溶剂浸提条件下鱼腥草中癸酰乙醛的高效提取

本文采用溶剂浸泡提取鱼腥草挥发油,考察了浸泡溶剂、浸泡温度和浸泡时间等因素的影响,探究了鱼腥草中最关键的抗菌成分之一鱼腥草素(癸酰乙醛)的真实含量。研究发现,室温下采用乙酸乙酯浸泡鱼腥草456h,鱼腥草挥发油的提取率高达0.294%,挥发油中癸酰乙醛的含量高达40.14%,仅检测到少量甲基正壬酮。结果表明,温和的提取条件有效抑制了癸酰乙醛的氧化分解,获得远高于水蒸汽蒸馏条件下的癸酰乙醛含量(0.03%)。该研究为从鱼腥草中高效提取癸酰乙醛提供了一种切实可行的手段。     

气相色谱-质谱联用结合化学计量学方法分析光照对鱼腥草挥发性成分的影响

采用色谱-质谱联用技术结合化学计量学方法对不同光照生长条件的鱼腥草挥发性成分进行分析。水蒸气蒸馏法提取鱼腥草挥发油,气相色谱-质谱进行分析。色谱指纹图谱结合主成分分析与相似度评价以探究不同光照挥发油成分的异同。直观推导式演进特征投影法(Heuristic evolving latent projections,HELP)分辨重叠色谱峰,NIST标准质谱库结合相关文献进行定性,峰面积归一化法定量,t-检验比较不同光照组成分含量间是否有显著性差异。3种光照下的鱼腥草挥发油指纹图谱存在一定的共性和差异,共鉴定出33种化合物,共有化合物26种。随着光照强度的减少,单萜类化合物含量减少,非萜类含量增多,倍半萜类变化不大。癸酰乙醛和甲基正壬酮在全光照组的含量明显低于遮光组的含量。研究结果表明,适度的遮光有利于鱼腥草挥发性有效成分含量的提高,鱼腥草药材挥发性成分种类及含量与生长条件密切相关。     

气相色谱-质谱联用结合化学计量学方法分析光照对鱼腥草挥发性成分的影响

采用色谱-质谱联用技术结合化学计量学方法对不同光照生长条件的鱼腥草挥发性成分进行分析。水蒸气蒸馏法提取鱼腥草挥发油,气相色谱-质谱进行分析。色谱指纹图谱结合主成分分析与相似度评价以探究不同光照挥发油成分的异同。直观推导式演进特征投影法(Heuristic evolving latent projections,HELP)分辨重叠色谱峰,NIST标准质谱库结合相关文献进行定性,峰面积归一化法定量,t-检验比较不同光照组成分含量间是否有显著性差异。3种光照下的鱼腥草挥发油指纹图谱存在一定的共性和差异,共鉴定出33种化合物,共有化合物26种。随着光照强度的减少,单萜类化合物含量减少,非萜类含量增多,倍半萜类变化不大。癸酰乙醛和甲基正壬酮在全光照组的含量明显低于遮光组的含量。研究结果表明,适度的遮光有利于鱼腥草挥发性有效成分含量的提高,鱼腥草药材挥发性成分种类及含量与生长条件密切相关。     

保留指数结合准确质量测定对鱼腥草挥发性成分的定性分析

采用顶空-气相色谱-四极质谱法和顶空-气相色谱-飞行时间质谱法对鱼腥草挥发性成分进行检测,运用保留指数结合准确质量测定,分别从鱼腥草茎和叶中鉴定出49、39种挥发性组分,并采用峰面积归一化法测定各组分的相对含量。鱼腥草茎和叶中的挥发性成分差别较大。鱼腥草茎以α-蒎烯(12.24%)、β-蒎烯(22.42%)、月桂烯(11.98%)、乙酸冰片酯(10.97%)、甲基正壬酮(10.83%)为主要成分,而鱼腥草叶则以月桂烯(39.48%)、(Z)-β-罗勒烯(26.52%)、癸醛(10.35%)、桧烯(4.43%)、甲基正壬酮(2.44%)为主。结合保留指数和准确质量测定能显著提高质谱定性的准确性,有利于解决质谱检索时定性不确定的问题。     

微波辅助条件下鱼腥草中癸酰乙醛的高效提取

以乙酸乙酯为溶剂,在微波辅助条件下提取鱼腥草挥发油,考察了微波温度、功率及时间对鱼腥草挥发油提取率及鱼腥草素(癸酰乙醛)含量的影响,探讨了鱼腥草挥发油储存过程中癸酰乙醛的化学转化。研究发现,在温度80℃、功率1 000 W及时间12min的微波辅助条件下,鱼腥草挥发油的提取率高达0.66%,挥发油中癸酰乙醛的含量高达60.78%。在微波辅助条件下,较低的提取温度及快速提取有效避免了癸酰乙醛的氧化分解是其高效提取的根本原因,鱼腥草挥发油中存在癸酰乙醛与其二聚物的动态平衡是癸酰乙醛长时间保持稳定的主要原因。     

水蒸汽蒸馏条件下鱼腥草中癸酰乙醛的高效提取及质谱定性

根据质谱学规律,剖析了在电子轰击下中药材鱼腥草中最关键的抗菌成分鱼腥草素(癸酰乙醛)的离子形成机理:癸酰乙醛的分子中存在两个-C=O,处于端位上的-C=O活性远大于-CH3,易失去H2O(M+-18)、CO(M+-28)等基团,产生较强的m/z180、170等离子碎片,此外,还易失去H2O+H2O(M+-36)、H2O+CO(M+-46)、CO+CO(M+-56)等基团,产生m/z162、152、142等离子碎片,这同实验中得到的癸酰乙醛质谱图完全吻合,纠正了文献中对癸酰乙醛的错误定性。在此基础上采用常规、Ar气保护和减压三种水蒸汽蒸馏方式提取鱼腥草挥发油,发现在惰性气氛或较低温度下有利于癸酰乙醛的提取,与常规水蒸汽蒸馏条件相比,Ar气保护下癸酰乙醛的含量从0.03%提高至0.53%,而减压条件下癸酰乙醛的溶出效率进一步提高至3.37%。研究表明常规水蒸汽蒸馏条件下癸酰乙醛易氧化分解是得到较少癸酰乙醛的根本原因。     

高效液相色谱法测定动物组织中鱼腥草素同系物含量

以氢氧化钠水解合成鱼腥草素类药物,然后用乙醚提取,除去乙醚后,用HPLC法测定大鼠血样和组织样品中药物的含量。结果表明:碱水解后合成鱼腥草素,形成共轭双键的烯醇式烷酰乙醛,紫外吸收显著增强,HPLC图谱测定物峰分离良好。血液加样标准曲线回归线性良好,r=0.999以上,线性范围为0.1-100mg/L,标准加入回收率为97.3%。利用该方法分析合成鱼腥草素类药物在动物血液、脑、肝、心脏、肾脏和肌肉等组织中的残留完全可行。     

气相色谱-质谱法对当归及其炮制品挥发油的指纹图谱和潜在标志物研究

建立了一种基于气相色谱-质谱技术(GC-MS)的化学指纹图谱,以发现当归及其不同炮制品潜在标志物的方法.利用GC-MS获得当归及其不同炮制品挥发油化学指纹图谱,对产生的75样本×259变量数据进行归一化、修正80％规则和数据缩放等方法预处理,通过正交校正偏最小二乘法(OPLS)模式识别方法对样品进行模式识别,根据模型的变量重要性因子(VIP)和非参数检验结果筛选出12个潜在标志物.经相关分析和结构鉴定,其中11个化合物分别被鉴定为丁内酯、萜烯醇、6-丁基-1,4环庚二烯、2-壬酮、6-十一烷酮、2-甲氧基苯酚、δ-榄香烯、4,5,6,7-四甲基苯酞、Z-丁烯基酞内酯、亚油酸甲酯、1,7-异丙基-4-甲基-1,4,5,6,7,7a-六氢-2H-茚-2-酮.     

固相微萃取-气相色谱/质谱法分析白胡椒粉的风味成分

采用固相微萃取采集白胡椒粉的挥发性成分,用色谱／质谱法分析鉴定,并用总离子流色谱峰的峰面积进行归一化定量分析其风味成分,鉴定出石竹烯（20．88％）,1-甲氧基-4-（2-丙烯基）苯（20．57％）,β-水芹烯（15．27％）,3-蒈烯（14．56％）,1-甲基-3-异丙基苯（3．62％）,β-蒎烯（2．69％）,芳樟醇（2．69％）,香叶烯（2．36％）,墨榄香烯（2．10％）,胡椒烯（1．32％）等48种化合物。     

脂族酰基过氧化物分解动力学的研究——Ⅱ.过氧化月桂酰在苯中分解产物的鉴定和反应机理

过氧化月桂酰(1)在苯中50℃分解的主要产物经鉴定为廿二烷、十一烷(烯)、正十二酸十一酯、十二酸及十一烷基苯等.其中廿二烷及酯的生成量不受1的起始浓度的变化及加入的捕获剂galvinoxyl(2)的影响,表明为笼反应产物.十一烷、十二酸及十一烷基苯的生成量随1的起始浓度的变化而有不同程度的变化.加入2后十一烷的量显著减少;十一烷基苯基本消失.有2存在时,1在苯中分解而得到的捕获产物经水解后生成3,5-二叔厂基-4-羟基苯甲醛(3)和2,6-二叔丁基-4-十一烷基苯酚(4).这些结果表明,诱导分解由十一烷基对溶剂分子加成而形成的十一烷基环己二烯自由基所引起,该自由基的偶合和歧化为主要链终止方式.结合动力学实验结果,提出1在苯中分解反应的机理.     

Simultaneous determination of eight active components in Houttuynia cordata injection and its quality control in productive process

A simple, reliable and effective gas chromatography coupled with flame ionization detection method was developed for the simultaneous determination of eight components (α‐pinene, β‐pinene, myrcene, limonene, terpinen‐4‐ol, α‐terpineol, bornyl acetate and methyl‐n‐nonylketone) in Chinese medicine Houttuynia cordata and its injection. The chromatographic separation of all eight components, including undecylene as internal standard was performed on a DB‐1 column (30 m×0.25 mm, 0.25 μm). Excellent linear behaviors including herb and injection over the investigated concentration ranges were observed with the values of r² higher than 0.9990 for all analytes. Satisfactory intra‐day and inter‐day precisions were achieved with RSD less than 2% and the average recoveries for all analytes at three different concentrations obtained were in the range of 93.4–104.4%, with RSD ranging from 1.3 to 4.1%. The proposed method was successfully applied in the simultaneous determination of these active components in H. cordata and H. cordata injection (HCI), including the intermediate product of HCI in productive process, from different pharmaceutical factories and different production batches, indicating that the method in this paper was particularly suitable for the routine analysis of HCI and its quality control in productive process.     

Constituents of Houttuyniae Cordata and the Crystal Structure of Vomifoliol

In the isolation of the constituents of Houttuyniae cordata, ten pure compounds including 1,3,5-tridecanoylbenzene (1), caryophyllene oxide (2), several sterones (3-6) and sesamin (7), plus long-chain alcohol mixture, a steroidal mixture and 4-hydroxybenzoic acid methyl ester (8), vomifoliol (9) [or Blumenol A], quercetin-3-O-β-L-rhamnoside (10), were isolated from the aerial parts of H cordata. Their structures were determined by spectral analysis. Among them, compound 1 is for the first time isolated from nature. We describe here the spectral analysis of 1, and the X-ray determination of the relative stereochemistry of vomifoliol (9).     

超声提取-气相色谱法测定鱼腥草中有机氯农药残留

提出了超声提取-气相色谱法测定鱼腥草中有机氯农药残留方法。采用丙酮-石油醚(1+1)混合溶剂超声提取30 min,然后浓硫酸净化、旋转蒸发浓缩,最后用气相色谱-电子捕获检测器(ECD)进行检测。有机氯农药的线性范围在0.001~0.20 mg·L-1之间,方法的检出限(3S/N)为0.023~0.29μg·kg-1,加标回收率在73.0%~115%之间,相对标准偏差(n=5)在1.4%~14%之间。本法与药典法对比,其回收率较高,适用于鱼腥草中有机氯农药的检测。     

分别用鲜草与干草生产的鱼腥草注射液指纹图谱对比研究

采用GC-MS分析了21个厂家的鱼腥草注射液指纹图谱。结果发现,采用干草和鲜草生产的注射液的指纹图谱之间存在一定的差异。在药材干燥过程中发现,药材挥发油的含量及主要化合物的含量随干燥时间的变化与鱼腥草注射液的研究结果非常一致,结果说明鲜草注射液与干草注射液指纹图谱之间的差别主要是由于原药材的干燥程度所引起。在鱼腥草注射液指纹图谱标准制定中应该考虑到两类药材的影响。     

HPLC柱切换技术用于同时分析鱼腥草中3种黄酮类成分

利用柱切换技术解决了鱼腥草中难分离组分的分离和低含量组分的定量问题。以Synergi Fusion-RP柱(250 mm×4.6 mm i.d.,4μm)作为预柱,甲醇-0.05%磷酸溶液作流动相,以Acclaim120 C18柱(250mm×4.6 mm i.d.,5μm)作为分析柱,乙腈-0.05%磷酸溶液作流动相,对鱼腥草中的3种黄酮类成分进行分析。该方法在10.0～1 000.0 mg.L-1范围内线性关系良好,相关系数(r)不低于0.998,回收率为95%～99%,RSD值均小于3%。该方法操作简便、快速,可作为分析鱼腥草中黄酮类组分的有效手段。     

滴水珠中总生物碱和微量元素的含量测定

采用酸性染料比色法测定了滴水珠中总生物碱的含量 ,采用等离子体发射光谱法测定了其微量元素的含量。结果表明滴水珠中总生物碱的含量为 0 65 3 1 % ;含有Cu、Mn、Zn、Fe、Co、Cd、Cr等多种微量元素 ,其中Fe的含量最高 ,为 1 3 4 80 0× 1 0 - 6 。     

Quality and Metabolomics Analysis of Houttuynia cordata Based on HS-SPME/GC-MS

Houttuynia cordata is a medicinal and edible plant with a wide biological interest. Many parts were discarded due to various modes of consumption, resulting in resource waste. In this study, a comprehensive study was conducted on various edible indicators and medicinal components of Houttuynia cordata to understand its edible and medicinal value. The edible indexes of each root, stem, and leaf were determined, and the metabolites of different parts were investigated using the headspace solid-phase micro-extraction technique (HS-SPME-GC-MS). The differential metabolites were screened by orthogonal partial least squares discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA) and clustering analysis. The results of the study showed that the parts of Houttuynia cordata with high edibility values as a vegetable were mainly the roots and leaves, with the highest vitamin C content in the roots and the highest total flavonoids, soluble sugars, and total protein in the leaves. The nutrient content of all the stems of Houttuynia cordata was lower and significantly different from the roots and leaves (p < 0.05). In addition, 209 metabolites were isolated from Houttuynia cordata, 135 in the roots, 146 in the stems, 158 in the leaves, and 91 shared metabolites. The clustering analysis and OPLS-DA found that the parts of Houttuynia cordata can be mainly divided into above-ground parts (leaves and stems) and underground parts (roots). When comparing the differential metabolites between the above-ground parts and underground parts, it was found that the most important medicinal component of Houttuynia cordata, 2-undecanone, was mainly concentrated in the underground parts. The cluster analysis resulted in 28 metabolites with up-regulation and 17 metabolites with down-regulation in the underground parts. Most of the main components of the underground part have pharmacological effects such as anti-inflammatory, anti-bacterial and antiviral, which are more suitable for drug development. Furthermore, the above-ground part has more spice components and good antioxidant capacity, which is suitable for the extraction of edible flavors. Therefore, by comparing and analyzing the differences between the edible and medicinal uses of different parts of Houttuynia cordata as a medicinal and food plant, good insights can be obtained into food development, pharmaceutical applications, agricultural development, and the hygiene and cosmetic industries. This paper provides a scientific basis for quality control and clinical use.     

Alkaloids from Houttuyniae Cordata

The crude extract of Houttuyniae cordata showed potent anti-platelet and cytotoxic activities. The constituents of this plant, two pyridine alkaloids 1 and 2, along with three aporphine related alkaloids, cepharanone B (3), cepharadione B (4) and 7-choloro-6-demethyl cepharadione B (5) were characterized by spectral methods. Among them, long chain substituted pyridine alkaloids 1 and 2 are rare in nature, and the 7-choloro-6-demethyl cepharadione B (5) is isolated for the first time.     

Chemical composition,antioxidant and antimicrobial activity of the essential oil from the leaves of Macleaya cordata (Willd) R. Br.

The essential oil from the leaves of Macleaya cordata R.Br. obtained by hydrodistillation was analysed by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. Sixty-eight compounds consisting of up to 92.53% of the essential oil were identified. Antioxidant activities of the essential oil were evaluated by using DPPH radical scavenging and β-carotene–linoleic acid assays. The essential oil showed moderate antioxidant activity. In addition, the essential oil exhibited potential antimicrobial activity against all tested microorganisms, with diameters of inhibition zones ranging from 8.7 ± 0.5 to 17.2 ± 1.2 mm and minimum inhibitory concentration values from 125 to 500 μg/mL. We selected the most sensitive bacterium Staphylococcus aureus as model to observe of the action of essential oils of M. cordata on the membrane structure by scanning electron microscopy. The treated cell membranes were damaged severely. The results presented here indicate that the essential oil of M. cordata may be potential sources of antioxidant and antimicrobial agents in the future.     

鱼腥草中钛含量分析方法研究

The research of the effects of surfactants on coloring reaction between titanium and phenyl fluorone was developed.A survey of coexisting elements in the houttuynia cordata thunb was carried out by X-ray fluorescence spectrometry,and a series of interference tests and analyses were performed.The interference can be eliminated by processing through high temperature cineration and adding ascorbic acid.A new method of determination of titanium in houttuynia cordata thunb was established by phenyl fluorone spectrophotometry in the presence of Emulsifier OP.The results showed that Beer's law is obeyed within the range of 0～0.32 μg·mL-1 for titanium.The relative standard deviation(RSD) was 1.9%～2.0%,and the recovery was 96.8%～100.6%.The method was applied for determination of titanium in houttuynia cordata thunb with satisfactory results.