Synthesis, growth, optical, mechanical, dielectric and thermal properties of 4-chloro-4'-chlorobenzylidene aniline single crystal

The organic material 4-chloro-4′-chlorobenzylidene aniline (CCBA) was synthesized and confirmed by NMR and FTIR spectral analyses. CCBA crystal was grown from chloroform by slow evaporation at room temperature and the single crystal cell parameters were determined by single crystal X-ray diffraction method. The perfection of the grown crystal was analyzed by high resolution X-ray diffraction rocking curve analysis. Fluorescence spectrum indicated violet emission at 428 nm. The range of optical absorbance was ascertained by recording UV–vis–NIR spectrum. Load dependant microhardness measurements on this crystal revealed the mechanical behavior of the material. Stiffness constant, Meyer index and yield strength of CCBA crystal were calculated. Dielectric studies were carried out to estimate the dielectric parameters of the grown crystal in the frequency range from 100 Hz to 100 kHz. The thermal behavior of CCBA was investigated using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and no phase transition was identified in the temperature region 30–100 °C. Further, the CCBA crystal was subjected to open aperture Z-scan studies in order to investigate the third order nonlinear optical (NLO) properties of CCBA crystal.     

Growth,optical, thermal,dielectric and mechanical studies of sodium hydrogen succinate single crystal

Sodium hydrogen succinate, an alkali metallo-organic third-order nonlinear optical crystal, had been grown successfully using aqueous solution by slow evaporation technique at room temperature. Transparent single crystals were selected and subjected to single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis to identify lattice parameters, space group and morphology. The grown crystal was further subjected to powder X-ray diffraction to analyze the crystalline quality, UV–Vis–NIR spectral analysis to reveal optical transparency, FTIR spectroscopy for confirmation of the functional group analysis and TG–DTG/DSC analysis to determine the thermal stability. The dielectric constant and dielectric loss were studied as a function of frequency at different temperatures, and the results were discussed. The mechanical properties were calculated by Vickers microhardness test, and the third-order nonlinear optical parameters such as nonlinear refractive index, nonlinear absorption coefficient and real and imaginary parts of the third-order nonlinear optical susceptibility were determined by Z-scan technique.     

Growth, structural, optical, thermal and mechanical properties of ammonium pentaborate single crystal

Nonlinear optical single crystals of ammonium pentaborate (APB) were grown by the slow cooling method from aqueous solution. Grown crystal was characterized by powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD) and FT-IR spectral analysis. Perfection of the grown crystal was evaluated by high-resolution X-ray diffractometry (HRXRD). The effect of nylon threading on the perfection of the grown bigger crystal was also studied by HRXRD. The range and percentage of optical transmission was ascertained by recording UV-vis-NIR spectrum. Thermal properties were investigated by TG-DTA and DSC analyses. Its mechanical hardness was estimated by Vickers microhardness tester.     

Crystal growth, spectral, optical, and thermal characterization of glycyl-l-alanine hydrochloride (GLAH) single crystal

A new semi-organic nonlinear optical material glycyl-l-alanine hydrochloride (GLAH) was grown successfully by slow evaporation solution growth method. The solubility of GLAH was estimated for a wide range of temperatures. Large size single crystal of size 15?×?9?×?6?mm³ was grown at room temperature. The grown crystal was subjected to single crystal X-ray diffraction study which confirms that the grown crystal is monoclinic in nature with the space group P2₁. The molecular weight of the title compound was estimated by mass spectrometry. Functional groups and the modes of vibrations were identified by FT-IR spectral analysis. The UV?Cvisible spectral study reveals that the percentage of optical transmission of the sample is very high in the entire visible and UV regions. The second harmonic generation of the crystal was confirmed by the Kurtz and Perry technique. The hardness of the sample was tested by microhardness test which shows that the grown crystal belongs to the soft category of materials. The thermal stability of the compound was studied by TG?CDTA analyses which indicate that the crystal is thermally stable up to 248.6?°C.     

Effect of sunset yellow dye on morphological,optical, dielectric,thermal and mechanical properties of KDP crystal

Herein, we describe the growth and morphology of well-defined dyed crystals of KH₂PO₄ (potassium dihydrogen orthophosphate; KDP) containing organic azo (sunset yellow; SSY) dye in the {1 0 1} & {0 0 1} pyramidal growth sectors. An understanding on selective dye inclusion in various growth sector of host crystal is proposed, which will help in designing novel tailor-made dyed photonic crystals. The structural analysis and the identification of various functional groups present in as grown KDP crystals were carried out using powder XRD, FTIR and Raman studies. Solid state transmittance spectra for dyed KDP crystals displayed three absorption peaks at 230 nm, 311 nm and 477 nm, which were blue shifted for SSY dye in KDP crystal relative to neutral aqueous solution of SSY dye. These blue shifts in the absorption maxima confirm the successful incorporation of sunset yellow dye into the pyramidal growth sectors of dyed KDP crystals. The band around 409 nm in the photoluminescence emission spectrum indicates a violet emission. SSY dye doped KDP crystals showed enhanced dielectric properties and thermal stability as compared to pure KDP crystal. The mechanical strength of the KDP crystals estimated using Vickers microhardness test was found to decrease with the increase in SSY dye doping.     

Synthesis, growth, thermal, optical, mechanical and dielectric studies of N-succinopyridine

Organic nonlinear optical (NLO) material, N-succinopyridine (NSP), was synthesised and bulk single crystals were grown from aqueous solution using isothermal solvent evaporation technique. The stoichiometric form of NSP has been confirmed by carbon–hydrogen–nitrogen analysis. NSP crystallizes in orthorhombic system with non-centrosymmetric space group P2₁2₁2₁ and unit cell dimensions a = 7.721(2) Å, b = 7.762(3) Å, c = 14.951(3) Å. The thermal stability, thermal decomposition and specific heat capacity of NSP have been investigated by thermogravimetric/differential thermal analysis, differential scanning calorimetric (DSC) analysis and modulated DSC analysis. A wide transparency window, 294–1,100 nm, useful for optoelectronic applications is indicated by UV–Vis–NIR studies. The NLO second harmonic generation efficiency analysis using Nd:YAG laser (1,064 nm) revealed that the SHG efficiency of NSP is about 1.2 times higher than that of standard potassium dihydrogen phosphate powder of comparable size and more importantly that it is phase-matchable. The room temperature mechanical behaviours of NSP have been tested using Vicker’s microhardness tester and the results were analysed through classical Mayer’s law. The dielectric behaviours such as dielectric constant, dielectric loss and ac conductivity of NSP single crystal have also been investigated as a function of frequency (20 Hz–1 MHz) and temperature (308–358 K).     

Growth, optical, mechanical and thermal studies of diglycine cadmium chloride single crystal

Transparent single crystals of diglycine cadmium chloride were grown by slow evaporation solution technique. To confirm the crystal structure, the grown crystals were subjected to single crystal as well as powder X-ray diffraction measurements and the structure was found to be monoclinic. The elemental analysis was carried out by energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. The crystalline perfection of the grown crystal was assessed by high-resolution X-ray diffractometry and found that the crystal quality is fairly good. The optical study reveals that the grown crystal is highly transparent in the region 250?C900?nm. Thermal studies reveal that the grown crystal is stable up to 245?°C. The michrohardness analysis revealed that the grown crystal belongs to soft material category. The high dielectric constant (>30) and low loss (<0.01) value also confirms that the grown crystal is a good candidate for device fabrications.     

Synthesis, crystal growth, structural, thermal and optical properties of naphthalene picrate an organic NLO material

Crystalline substance of naphthalene picrate (NP) was synthesized and single crystals were grown using slow evaporation solution growth technique. The solubility of the naphthalene picrate complex was estimated using different solvents such as chloroform and benzene. The material was characterized by elemental analysis, powder X-ray diffraction (XRD), nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and fourier transform-infrared (FT-IR) techniques. The electronic absorption was studied through UV-vis spectrophotometer. Thermal behavior and stability of the crystal were studied using thermogravimetric (TG) and differential thermal analysis (DTA) techniques. The second harmonic generation (SHG) of the material was confirmed using Nd:YAG laser.     

Growth, thermal, and optical properties of l-asparagine monohydrate NLO single crystal

Single crystal of l-asparagine monohydrate (LAM), organic nonlinear optical material has been grown by slow evaporation solution growth technique. Single crystal X-ray diffraction analysis was employed to identify the cell parameters. FT-IR analysis was used to estimate the qualitative presence of the amino acids in the grown crystal. Anisotropy properties like thermal and dielectric properties were studied on the grown crystal. The sample was thermally stable up to 125 °C. Also various thermodynamic properties were calculated and reported for the first time. Optical properties such as optical absorption, second harmonic generation, photoluminescence and photoconductivity analysis were also studied on the grown crystal. Optical absorption studies showed a lower UV cut-off of 225 nm. The SHG efficiency of the sample was seven times higher than that of KDP. Photoluminescence study confirms the suitability of the material for the generation of blue radiation. Multilayer plate-like pattern of growth was observed by scanning electron microscopy. The photoconductivity study confirms that the LAM crystal has negative photoconducting nature.     

Studies on crystal growth, vibrational and optical properties of organic nonlinear optical crystal: p-aminoazobenzene

p-Aminoazobenzene (p-AAZB), an organic nonlinear optical (NLO) crystal having good optical quality has been grown by slow evaporation solution technique using ethanol as a solvent. Solubility studies were performed at different temperatures. The structural characterization of the grown crystals was carried out by X-ray diffraction. Group theoretical analysis was carried out to calculate the number of modes of vibration. The lowering of the wave numbers of azo group suggests the existence of strong intermolecular N-H...H hydrogen bonding. This has been analysed based on the vibrational spectral features. Optical absorption studies show the effective transmission in the entire UV-vis region. The second harmonic generation results show the suitability of this material for NLO applications.     

Synthesis, growth, spectral, thermal, mechanical and optical properties of 4-chloro-4′dimethylamino-benzylidene aniline crystal: A third order nonlinear optical material

An organic nonlinear optical material, 4-chloro-4′dimethylamino-benzylidene aniline (CDMABA), was synthesized by the condensation of the p-chloroaniline and p-dimethylaminobenzaldehyde. Solubility of CDMABA was determined in acetone at different temperatures. Single crystals were grown by the solvent evaporation method from acetone solution at room temperature. Grown crystal was subjected to FTIR, FT-Raman and ¹H NMR spectral analyses to confirm the synthesized compound. The range and percentage of optical transmission was ascertained by recording UV–vis–NIR spectrum. Thermal properties were investigated by Thermo Gravimetric, Differential Thermal and Differential Scanning Calorimetric analyses. High Resolution X-ray Diffractometry (HRXRD) was employed to evaluate the perfection of the grown crystal. The third order nonlinear optical parameters (nonlinear refractive index and nonlinear absorption coefficient) were derived by the Z-scan technique.     

Spectral, thermal and optical properties of L-tryptophanium picrate: a nonlinear optical single crystal

A new organic nonlinear optical material L-tryptophanium picrate was synthesized. From the powder XRD pattern the various planes of reflections were identified. The grown crystals were subjected to FT-IR and (1)H NMR spectral analyses to confirm the synthesized compound. Thermal properties of the crystals were investigated using thermo gravimetric (TG) and differential thermal analyses (DTA). The second harmonic generation (SHG) efficiency of the title compound was found using the modified experimental setup of Kurtz and Perry.     

Structural, spectral, optical and dielectric properties of copper and glycine doped LAHCl single crystals

Cu2+ and glycine doped L-arginine monohydrochloride monohydrate (LAHCl) single crystals were grown by slow solvent evaporation technique. The grown single crystals were confirmed by X-ray diffraction study and the interaction of dopants with LAHCl molecule was identified in Fourier transform infrared spectra. The crystalline perfection of pure and doped crystals was analyzed by high resolution X-ray diffraction studies. Vickers microhardness and UV-visible spectroscopy were carried out respectively to study the mechanical stability and optical transmittance of pure and doped LAHCl single crystals. He-Ne laser of wavelength 632.8 nm was used to measure refractive index and birefringence of grown crystals. The second harmonic generation efficiency was also measured for pure and doped LAHCl single crystals using Nd:YAG laser.     

Studies on the growth, spectral, optical, and thermal aspects of a NLO crystal

Nonlinear optical single crystal l-tryptophan hydrogen selenite (LTHS) has been synthesized by slow evaporation solution growth technique from aqueous solution at ambient temperature. The grown nonlinear optical crystals were subjected to single crystal XRD analysis to find the structure parameters. The formation of the product was confirmed from the FTIR and ¹HNMR spectral analysis. The UV–Vis spectral studies showed that the cutoff wavelength for LTHS was less than 400 nm. The thermal behavior of the grown crystals was investigated from thermogravimetry and differential thermal analysis. Its nonlinear optical property has been tested by Kurtz–Perry powder technique using Nd:YAG laser, and the crystal exhibited second harmonic generation property.     

Influence of organic dyes on the thermal,mechanical, and optical properties of l-arginine trifluoroacetate (LATF) single crystals

Bulk single crystals of pure and organic dyes (rhodamine, amaranth, and methyl orange) admixture l-arginine trifluoroacetate were grown by slow evaporation technique. The cell parameters and crystallinity of pure and dyes-mixed LATF were confirmed by powder X-ray diffraction analysis. Thermal analysis (TG/DTA, DSC) reveals the purity of the sample and no decomposition is observed up to melting point. In the TG trace of pure LATF, methyl orange: LATF, amaranth: LATF and rhodamine: LATF it is observed that the crystals were thermally stable up to 488, 485, 483, and 484.14 K, respectively. The crystals are further characterized using UV–Vis analysis, microhardness analysis, and EDAX analysis. By plotting log P versus log d, the value of the work hardening coefficient "n" was found to be 1.95, 0.52, 0.8, and 0.88 for pure, methyl orange, amaranth, and rhodamine dyes-doped LATF grown crystals, respectively. Second harmonic generation efficiency of pure and dye admixture LATF crystals was measured using Kurtz and Perry powder test, the efficiency of methyl orange, amaranth, and rhodamine dyes-doped LATF crystal is 2.7, 2.6, and 2.07 times greater than KDP, where as the efficiency of LATF pure is 2.5 times greater than that of KDP.     

Structural, thermal and optical properties of a semiorganic nonlinear optical single crystal: glycine zinc sulphate

Glycine zinc sulphate salt was synthesized and the solubility and metastable zonewidth were estimated from the aqueous solution. Single crystals of glycine zinc sulphate were grown by solvent evaporation method from aqueous solution. Grown crystals were characterized by X-ray diffraction and FT-IR spectral analyses. The range and percentage of optical transmission was ascertained by recording UV-vis-NIR spectrum. Thermal properties of the crystal were investigated by thermogravimetric analysis. Microhardness study was carried out on (01-1) face of the grown crystal. Its powder second harmonic generation efficiency was measured using Nd:YAG laser and the value was observed to be 0.7 times that of potassium dihydrogen orthophosphate.     

Synthesis,crystal growth,structural, spectral,optical, thermal and dielectric studies of a new nonlinear optical material: 4-Hydroxy-l-proline-l-tartaric acid (1:1)

Single crystals of a new organic material, 4-hydroxy-l-proline-l-tartaric acid (HPTA) adduct, were grown by slow evaporation of an aqueous solution containing equimolar concentrations of 4-hydroxy-l-proline and l-tartaric acid at room temperature. Formation of new crystal has been confirmed by single crystal X-ray diffraction and NMR spectroscopic techniques. The single crystal XRD analysis shows that a molecule of 4-hydroxy-l-proline and a molecule of free l-tartaric acid both of which are interlinked to each other by two types of H-bonding interactions, namely O(6)–H(6)⋯O(2) and N(1)–H(1B)⋯O(10). The title compound (HPTA) crystallizes in monoclinic crystal system with non-centrosymmetric space group P2₁. The suitability of the crystal for optical applications was studied by UV–Vis–NIR spectroscopy. Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectral analysis was used to confirm the presence of various functional groups in the grown crystals. The thermal stability of the compound was investigated by thermogravimetric and differential thermal analyses. The dielectric constant and dielectric loss of the crystal were studied as a function of frequency and temperature. The fluorescence spectral analysis of the title crystal shows an indigo emission. The second order nonlinear optical (NLO) property of the crystal was confirmed by the modified Kurtz–Perry powder second harmonic generation (SHG) test.