具有体积约束的连续体结构拓扑优化仿生方法

基于Wolff法则的连续体拓扑优化仿生方法是将待优化的结构被看作是一块遵从Wolff法则生长的骨骼,把寻找结构最优拓扑的过程比拟为骨骼的生长过程.为了解决具有非应变约束的连续体拓扑优化问题,引入浮动参考应变区间.该文以具有体积约束的最小柔顺性连续体为例,分析了浮动参考应变区间法的可行性,即在生长过程中,设计域内各点处的材料更新由当前参考应变区间确定,而参考应变区间的更新由当前结构体积率与约束体积率确定.数值结果表明该方法可行.     

微凸体碰撞对接触应力应变的影响

基于有限元法建立了单对半球状微凸体的接触、碰撞模型,研究了碰撞对微凸体在完全弹性、弹塑性和完全塑性三种接触状态下的Mises应力分布和等效塑性应变(PEEQ)的影响.结果表明:接触变形状态不同时,微凸体的Mises应力分布在碰撞过程具有不同的变化过程,但碰撞结束后,Mises应力值都降低,仅在完全塑性接触时,个别节点的Mises应力峰值大于屈服极限.碰撞使微凸体的等效塑性应变迅速增加到峰值,并保持到碰撞结束,与接触变形状态无关.完全弹性、弹塑性接触状态和完全塑性接触状态下,微凸体等效塑性应变的峰值分别位于接触中心区域和应变峰值环,这意味着裂纹可能产生的部位也不同.     

粗粒土与结构接触面受载过程中的损伤

进行了粗粒上与结构接触面单调和循环加载试验,基于宏细观测量结果,扩展了损伤概念以描述该类接触面在受载过程中的物态演化,及由于物态演化导致的力学特性从初始状态到最终稳定状态的连续变化过程.揭示了接触面损伤的细观物理基础主要是接触面内土的颗牲破碎和剪切压密这两种物态演化;指出接触面的剪胀体应变可以划分为可逆性和不可逆性剪胀体应变两部分,其中不可逆性剪胀体应变可作为接触面损伤发展的宏观量度,因此其归一化形式可作为一种损伤因子的定义;提出了建立粗粒土与结构接触面一种损伤本构关系的基本思路.     

含随机参数的非线性黏弹性有限元计算

进行了粗粒土与结构接触面单调和循环加载试验，基于宏细观测量结果, 扩展了 损伤概念以 描述该类接触面在受载过程中的物态演化, 及由于物态演化导致的力学特性从初始状态到最终 稳定状态的连续变化过程. 揭示了接触面损伤的细观物理基础主要是接触面内土的颗粒破碎 和剪切压密这两种物态演化；指出接触面的剪胀体应变可以划分为可逆性和不可逆性剪胀体 应变两部分，其中不可逆性剪胀体应变可作为接触面损伤发展的宏观量度，因此其归一化 形式可作为一种损伤因子的定义；提出了建立粗粒土与结构接触面一种损伤本构关系的基本思路.     

ANCF索梁单元应变耦合问题与模型解耦

索粱结构在土木工程、航空航天等领域有着广泛的应用.在各类索梁动力学建模方法中,由于绝对节点坐标方法(absolute nodal coordinate formulation,ANCF)能够描述柔性体的大变形和大转动问题,因此非常适合大变形索梁结构的动力学建模.对绝对节点坐标索梁单元的应变进行分析可知,弯曲变形会引起单元内部轴向应变的不均匀分布,即单元轴向应变与弯曲应变相互耦合.这种应变耦合效应使单元产生伪应变能,导致单元刚度增大,造成单元失真.分析不同弯曲角下的单元应变及应变能可知,弯曲变形越大,单元失真越严重.通过构造等效一维杆单元重新描述轴向应变,实现了轴向应变与弯曲应变解耦.在此基础上推导广义弹性力,得到了绝对节点坐标索梁单元的应变解耦模型.对解耦前后的两种梁模型进行静力学和动力学仿真,结果表明;解耦模型消除了单元伪应变,相比原模型表现出更好的收敛性和曲率连续性,在相同单元数目下具有更高的精度.同时由于解耦模型降低了单元刚度,因此相比原模型,速度曲线中不再有高频振动.     

循环应力—应变曲线双轴应力修正问题的论证和探讨

1.前言应变疲劳寿命计算中的循环σ-ε曲线通常是单轴应力-应变曲线,当用于缺口试体在双轴应力状态下的缺口根部的应力应变分析时,一般要进行双轴应力修正.文献[1]提出了一种修正循环σ-ε曲线的方法,得到了较为广泛地应用.其基本思想如下:对于单轴循环σ_α-ε_α曲线通常可用下式表示:     

重载操作机钳臂结构多工况拓扑优化设计

钳臂是重载操作机夹持机构的重要组成部分,其力学性能和疲劳性能直接影响着操作机的正常使用功能.本文针对重载锻压操作机钳臂结构进行了典型工况下的力学性能分析,在此基础上对钳臂结构进行了多工况拓扑优化,给出了材料布局以及力的最优传递路径,并进一步进行尺寸优化.结果表明,优化后的钳臂结构在保持良好力学性能的同时,减少了材料用量...     

连续体结构拓扑优化应力约束凝聚化的ICM方法

为克服应力约束下拓扑优化问题约束数目多、应力敏度计算量大的困难,提出 了应力约束化凝聚化的ICM方法. 在利用Mises强度理论将应力约束转换成应变能约束后, 提出了应力约束凝聚化的两条途径：其一为应力全局化的方法,其二为应力约束集成化的方 法. 由此建立了多工况下以重量为目标、以凝聚化应变能为约束的连续体结构优化模型,并 利用对偶理论对优化模型进行了求解. 4个数值算例表明：该方法具有较高的计算效率,得 到的拓扑结构比较合理,不仅适用于二维连续体结构,也适用于三维连续体结构.     

用于热应力分析的体－壳过渡元

以往体－壳过渡元中采用的一般三维应变状态下的初始热应变表达式，与过渡元规定的变形方式不一致。本文利用“相应体元”算出１５节，点过渡元热膨胀时因壳面上法线不伸长引起的应变，以此修正一般三维初始热应变，给出过渡元初始热应变的正确表达式。本文方法扩大了体－壳过渡元的应用范围。     

一种适用于低体模量材料的被动围压SHPB实验设计

基于动态三轴被动加载实验技术,建立了一种可测量吉帕量级及以下低体模量材料压强-体应变关系的被动围压SHPB实验设计方法。在该实验设计中确定了样品、封装垫块、围压套管的尺寸以及尺寸间的匹配,并对实验压强进行了限制。通过比较传统SHPB实验和被动围压SHPB实验测量LC4铝合金等效应力的方式,验证了被动围压SHPB实验压强测量的有效性;通过实验和数值模拟分析,验证了体应变测量的有效性。将设计的被动围压SHPB实验方法应用于铈,得到了铈在伽马→阿尔法相变区间完整显示的压强-体应变演化信息,且相变起始和终止压强、相变体积变化量均与静高压实验结果基本一致。这说明设计的被动围压SHPB实验方法适用于测量低体模量材料的压强-体应变关系。     

纯弯曲梁的应变损伤失效分析和预测

提出了纯弯曲梁的应变损伤失效分析方法,与Kachanov的材料受载横截面减少定义拉伸损伤变量类似,以梁的弯曲惯性矩阵减少定义弯曲损伤变量。推导了梁的弯曲应变损伤基本方程,其中的材料常数可由Kachanov拉伸损伤模型的材料常数确定。并且提出了便于工程应用的应变失效预测方程。     

应变倍增器研制及应用

设计了一种结构独特、机械放大率高的应变倍增器,从而使工程结构表面应变放大到疲劳寿命计门槛值以上,满足了大型工程结构长寿命、低应力工作特点的寿命检测要求。该元件采用了弓形弹性元件与硅橡胶预应力组合结构,它具有简单紧凑、刚度低、可靠性好,使用方便的特点。并可同时利用其上安装的疲劳寿命计进行倍增系数标定和疲劳寿命检测。静载试验和理论分析表明,这种应变倍增器具有良好的线性响应和重复稳定性。疲劳试验研究表明,在疲劳寿命计工作寿命内,器件无疲劳破坏情况,且其疲劳响应性能可用已有的标定数据放大相应的倍增系数得到,能满足各种大型工程结构疲劳损伤监测的要求。     

基于塑性体积应变的岩石损伤变形特性实验研究

为分析岩石塑性变形与损伤的关系,在定义岩石的初始损伤和临界损伤,提出塑性体积应变分析方法,从而以塑性体积应变为损伤变量,采用归一化方法建立岩石的损伤本构模型。采用递增循环加载实验确定岩石损伤本构模型中的弹性卸载模量和弹性应变比例系数两个参数。通过实验和理论分析得出:当荷载较小时,普通单轴压缩状态下岩石损伤随荷载的增加具有减小趋势,荷载超过一定数值后,岩石损伤才开始增加;单轴递增循环压缩状态下当循环荷载大于约35%峰值强度后,卸载后岩石的损伤具有增加的趋势,小于该荷载之前具有减小的趋势。整个加载过程的理论应力-应变曲线能很好地与实验结果相吻合,在循环加载区间理论结果还能体现出岩石实验结果中的回滞环。     

Characterization of the High Temperature Strain Partitioning in Duplex Steels

A microgrid technique has been developed for the analysis of the high-temperature micro-scale strain distribution between ferrite and austenite into duplex stainless steels. The local strain is measured by micro-extensometry using square microgrids engraved on flat specimens by electro-lithography. The sample with microgrids on the surface and preliminary imaged with high definition scanning electron microscope (SEM), is inserted in a plane strain compression specimen to be deformed under conditions representative of hot rolling. After deformation, the sample is extracted from the compressed block and the surface is again analyzed by SEM and image processing to determine the strain field. The strain is heterogeneously distributed with a strong localization of the deformation, in the form of shear bands located within the ferrite and at the vicinity of the austenite/ferrite interphase boundaries. These strain maps provide useful informations about the rheology of the phases as well as about the local conditions at the origin of the damage process.     

极端环境下连续碳纤维增韧的陶瓷基复合材料的力学行为

连续纤维增韧的碳化硅复合材料(以下简称C/SiC),作为超高速飞行器热结构使用时,有可能在高温环境下受到高速撞击的作用,因此,掌握其在极端环境(高温、高应变率)下的力学性能是进行结构安全设计的基础。本文采用具有高温实验能力的分离式Hopkinson杆,在293~1273K温度范围内进行了动态压缩力学性能测试,研究了环境温度和加载速率对材料力学性能的影响。结果表明:C/SiC复合材料的高温压缩力学性能主要受应力氧化损伤和残余应力的共同影响。实验温度低于873K时,应力氧化损伤的影响很小,而由于增强纤维和基体界面残余应力的释放使界面结合强度增大,复合材料的压缩强度随温度的升高而增大;当实验温度高于873K时,应力氧化损伤加剧,其对压缩强度的削弱超过残余应力释放对强度的贡献,材料的压缩强度随温度的升高逐渐降低。由于应力氧化损伤受应变率的影响很大,当温度由873K升高至1273K时,高应变率下压缩强度降低的程度要比应变率为0.0001/s时低得多。     

The Three-Stage Model Based on Strain Strength Distribution for the Tensile Failure Process of Rock and Concrete Materials

A three-stage model is introduced to describe the tensile failure process of rock and concrete materials.Failure of the material is defined to contain three stages in the model,which include elastic deformation stage,body damage stage and localization damage stage.The failure mode change from uniform body damage to localization damage is expressed.The heterogeneity of material is described with strain strength distribution.The fracture factor and intact factor,defined as the distribution function of strain strength,are used to express the fracture state in the failure process.And the distributive parameters can be determined through the experimental stress-strain curve.     

Strain and failure analysis of graphite/epoxy plates with cracks

The objective of this investigation was to study the deformation and failure of uniaxially loaded graphite/epoxy plates with cracks and to determine the influence of notch size on failure. The specimens were quasi-isotropic laminates with cracks of various lengths. They were instrumented with strain gages, photoelastic coatings and moiré grids. Strains near the crack tip show two distinct points of rate change at strain levels of 0.002 and 0.006, the latter corresponding to the ultimate strain of the 90-deg plies. Failure near the crack tip takes the form of a damage zone consisting of ply subcracking along fibers, local delamination and fiber breakage. Failure occurs when this damage zone reaches some critical value. Measured maximum strains at failure exceeded twice the ultimate strain of the unnotched laminate. The average stress over a characteristic distance (5 mm) from the crack tip was used as a criterion to describe the influence of crack length on failure. Comparison of results with those from similar specimens with circular holes showed that strength was nearly independent of notch geometry in this case, i.e., specimens with holes and cracks of the same size had nearly the same strength.     

Strain rate distribution and localization band width evolution during tensile test

The main objective of this paper is to study the evolution of the necking zone in a flat specimen during a tensile test. Two approaches are used and compared:

• –An experimental investigation of the strain rate distribution with Electronic Speckle Pattern Interferometry (ESPI).
• –A numerical analysis with a thermodynamically consistent constitutive model that couples strongly isotropic continuum damage (CDM) and the elastoplastic behavior.

It is shown that strain rate maps are, for both approaches, relevant to investigate the development of the X-shape pattern that occurs during necking evolution. In particular, this pattern can be clearly observed on maps of the minimum determinant of the acoustic tensor. It appears even when damage values are low and the problem is still elliptic.It is shown that ESPI and CDM modeling are able to give a coherent picture of the phenomena that occur during neck development from the onset of instability to localize necking, in particular on localization bands angles and widths. In particular, physically meaningful information which is seldom considered such as band width evolution or strain rate distribution will be extracted from the analysis.     

Effects of fillers on fracture performance of thermoplastics: Strain energy density criterion

This paper presents the experimental results on the fracture performance of filled thermoplastics. The emphasis is put on verification of the validity of different fracture criteria. The effects of two- and three-dimensional fillers on the fracture toughness of a representative thermoplastic, polypropylene, are analyzed. It has been found that classical fracture mechanics do not properly describe the fracture behavior of these composites. The strain energy density theory provides a more appropriate criterion for predicting fracture. On the macroscopic scale, the addition of fillers leads to a reduction in the critical strain energy density of thermoplastics. However, on the microscopic level fillers enhance a more wide spread crack-growth and failure by fracture becomes more stable. The material is therefore less prone to shatter in service. This effect of fillers is interpreted in terms of damage development, induced by the debonding at the matrix/fillers interface. A better interfacial adhesion reduces the microscopic damage and the critical increment of crack growth prior to instability. The results explain the negative effect of coupling agent on the impact resistance observed in practice.     

Biaxial Strain Control Fatigue Testing Strategies for Composite Materials

Experimental Mechanics - Efficient biaxial strain control to study fatigue damage growth in composite materials at the coupon scale level under realistic multi-axial stress states observed in...