苯并噻二唑单元在聚合物光伏材料设计中的应用

聚合物太阳能电池因其易于加工、可制备成柔性器件、材料来源广泛等优点得到材料界和能源界的广泛关注。有机太阳能电池效率的不断提高主要得益于材料的发展和电池器件结构的优化。从材料设计角度考虑,种类众多的给体和受体单元被开发用来构建有机共轭分子,其中,苯并噻二唑单元由于共轭平面较大和吸电子性较强的特性被广泛用于构建高性能的有机太阳能电池材料。基于此,本文首先介绍了苯并二噻吩单元及其衍生物常见的合成方法,随后总结了其在构建聚合物给体方面的应用,最后对其后续发展方向和前景提出了展望。     

聚合物太阳能电池高效共轭聚合物给体和富勒烯受体光伏材料

聚合物太阳能电池（PSC）由共轭聚合物给体和富勒烯衍生物受体的共混膜（活性层）夹在ITO透明导电玻璃正极和低功函数金属负极之间所组成,具有制备过程简单、成本低、重量轻、可制备成柔性器件等突出优点,近年来成为国内外研究前沿和热点。当前研究的焦点是提高器件的光电能量转换效率,而提高效率的关键是高效共轭聚合物给体和富勒烯衍生...     

富勒烯稠合体与共轭聚合物作为有机太阳能电池材料的研究进展

介绍了有关富勒烯与共轭聚合物超快光诱导电子的研究状况和三种不同光敏层材料制备的太阳能电池的组装和性能,包括:(1)以共轭聚合物/C60或C60衍生物的主体异介质为光敏层,(2)分子水平上的主体异介质:D-A双功能聚合物,(3)单纯以富勒烯稠合体为光敏层,以及国内外这三种太阳能电池研究的进展情况及存在的问题.     

有机太阳能电池获得超过13%的能量转换效率

正有机太阳能电池(简称OSCs)是一种新型的光伏器件,可以通过低成本的溶液加工方法制备大面的柔性器件,得到了国内外学术界和工业界的广泛关注~1。有机光活性材料(包括电子给体和电子受体)的设计与应用是提高OSCs能量转换效率(简称PCE)的重要途径。富勒烯衍生物在以往的研究中是应用最为广泛的电子受体材料,经过多年的发展,以聚合物和小分子作为电子给体的OSCs都取得了11%以上的PCE~(2,3)。然而,鉴于富勒烯     

利用非共价构象锁定设计小分子受体材料

<正>聚合物太阳能电池(PSC)具有质轻,成本低,可通过溶液加工的方法大面积制备柔性器件等优点,受到广泛关注~(1–3)。目前,体异质结(BHJ)结构的PSC主要采用共轭高分子给体材料和受体材料共混制备光电活性层。2015年,占肖卫课题组首先报道了一类非富勒烯的高效率的稠环电子受体(FREAs)~(4,5)。这类受体具有化学结构易修饰,能级易调控以及跟给体聚合物吸收互补等显著优点,受到研究者们的青睐。近3年来,基于FREAs构建     

高性能有机稠环电子受体光伏材料

正聚合物太阳能电池一般由氧化铟锡(ITO)透明正极、金属负极和夹在两电极之间的共混活性层所构成,具有结构和制备过程简单、成本低、重量轻、可制备成柔性和半透明器件等突出优点,近年来成为国内外研究热点.活性层是聚合物太阳能电池最重要的组成部分,通常由p-型共轭聚合物给体和n-型半导体受体材料组成.富勒烯衍生物是最为广泛使用的n-型受体材料.然而,富勒烯受体存在一些缺点,如     

萘并双噻二唑及其衍生稠环受体在D-A型聚合物太阳能电池给体材料中的应用

聚合物太阳能电池因其质量轻、柔性、可溶液制备成大面积器件等优点受到学术界和产业界的广泛关注。目前,聚合物太阳能电池仍然处于实验室研究阶段,研究重点依然集中在器件效率以及使用寿命的进一步提高上。开发新颖高效的聚合物太阳能电池材料是持续提高电池器件效率的原动力。给体(D)-受体(A)型共轭聚合物材料具有宽的光谱吸收、可调节的能级水平、强的分子内电荷转移过程等特征,成为聚合物太阳能电池材料设计的重要策略之一。众多的给体和受体结构单元已被筛选用来构建高性能的D-A型共轭聚合物光伏材料。其中,萘并双噻二唑及其衍生稠环受体结构单元因其具有刚性的共轭平面、强的吸电子能力等特点,被广泛用于设计高性能的聚合物太阳能电池给体材料。基于此,本文综述了萘并双噻二唑及其衍生稠环受体构筑单元在发展D-A型聚合物给体材料方面的应用,并对该类材料的发展方向和前景提出了展望。     

非富勒烯聚合物太阳电池研究进展

综述了以p-型共轭聚合物为给体、n-型有机半导体为受体的非富勒烯聚合物太阳电池光伏材料最新研究进展,包括n-型共轭聚合物和可溶液加工小分子n-型有机半导体(n-OS)受体光伏材料,以及与之匹配的p-型共轭聚合物给体光伏材料.介绍的n-型共轭聚合物受体光伏材料包括基于苝酰亚胺(BDI)、萘酰亚胺(NDI)以及新型硼氮键连受体单元的D-A共聚物受体光伏材料,目前基于聚合物给体(J51)和聚合物受体(N2200)的全聚合物太阳电池的能量转换效率最高达到8.26%.n-OS小分子受体光伏材料包括基于BDI和NDI单元的有机分子、基于稠环中心给体单元的A-D-A型窄带隙有机小分子受体材料等.给体光伏材料包括基于齐聚噻吩和苯并二噻吩(BDT)给体单元的D-A共聚物,重点介绍与窄带隙A-D-A结构小分子受体吸收互补的、基于噻吩取代BDT单元的中间带隙二维共轭聚合物给体光伏材料.使用中间带隙的p-型共轭聚合物为给体、窄带隙A-D-A结构有机小分子为受体的非富勒烯聚合物太阳电池能量转换效率已经突破12%,展示了光明的前景.最后对非富勒烯聚合物太阳电池将来的发展进行了展望.     

高结晶性小分子给体材料应用于全小分子有机太阳能电池中的研究进展

随着新型小分子给体材料和非富勒烯小分子受体材料的开发和应用, 非富勒烯全小分子有机太阳能电池(NF-ASM OSCs)的光电转换效率已经突破15%, 并逐渐接近聚合物太阳能电池的效率. 相比于聚合物电子给体材料, 小分子电子给体材料拥有其独特的优势, 例如合成批次性差异小、分子量明确和易于提纯等; 但是, 对小分子给体材料的结晶性难于精确调控, 使获得合适的纳米级结构的混合膜仍然是一个挑战. 本综述以给体小分子中心共轭单元的扩展为主线, 从分子设计的角度汇总了近年来对苯并二噻吩、萘并二噻吩和二噻并苯并二噻吩类小分子给体材料的结晶性研究, 并为进一步改善电池活性层形貌和获得更高的光伏性能提供了未来发展的建议.     

基于非富勒烯受体的溶液加工型全小分子太阳能电池研究进展

有机太阳能电池(OPV),具有质量轻、可成本低制备等优势,是一种具有实际应用潜力的光伏技术。有机太阳能电池活性层可以由共轭聚合物或溶液可加工的小分子材料(给体与受体)共混组成。由于小分子材料具有明确的分子结构,纯度可控及无批次差别影响的特点;并结合近年来非富勒烯小分子受体的快速发展,使得非富勒烯全小分子(NF-SM-OPV)电池研究受到广泛关注。由于大部分A-D-A型非富勒烯受体分子具有各向异性的特点,这使激子解离和电荷传输,很大程度上受分子间堆积方式的影响,导致非富勒烯全小分子电池活性层形貌调控更加复杂。虽然非富勒烯小分子太阳能电池具有非富勒烯受体材料和小分子材料的双重优势,但高效率非富勒烯小分子太阳能电池的制备,仍具有很大挑战。因此,本文总结近年来高性能非富勒烯小分子太阳能电池的相关进展。着重介绍针对非富勒烯受体的给体小分子材料设计工作,并在此基础上近一步讨论非富勒烯小分子太阳能电池面临的挑战与展望。     

Design of Furan-Based Acceptors for Organic Photovoltaics

We explore a series of furan-based non-fullerene acceptors and report their optoelectronic properties, solid-state packing, photodegradation mechanism and application in photovoltaic devices. Incorporating furan building blocks leads to the expected enhanced backbone planarity, reduced band gap and red-shifted absorption of these acceptors. Still, their position in the molecule is critical for stability and device performance. We found that the photodegradation of these acceptors originates from two distinct pathways: electrocyclic photoisomerization and Diels–Alder cycloaddition of singlet oxygen. These mechanisms are of general significance to most non-fullerene acceptors, and the photostability depends strongly on the molecular structure. Placement of furans next to the acceptor termini leads to better photostability, well-balanced hole/electron transport, and significantly improved device performance. Methylfuran as the linker offers the best photostability and power conversion efficiency (>14 %), outperforming all furan-based acceptors reported to date and all indacenodithiophene-based acceptors. Our findings show the possibility of photostable furan-based alternatives to the currently omnipresent thiophene-based photovoltaic materials.     

带有噻吩侧基的有机硼小分子电子受体光伏材料

有机小分子电子受体材料的侧基能够影响异质结有机太阳能电池的给体/受体匹配和器件性能。我们设计并合成了一个硼原子带有噻吩侧基的有机硼小分子(MBN-Th)。该分子的LUMO离域在整个骨架上,HOMO定域在中心核上,其独特的电子结构使该分子具有两个强的吸收峰(波长分别为490和726nm),因此分子具有宽的吸收光谱和强的太阳光吸收能力。与苯基侧基相比,噻吩侧基使分子的HOMO能级下移0.1 eV,LUMO能级保持不变,进而引起分子带隙减小和吸收光谱蓝移20nm。基于该有机硼小分子受体材料的异质结有机太阳能电池,实现了4.21%的能量转化效率和300–850nm的宽响应光谱。实验结果表明,硼原子上的噻吩侧基是调控有机硼小分子光电性质的有效方法,可以用于有机硼小分子受体材料的设计。     

Ethynyl-linked perylene bisimide based electron acceptors for non-fullerene organic solar cells

Star-shaped electron acceptors based on perylene bisimide as end groups and spiro-aromatic core linked with ethynyl units were developed for nonfullerene solar cells. Ethynyl linkers are able to improve the planarity of conjugated backbone, resulting in enhanced electron mobility and power conversion efficiency in solar cells.     

面向非富勒烯型有机光伏电池的聚合物给体材料设计

可溶液加工的有机光伏电池(OPV)是一种具有重要应用潜力的新型光伏技术。在OPV技术的发展过程中,富勒烯衍生物作为电子受体材料占据了相当长时间的统治地位,因此聚合物给体材料设计中对如何与富勒烯受体材料相互匹配考虑较多。最近几年来,基于聚合物给体和非富勒烯有机受体的OPV电池,简称为非富勒烯型NF-OPV,得到了十分快速的发展。在此类电池中,聚合物电子给体和非富勒烯型电子受体材料均起到了十分重要的作用。相比于较为经典的富勒烯型OPV,NF-OPV对聚合物给体的光电特性和聚集态结构提出了新的要求。因此,本文针对NF-OPV的特点,重点介绍NF-OPV对聚合物给体材料的吸收光谱、分子能级以及聚集态结构等特征的新要求,总结最近几年来的相关进展,并在此基础上进一步讨论聚合物电子给体材料面临的挑战和展望。     

Photosensitized electron transfer processes of nanocarbons applicable to solar cells

Photosensitized electron-transfer processes of nanocarbon materials hybridized with electron donating or electron accepting molecules have been surveyed in this tutorial review on the basis of the recent results reported mainly from our laboratories. As nano-carbon materials, fullerenes and single wall carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) have been employed. Fullerenes act as photo-sensitizing electron acceptors with respect to a wide variety of electron donors; in addition, the fullerenes act as good ground state electron acceptors in the presence of light-absorbing electron donors such as porphyrins and phthalocyanines. In the case of SWCNTs, their ground states act as electron acceptor and electron donors, depending on the photosensitizers. For example, with respect to the photoexcited porphyrins and phthalocyanines, SWCNTs usually act as electron acceptors, whereas for the photoexcited fullerenes, SWCNTs act as electron donors. The diameter sorted semi-conductive SWCNTs have been used to verify the size-dependent electron transfer rates. For the confirmation of the electron transfer processes, the transient absorption methods have been widely used, in addition to the time-resolved fluorescence spectral measurements. The kinetic data thus obtained in solution are found to be quite useful to predict the efficiencies of photovoltaic cells constructed on semiconductor nanoparticle modified electrodes and their photocatalytic processes.     

含萘并二噻吩小分子受体材料的带隙调控及其在非富勒烯太阳能电池中的应用

By using photovoltaic technology, ambient solar light can be directly converted to electricity. The photovoltaic technology has been regarded as one of the most important and promising strategies to resolve the worldwide energy and pollution problems. As one type of photovoltaic technology, polymer solar cells have attracted increasing interest due to their advantages of solution processing capability, low-cost, feasibility to be fabricated on flexible substrates etc. Not until a few years ago, the fullerene derivatives had been dominated the organic photovoltaic field as the most promising acceptor materials for polymer solar cells. However, fullerene-based polymer solar cells have a power conversion efficiency bottleneck due to the relatively fixed energy levels as well as the fixed bandgaps of fullerene derivatives. Therefore, researchers started to develop nonfullerene acceptors which can be used as alternatives to replace the traditional fullerene derivatives. Compared to the fullerene derivatives, nonfullerene acceptors offer several advantages such as stronger light absorption, tunable bandgaps and frontier molecular orbital energy levels. For nonfullerene acceptors, a ladder-type fused ring is usually used as the central core which is an essential building block to tailor the bandgaps and energy levels. Although many fused ring systems have been explored for efficient nonfullerene acceptors, ladder-type angular-shape dithienonaphthalene is seldom reported as the donor unit for nonfullerene acceptors. Furthermore, the impact of thiophene bridge on the optical and photovoltaic properties of the dithienonaphthalene-based nonfullerene acceptors has never been reported. In this context, we report on the design and synthesis of a dithienonaphthalene-based small-molecule acceptor which contains thiophene bridges in between the acceptor terminals and the fused-ring donor core. Compared to the dithienonaphthalene-based small-molecule without the thiophene bridges, the resulting acceptor (DTNIT) exhibits a reduced bandgap of 1.52 eV which makes it more suitable to be blended with the benchmark large bandgap copolymer, poly[(2, 6-(4, 8-bis(5-(2-ethylhexyl)thiophen-2-yl)-benzo[1, 2-b: 4, 5-b']dithiophene))-alt-(5, 5-(1', 3'-di-2-thienyl-5', 7'-bis(2-ethylhexyl)benzo[1', 2'-c:4', 5'-c']dithiophene-4, 8-dione)] (PBDB-T). The reduced band-gap of the resulting nonfullerene acceptor can be attributed to its extended π-conjugation in comparison with the dithienonaphthalene-based acceptor without the thiophene bridges. Inverted polymer solar cells with a device configuration of indium tin oxide/ZnO/PBDB-T:DTNIT/MoO₃/Ag were fabricated and characterized. Polymer solar cells based on PBDB-T:DTNIT showed an open circuit voltage of 0.91 V, an enhanced short circuit current of 14.42 mA∙cm⁻², and a moderate PCE of 7.05% which is comparable to the PCE of 7.12% for the inverted device based on PBDB-T:PC₇₁BM. Our results not only provide a method to synthesize efficient nonfullerene acceptors with reduced bandgaps, but also offer a bandgap modulation strategy for nonfullerene acceptors.     

p–π Conjugated Polymers Based on Stable Triarylborane with n‐Type Behavior in Optoelectronic Devices

p–π conjugation with embedded heteroatoms offers unique opportunities to tune the electronic structure of conjugated polymers. An approach is presented to form highly electron‐deficient p–π conjugated polymers based on triarylboranes, demonstrate their n‐type behavior, and explore device applications. By combining alternating [2,4,6‐tris(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]di(thien‐2‐yl)borane (FBDT) and electron‐deficient isoindigo (IID)/pyridine‐flanked diketopyrrolopyrrole (DPPPy) units, we achieve low‐lying lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO) and highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) energy levels, high electron mobilities, and broad absorptions in the visible region. All‐polymer solar cells with these polymers as electron acceptors exhibit encouraging photovoltaic performance with power conversion efficiencies of up to 2.83 %. These results unambiguously prove the n‐type behavior and demonstrate the photovoltaic applications of p–π conjugated polymers based on triarylborane.     

Polymer Acceptors for High-Performance All-Polymer Solar Cells

All-polymer solar cells (all-PSCs) have attracted considerable attention owing to their pronounced advantages of excellent mechanical flexibility/stretchability and greatly enhanced device stability as compared to other types of organic solar cells (OSCs). Thanks to the extensive research efforts dedicated to the development of polymer acceptors, all-PSCs have achieved remarkable improvement of photovoltaic performance, recently. This review summarizes the recent progress of polymer acceptors based on the key electron-deficient building blocks, which include bithiophene imide (BTI) derivatives, boron-nitrogen coordination bond (B←N)-incorporated (hetero)arenes, cyano-functionalized (hetero)arenes, and fused-ring electron acceptors (FREAs). In addition, single-component-based all-PSCs are also briefly discussed. The structure-property correlations of polymer acceptors are elaborated in detail. Finally, we offer our insights into the development of new electron-deficient building blocks with further optimized properties and the polymers built from them for efficient all-PSCs.     

Perylene Diimide Hexamer Based on Combination of Direct and Indirect Linkage Manners for Non-fullerene Organic Solar Cells

Perylene diimide (PDI) is one of the most intensively studied building blocks for the construction of non-fullerene acceptors (NFAs). In this contribution, based on combination of the direct and indirect linkage manners of PDI units at the bay position, a propeller-shaped PDI hexamer T-DPDI was designed and synthesized. The singly bonded PDI dimer DPDI and the benzene ring cored PDI trimer TPDI were synthesized for comparison. The photovoltaic performances of these three PDI derivatives were investigated using the commercially available PTB7-Th as electron donor. A best power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 6.58% was obtained for T-DPDI based organic solar cells (OSCs), which is higher than those of DPDI and TPDI based ones. The superior photovoltaic performance of T-DPDI can be ascribed to its stronger absorption and more favorable morphology. This study presents an interesting example of improving the photovoltaic performances of PDI based NFAs by hybridizing the direct and indirect linkage manners.     

8.0% Efficient all-polymer solar cells based on novel starburst polymer acceptors

The polymer N2200, with its π-conjugated backbone composed of alternating naphthalene diimide(NDI) and bithiophene(DT)units, has been widely used as an acceptor for all-polymer solar cells(all-PSCs) owing to its high electron mobility and suitable ionization potential and electron affinity. Here, we developed two naphthalene diimide derivatives by modifying the molecular geometry of N2200 through the incorporation of a truxene unit as the core and NDI-DTas the branches. These starburst polymers exhibited absorption spectra and molecular orbital energy levels that were comparable to N2200. These copolymers were paired with the wide-bandgap polymer donor PTz BI-O to fabricate all-polymer solar cells(all-PSCs), which displayed impressive power conversion efficiencies up to 8.00%. The improved photovoltaic performances of all-PSCs based on these newly developed starburst acceptors can be ascribed to the combination of increased charge carrier mobilities, reduced bimolecular recombination, and formation of more favorable film morphology. These findings demonstrate that the construction of starburst polymer acceptors is a feasible strategy for the fabrication of high-performance all-PSCs.