精度达到了0．08％．既保持了原有测量方法(慢速热平衡、测量时间长)的精度．又缩短了秒测量时间。     

Low-Temperature Radiometric Measurements Using a Silver Halide Optical Fiber and Infrared Optical Devices

In this study, we measured an infrared radiation which is transferred by a silver halide optical fiber from a heat source using a radiometer system for low-temperature measurements. To increase the amount of infrared radiation through the silver halide optical fiber and to the pyroelectric sensor, infrared optical devices used were an infrared focusing lens and a collimator. The relationship between the temperatures of a heat source and the measured radiometer signals were determined. The measurable temperature range of a fiber-optic temperature sensor using a pyroelectric sensor was from 298 to 333 K. It is expected that a noncontact low-temperature sensor using an infrared optical fiber can be developed for medical and industrial usages based on the results of this study.     

Multi-component chemical analysis of gas mixtures using a continuously tuneable lidar system

Differential absorption lidar (DIAL) measurements are usually made on single compounds by alternately switching the wavelength between on and off a resonance line. The selection of more than two wavelengths is a mathematical necessity for simultaneous measurement of multiple species or for resolving interference effects between a compound of interest and a background gas such as water vapour or carbon dioxide. This is especially true in the mid-IR region, where many hydrocarbon compounds have important spectral features. We present a method for remote measurement of gas mixtures in the mid-IR region based on a newly developed fast-switching, frequency-agile optical parametric oscillator lidar transmitter. A multivariate statistical procedure has also been applied for this system, which combines a genetic algorithm for wavelength selection with a partial least squares method for identifying individual compounds from their combined absorption spectrum. A calibration transfer is performed for compounds of interest using reference spectra from an absorption spectra database. Both indoor absorption cell measurements and outdoor remote range resolved measurements of hydrocarbon mixtures were performed to explore the performance of the method. PACS 42.62 Fi; 42.79 Qx; 02.50 Sk     

Ultra-low field NMR measurements of liquids and gases with short relaxation times

Interest in nuclear magnetic resonance measurements at ultra-low magnetic fields (ULF, approximately microT fields) has been motivated by various benefits and novel applications including narrow NMR peak-width, negligible susceptibility artifacts, imaging of samples inside metal containers, and possibility of directly imaging neuronal currents. ULF NMR/MRI is also compatible with simultaneous measurements of biomagnetic signals. However the most widely used technique in ULF NMR-prepolarization at high field and measurement at lower field-results in large transient signals which distort the free induction decay signal. This is especially severe for the measurement of signals from samples and materials with short T1 time. We have devised an approach that largely cancels the transient signals. The technique was successfully used to measure NMR signals from liquids and gases with T1 in the range 1-4 ms.     

Human-body temperature measurements using contact radiometer with built-in calibrators

We have studied theoretically and experimentally the accuracy of human-body temperature measurements using a modulation-type contact radiometer in the UHF-EHF ranges. The radiometer uses a nontraditional structure that includes a reflection modulator. Comparing the traditional method of measurements used in the calibration of the temperature scale against external standards of radiation with calibration against the built-in noise generator and standard short-circuitor, we see that the measurement accuracy is approximately the same in both methods. However, the accuracy of the method set forth in this paper is limited mainly by the imperfections of the short-circuiter, whereas the errors of the traditional method are related to the inhomogeneity of the object under study with respect to the reflection factor. Experimental studies were carried out with human-body phantoms in the 8-mm range of wavelengths. Lobachevsky State University, Nizhny Novgorod, Russia. Translated from Izvestiya Vysshikh Uchebnykh Zavedenii, Radiofizika, Vol. 42, No. 2, pp. 168–175, February 1999.     

Fiber-optic multiband radiometer for online measurements of near room temperature and emissivity

A multiband infrared fiber-optic radiometer was developed for online near room temperature and emissivity measurements. Real time measurements were carried out on gray and selective bodies at near room temperature. The mean accuracy obtained for the body temperature was roughly 1 degrees C and for emissivity was roughly 0.03. The radiometer is capable of performing measurements without prior knowledge of the body emissivity. Incorporation of fiber optics allows one to perform measurements without a clear line of sight between the radiometer and the body. This radiometer will have important applications in biology, electronics, and other areas.     

Two-wavelength mid-IR diagnostic for temperature and n-dodecane concentration in an aerosol shock tube

A two-wavelength, mid-IR optical absorption diagnostic is developed for simultaneous temperature and n-dodecane vapor concentration measurements in an aerosol-laden shock tube. FTIR absorption spectra for the temperature range 323 to 773 K are used to select the two wavelengths (3409.0 and 3432.4 nm). Shock-heated mixtures of n-dodecane vapor in argon are then used to extend absorption cross section data at these wavelengths to 1322 K. The sensor is used to validate a model of the post-evaporation temperature and pressure of shock-heated fuel aerosol, which can ultimately be used for the study of the chemistry of low-vapor-pressure compounds and fuel blends. The signal-to-noise ratio of the temperature and concentration are ～20 and ～30, respectively, illustrating the sensitivity of this diagnostic. The good agreement between model and measurement provide confidence in the use of this aerosol shock tube to provide well-known thermodynamic conditions. At high temperatures, pseudo-first-order decomposition rates are extracted from time-resolved concentration measurements, and data from vapor and aerosol shocks are found to be in good agreement. Notably, the n-dodecane concentration measurements exhibit slower decomposition than predicted by models using two published reaction mechanisms, illustrating the need for further kinetic studies of this hydrocarbon. These results demonstrate the potential of multi-wavelength mid-IR laser sensors for hydrocarbon measurements in environments with time-varying temperature and concentration.     

Mid-IR Dual-Wavelength Difference Frequency Generation Using Fiber Lasers as Pump and Signal Light Sources

A continuous-wave mid-IR difference frequency laser source, which respectively uses an ytterbium-doped fiber laser as the pump source and a multiwavelength erbium-doped fiber laser cascaded with an erbium-doped fiber amplifier as the signal source, is demonstrated. Our experimental results show that two stable mid-IR radiation lines with a spacing of about 5.4nm may be simultaneously emitted by a suitable setting the pump and signal polarization orientations. The number of the mid-IR radiation lines is limited by the quasi-phase-matching acceptance bandwidth. By changing the PPMgLN temperature the two mid-IR radiation lines may be synchronously tuned in the mid-IR range between 3295 and 3356.3nm.     

精密红外辐射计测量模块研究北大核心CSCD

红外辐射计用于红外热像仪测试设备的校准。介绍了一种用于红外辐射计的测量模块及方法。设计了采样保持的测量方案,通过参考信号生成采样脉冲,并将采样点设置在每个信号周期的1/4相位处,能显著提高微弱信号的测量能力。对于35℃的黑体辐射信号,通过与现有方案的对比实验,测量信号强度可提高57.6%;在红外热像仪测试设备背景温度为22℃条件下,通过与现有仪器的对比测试,测量信号精度可提升50%以上。     

The 22 GHz radio-aeronomy receiver at Onsala Space Observatory

We present a radiometer system for regular long-term measurements of water vapour in the middle atmosphere. To be able to do continuous and long-term measurements a simple, robust, reliable and automatic system is needed. Our system therefore is based on a stable, uncooled, HEMT amplifier frontend and on a digital spectrometer backend. In order to minimise reflections in the frontend transmission line, which distort the signal due to standing waves, we have designed a corrugated receiver horn, which combines good characteristics (low return loss and sidelobes) and narrow beamwidth to simplify the receiver optics. In order to make the radiometer system as simple as possible, we use the sky as the calibration cold load. This is possible since we use the observed brightness temperatures of an already existing broadband dual-channel 21.0/31.4-GHz radiometer, at the observation site, to estimate the brightness temperature of the sky at . However, we have developed a calibration method, which makes it possible to estimate the sky brightness temperature even if we cannot use the dual-channel radiometer. Despite new measurements, which became available in recent years, the determination of middle atmospheric water vapour distribution still remains a challenge due to the fact that there is a large dispersion among the different measurement methods and data sets, which are obtained on a sparse and sporadic basis. This is the reason why several instruments similar to ours currently are developed in Europe.     

Ti:sapphire laser intracavity difference-frequency generation of 30 mW cw radiation around 4.5 μm

A cw mid-IR coherent source based on difference-frequency generation is designed and characterized. For mid-IR generation, a periodically poled MgO:LiNbO(3) crystal is placed inside a compact Ti:sapphire laser cavity. This provides high-power pump radiation for the nonlinear process. Optical injection by an external-cavity diode laser ensures single-frequency operation of the Ti:sapphire laser, while signal radiation is provided by a fiber-amplified Nd:YAG laser. Mid-IR radiation can be generated with 3850-4540 nm tuning range, narrow linewidth, Cs-standard traceability, and TEM(00) spatial mode. 30 mW power is obtained at 4510 nm.     

Generation of mid-IR radiation in near-IR semiconductor lasers based on low-dimensional heterostructures

A method for generating mid-IR radiation (λ ～ 10μm) in near-IR (λ ～1 μm) quantum-well semiconductor heterolasers has been proposed. This method is based on the formation of population inversion at a mid-IR intersubband transition as a result of the depletion of its lower level by a strong near-IR field. In contrast to the previous investigations of this problem, the inhomogeneous broadening of the noted transition (caused by the dependence of its frequency on the carrier energy) is taken into account, and it is proposed to invert it not in the entire spectral range but only in the region resonant with the mid-IR field. This approach makes it possible to significantly reduce (in comparison with the previous estimates) the threshold pump current density for initiating mid-IR generation and, as a result, hope to implement operation of the proposed laser at room temperature in the cw mode.     

First electron temperature edge measurements on the asdex upgrade tokamak using a heterodyne radiometer

The design of a multi-channel heterodyne radiometer used to determine the electron temperature in the edge region of the ASDEX Upgrade (AUG) tokamak plasma by measuring the microwave electron cyclotron emission (ECE) is described. A novel feature of the system is the use of both side-bands of a heterodyne mixer to maximise the available radiation bandwidth. First measurements of the temperature profile in the edge region during the development of the H-mode plasmas and marfes are presented and discussed.