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1.
D. N. Papadopoulou Maria Lalia-Kantouri N. Kantiranis J. A. Stratis 《Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry》2006,84(1):39-45
In the present work 39 ancient ceramic sherds from
the archaeological excavation of Abdera, North-Eastern Greece, dating to 7th
century B.C., and 11 local raw clay bricks, fired at temperatures ranging
from 500 to 1000°C, were characterized by ICP-AES, powder X-ray diffraction
(PXRD) and thermal analysis (TG-DTA) techniques. It has been found that the
mineralogical composition of the most studied sherds is quartz, feldspars
and micas, which is in agreement with the composition of the local bricks.
Chlorite is also present in a few samples, while there is one completely different
sherd, which belongs to the Ca-rich clays. From the simultaneous TG/DTG and
DTA data, under nitrogen atmosphere in the temperature ranges ambient to 1000°C,
we comment on the possible firing temperature and distinguish between samples
of different origin. The existence of muscovite or illite in most of the samples
denotes that the firing temperature was lower than 950°C, while the existence
of chlorite means that the firing process in these samples stopped before
700°C. A very different thermogram gave the Ca-rich ceramic sherd, due
to the existence of calcite, denoting that the firing temperature was about
700°C. 相似文献
2.
V. Nastro D. Vuono M. Guzzo G. Niceforo I. Bruno P. De
Luca 《Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry》2006,84(1):181-184
The aim of this paper is to characterize some raw
materials used for ceramics material production. Five samples of clay have
been analyzed. It has been carried out a patterned sampling in a quarry in
Rosarno (South Italy).
Chemical-physical
properties on clay samples are determined. Test pieces have been prepared
and physical properties after firing are determined by DSC thermal analysis,
XRD analysis and X-ray fluorescence. It is important to note the high amount
of Fe2O3. The mixture principally
contains quartz, illite and oligoclase. It has been observed the colour and
the shape after firing: predominant colour is red. In this case the clay has
been used in mixtures covered with glazes. The colour of internal clay is
hidden by opaque of glazes. The analysed raw materials can be used in a slip
for single fired red tiles. The A2sp clay produces best ceramics at 1000°C. 相似文献
3.
R. Ravisankar S. Kiruba C. Shamira A. Naseerutheen P.D. Balaji M. Seran 《Microchemical Journal》2011,99(2):370-375
The systematic and scientific study of artifacts reflects technological development and civilizations during the past. The importance of pottery artifacts as indicators of the artistic and technological advances reached by the ancient culture is investigatedby a number of techniques. Spectroscopic studies have been performed on recently excavated archaeological pottery samples from Thiruverkadu, Tamilnadu, India. The clay mineral type and its structural deformation due to firing have been studied from their Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectra. The maximum firing temperature attained during baring, firing conditions (open/reduced atmosphere) and iron mineral phase changes is well established. X-ray diffraction (XRD) is used to identify minerals in the potsherds. Further scanning electron microscope (SEM) studies on potsherds pave the way to microstructural analysis and trace the subsequent development of virtification stages, thereby firing temperature is being confirmed. The results obtained from the different techniques provide the information for understanding the technological conditions implemented for the production of pottery and are found to give useful information about the analytical composition of potteries. 相似文献
4.
J. A. Stratis M. Lalia-Kantouri El. Charalambous A. Charalambous N. Kantiranis 《Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry》2011,104(2):431-437
This study is focused on simultaneous thermoanalytical investigations by TG/DTG-DTA technique applied for characterization
of samples collected from archaeological site of Nicosia, Cyprus, dating to seventeenth century and gave new information on
the firing technology. The ceramic samples derived from Ottomanic tobacco pipes were characterized by the related techniques
such as X-ray powder diffraction for the mineralogical composition, and inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectrometry
and micro-X-ray fluorescence spectroscopic analysis for the chemical content. It was found that they consisted mainly of quartz,
calcite, feldspars, and micas. For the majority of the investigated ceramic samples, the thermal behavior investigation collaborates
with their mineralogical findings, and resulted to the firing temperature at ~700 °C, due to the existence of calcite. Only
in two samples with very high content in quartz, absence of calcite, low amounts of adsorbed water and of total mass loss,
and absence of micas, the firing process resulted up to 1000 °C. 相似文献
5.
V. A. Drebushchak Ljudmila N. Mylnikova V. I. Molodin 《Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry》2007,90(1):73-79
Sherds from restored ancient pots taken from archaeological sites of Siberian region (Late Bronze and Early Iron Age, IX–VIII
to VII–VI BC) were investigated by thermogravimetry in order to define the effects of sampling. Three types of the sampling
were (1) scanning through the inner surface of a pot, (2) outer surface, core, and inner surface of thick-walled sherds, and
(3) random fragments of a restored pot. The results of the measurements were shown to depend on two factors, clay paste composition
and firing conditions.
Redistribution between mass loss at dehydration and dehydroxylation was detected for the ancient ceramics after ‘mild’ firing.
The results of the measurements are explained in terms of a temperature profile throughout the wall of a pot during the thermal
treatment under firing and cooking meal. 相似文献
6.
Legodi MA de Waal D 《Spectrochimica acta. Part A, Molecular and biomolecular spectroscopy》2007,66(1):135-142
The technique of Raman spectroscopy was used to examine the composition of ancient African domestic clay pottery of South African origin. One sample from each of four archaeological sites including Rooiwal, Lydenburg, Makahane and Graskop was studied. Normal dispersive Raman spectroscopy was found to be the most effective analytical technique in this study. XRF, XRD and FT-IR spectroscopy were used as complementary techniques. All representative samples contained common features, which were characterised by kaolin (Al2Si2O5(OH)5), illite (KAl4(Si7AlO20)(OH)4), feldspar (K- and NaAlSi3O8), quartz (alpha-SiO2), hematite (alpha-Fe2O3), montmorillonite (Mg3(Si,Al)4(OH)2 x 4.5 5H(2)O[Mg]0.35), and calcium silicate (CaSiO3). Gypsum (CaSO4 x 2H2O) and calcium carbonates (most likely calcite, CaCO3) were detected by Raman spectroscopy in Lydenburg, Makahane and Graskop shards. Amorphous carbon (with accompanying phosphates) was observed in the Raman spectra of Lydenburg, Rooiwal and Makahane shards, while rutile (TiO(2)) appeared only in Makahane shard. The Raman spectra of Lydenburg and Rooiwal shards further showed the presence of anhydrite (CaSO4). The results showed that South African potters used a mixture of clays as raw materials. The firing temperature for most samples did not exceed 800 degrees C, which suggests the use of open fire. The reddish brown and grayish black colours were likely due to hematite and amorphous carbon, respectively. 相似文献
7.
Rodica-Mariana Ion Mihaela-Lucia Ion Radu Claudiu Fierascu Sever Serban Irina Dumitriu Constantin Radovici Ionel Bauman Stelian Cosulet Valentin Ioan Remus Niculescu 《Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry》2010,102(1):393-398
The present work is focused on thermoanalytical investigations as thermogravimetric analysis (TG) and derivative thermal analysis
(DTG), applied for the characterization of some samples collected from archaeological sites (Brasov and Trofeum Traiani) located
in different regions of Romania. New informations derived about ceramic technologies concerning raw materials and binding
materials (mineralogical components) have been obtained. All these experimental results have been correlated with related
techniques as X-ray diffraction (XRD), energy-dispersive X-ray fluorescence (EDXRF) and inductively coupled plasma—atomic
emission spectrometry (ICP-AES). By progressive heating in static air atmosphere and in the temperature range of 20–800 °C,
all investigated materials exhibit three main successive processes, associated with the dehydration and thermo-oxidative degradations.
The rate of the first thermooxidative process, temperatures corresponding to the maximum rate of the second thermooxidative
process and shrinkage temperature were associated with the damage of the investigated materials due to environmental impact.
Heating also affects the contact between the fine-sized clay matrix and mineral clast fragments, appearing in reaction rims,
sometimes showing newly formed phases. The temperature at which ancient ceramics and pottery were fired varies over a wide
range (600–800 °C) depending on the type of clay used, although firing temperatures not above 30–400 °C have also been suggested.
Clay minerals, as the main material for production of ceramics and pottery, show some characteristic reactions (dehydroxylation,
decomposition, transformation) in the course of firing (heating effects) and several thermoanalytical criteria can be used
for reconstruction of former production conditions. 相似文献
8.
《Ceramurgia International》1977,3(3):109-114
The possibility was investigated of abtaining porcelain bodies using a sericitic clay, whose fundamental characteristics are to form a very reactive glassy phase, to have an exceptional firing range and a very fine grain size, and a tendency to produce bodies with a very high mullite content at low temperature. The second aim was to obtain porcelain bodies at low firing temperatures with a high flexural strength and large mullite content using only the above-mentioned clay, alumina and a small and constant amount of feldspar. To cover different porcelain types, both silicious and aluminous, eight compositions were formulated and fired between 1200°C and 1320°C and the technological properties, microstructures, phases, etc., were studied. For comparison with the results obtained with the new compositions, two industrial porcelain bodies were formulated and studied at the same time under the same conditions. The paper shows the possibility of obtaining porcelain bodies with much better properties than present industrial ones, and at the same time with a significant saving in the cost of raw materials. 相似文献
9.
J. O. Santos C. S. Munita R. G. Toyota C. Vergne R. S. Silva P. M. S. Oliveira 《Journal of Radioanalytical and Nuclear Chemistry》2009,281(2):189-192
Chemical and mineralogical analysis was performed on ceramics and clay samples from Barracão archaeological site located in Baixo São Francisco River by means of instrumental neutron activation analysis (INAA) and by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The data set was studied by means of cluster analysis (CA) and discriminant analysis (DA). The results showed that the raw material used in ceramics is not local. By using DSC it was possible to discover that the principal minerals in the samples are quartz, feldspars, mica and kaolinite. 相似文献
10.
M. Villagran L. Sbriz G. Valconi 《Journal of Radioanalytical and Nuclear Chemistry》1991,152(2):453-459
The study of a limestone and clay mixture using Mössbauer spectroscopy, and X-ray powder spectrometry (XRD) for different firing temperatures are presented. This type of mixture is used in raw minerals in order to obtain industrial clinker. This study permits to know the changes of the iron present during the clinkerization process, its mineralogical transformation with the temperature, and the minimal temperature necessary to obtain a good quality clinker. 相似文献
11.
Cholesterol degradation in archaeological pottery mediated by fired clay and fatty acid pro-oxidants
Simon Hammann Lucy J.E. Cramp Mathilda Whittle Richard P. Evershed 《Tetrahedron letters》2018,59(50):4401-4404
Cholesterol is generally absent in animal fat residues preserved in archaeological ceramic vessels. It is known from edible oil refining that during bleaching with activated clay sterols are degraded, largely via oxidation. Laboratory heating experiments using fired clay from replica pottery vessels promoted rapid degradation of cholesterol via oxidation. Furthermore, heating cholesterol with fatty acids (saturated and unsaturated) revealed additional degradation to occur independently of the ceramic matrix. As both conditions are met in archaeological pottery during animal (and plant) product processing involving heating, the very rare detection of sterols in organic residues can be explained. 相似文献
12.
Prevulcanized natural rubber latex/clay aerogel nanocomposites 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Tassawuth Pojanavaraphan 《European Polymer Journal》2008,44(7):1968-1977
Natural rubber latex (NR)/clay aerogel nanocomposites were produced via freeze-drying technique. The pristine clay (sodium montmorillonite) was introduced in 1-3 parts per hundred rubber (phr) in order to study the effect of clay in the NR matrix. The dispersion of the layered clay and the morphology of the nanocomposites were determined by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM), respectively. Cure characteristics, thermal stability, and the crosslink density of thermal and microwave-cured NR and its composites were investigated. XRD patterns indicated that both intercalated and exfoliated structures were observed at loadings of 1-3 phr clay. SEM studies revealed that the clay aerogel structure was formed at 3 phr clay loading. The increment in Shore A hardness of nanocomposites compared with pure NR signified excellent polymer/filler interaction and the reinforcing effect of the clay to rubber matrix. This was supported by an increase in maximum rheometric torque and crosslink density. The crosslink density of clay-filled NR vulcanizate was found to increase with the pristine clay content in both thermal and microwave curing methods. However, microwave-cured 2 and 3 phr-filled NR vulcanizates exhibited higher crosslink density than those which were thermal-cured under the same curing temperature. In addition, thermal stability studies showed that pristine clay accelerated the decomposition of NR by showing a slight decrease in onset and peak decomposition temperatures along with clay content. 相似文献
13.
Santino Orecchio 《Microchemical Journal》2011,99(1):132-137
Manufacture technology involves several aspects of pottery making, such as the type and the atmosphere of firing to obtain the finished item. During the firing of clay, at different environment of the oven, different compounds of iron (Fe(II) and Fe(III)) are formed and this is the reason for a different color of the ceramic body. Despite the great interest in this field, no works are devoted to the study the speciation of iron in ancient ceramics.The proposed method, even if considered destructive by archaeologists, allows the speciation of iron, using quantity of sample in the order of milligram. In order to achieve information about their firing conditions, thirty-nine pottery samples belonging to the archaeological Sicilian site of Himera (Sicily, Italy) were characterized for Fe(II) and Fe(III) by means of a UV-Vis spectrophotometric method proposed by us, while total iron was checked by ICP-OES. Were identified two groups of samples, the first (A), which is particularly rich in Fe(II) (the archaeologists have not identified the stylistic characteristics of most of this samples) the last group is instead rich Fe(III). 相似文献
14.
Gulmini M Appolonia L Framarin P Mirti P 《Analytical and bioanalytical chemistry》2006,386(6):1815-1822
Twelve finds from archaeological excavations carried out in the Aosta region (Italy) were studied by scanning electron microscopy
coupled with energy-dispersive X-ray detection (SEM–EDS). The archaeological samples were shards of glazed pottery dating
from the fourth to the seventh century AD. Analysis of ceramic bodies revealed a general homogeneity in composition among
the studied samples and the use of a noncalcareous clay for their manufacture; however, two shards stand out due to their
high iron contents. Glazes proved to be high-lead products with more than 70% PbO in all of the samples investigated but one.
For the latter, a composition poorer in lead and richer in silicon, aluminium and iron was found. SEM observation of the contact
region between body and glaze suggests that the vitreous coatings were mostly obtained by applying the glazing components
onto the unfired clay body; moreover, a comparison between clay and glaze compositions suggests the use of a lead compound
mixed with a silica-rich material, not a lead compound by itself. 相似文献
15.
Volkan Murat Yılmaz Tuğba Tunç Parlak Kenan Yıldız 《Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry》2018,133(1):135-176
The review consists of four parts. Part I is about the thermal transformation in clay minerals under firing and about the properties of fired clay. The transformations in the clay are expressed quantitatively with the extent of conversion, α, which is the function of two parameters of firing process, time t and temperature T: α?=?f(t, T). Part II is about the estimation of firing temperature after the analysis of the products of firing clays. All the estimations are speculative, without mathematical equations. It is impossible to derive the value of only one variable T from α?=?f(t,T), the function of two variables. Part III is about the long-term inverse transformation in fired ceramic paste under ambient conditions. The mass gain as a function of time is used for the evaluation of the time elapsed from the ancient firing, t. Part IV is about the visualization of the extent of conversion of the clay in the paste after all direct and reverse reactions, i.e., α. 相似文献
16.
S. Nagy E. Kuzmann T. Weiszburg M. Gyökeres-Tóth M. Riedel 《Journal of Radioanalytical and Nuclear Chemistry》2000,246(1):91-96
Traditional black pottery produced in Nádudvar, E-Hungary, was studied by 57Fe Mössbauer spectroscopy, X-ray diffractometry and microscopy. Quartz, feldspar, clay minerals (kaolinite, smeetite, illite) and calcite were identified in the basic clay material by X-ray diffractometry (XRD). Mössbauer spectroscopy (MS) of the original clay revealed that about 35% of iron compounds were present in goethite while the rest in clay minerals (illite and smectite). After firing the clay in air using an electric furnace (red pottery is prepared in the same way), the Mössbauer spectra showed hematite as the only iron oxide or hydroxide phase, being in good agreement with X-ray diffractometry. In the black product itself, fired in the traditional open-flame furnace, the Mössbauer spectra reflected the presence of iron in magnetite and in sheet silicates with approximately the same relative ratio of oxides and silicates as in the starting material. This can be interpreted as a result of the transformation of goethite to hematite in the first step of firing (in air), and as a reduction of hematite to magnetite in the second step of firing (closed from air). A significant difference was found in the distribution of iron at the Fe2+ and Fe3+ cation sites in the black surface (more Fe2+) and at the dark gray bulk of the fired pottery (less Fe2+), showing that the reduction of Fe3+ occurs in the silicates instead of further reduction of the magnetite (e.g., to wüstite). 相似文献
17.
Sonia Zulfiqar Muhammad Ilyas Sarwar 《Journal of inclusion phenomena and macrocyclic chemistry》2008,62(3-4):353-361
Aramid–organoclay nanocomposites were fabricated through solution intercalation technique. Montmorillonite was modified with p-amino benzoic acid in order to have compatibility with the matrix. The effect of clay dispersion and the interaction between clay and polyamide chains on the properties of nanocomposites were investigated using X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), tensile testing of thin films, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and water uptake measurements. Excessive clay dispersion was achieved even on the addition of high proportions of clay. The structural investigations confirmed the formation of delaminated nanostructures at low clay contents and disordered intercalated morphology at higher clay loadings. The tensile behavior and thermal stability significantly amplified while permeability reduced with increasing dispersibility of organoclay in the polyamide matrix. 相似文献
18.
用蒙脱土酸处理法制备洗用4A沸石过程中石英问题的探讨 总被引:8,自引:0,他引:8
目前我国洗涤剂用4A沸石实现半工业化的是采用以水玻璃、氢氧化铝为起始原料的全合成法[1],以该法生产沸石的产品质量较稳定,但生产成本较高。而以蒙脱土为原料的合成4A沸石,生产成本可以大大降低[2-4],但是蒙脱土中往往含有石英杂质,如果不设法去除,必将影响产品的纯度,使其质量指标(白度、粒度、钙离子交换量)难以达到洗涤剂行业标准[5],而且洗衣粉中含有石英也会磨损衣物。 本文将重点讨论石英这一问题,包括如何测定石英杂质含量和如何在用蒙脱土生产洗涤剂用4A沸石过程中去除石英杂质。1实验部分1.1实验样… 相似文献
19.
《Comptes Rendus Chimie》2016,19(7):895-901
Researches for non-energy intensive construction products, that are durable and cheaper is today of global concern because of the limited resources (energy, financial, etc.). To address this issue, the present work presents the combination of the decoction of pods of Parkia Biglobosa (néré) that is rich in tannins compounds including gallic acid, epicatechin gallate and epigallocatechin, with a clay-sand mixture. The clay used is referenced KORO and contains montmorillonite, illite, quartz, albite, orthoclase, kaolinite and goethite. The study of the mechanical properties of geomaterials formulated from the mixture shows that they have values of mechanical resistance higher and that their behavior becomes viscoplastic. This is due to the formation of chemical complexes from carboxylic groups of tannins macromolecules with the iron oxy-hydroxide in the interlayer spacing of clay minerals. This process is enhanced by the sorption of tannins on the surface of clay minerals. 相似文献
20.
Emad A. Jaffar Al-Mulla 《Polymer Science Series A》2011,53(2):149-157
In this study, new biopolymer nanocomposites have been prepared. Fatty nitrogen compounds (FNCs); fatty amide (FA), fatty
hydroxamic acid (FHA), and carbonyl difatty amide (CDFA), which were synthesized from palm oil, have been used as one of organic
compounds to modify natural clay (sodium montmorillonite). The clay modification was carried out by stirring the clay particles
in an aqueous solution of FA, FHA, and CDFA by which the clay layer distance increases from 1.23 to 2.71, 2.91 and 3.23 nm,
respectively. The modified clay was then used in the preparation of the polylactic acid/epoxidized palm oil (PLA/EPO) blend
nanocomposites. The interaction of the modifier in the clay layer was characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), and Fourier
transform infrared (FTIR). Elemental analysis was used to estimate the presence of FNCs in the clay. The nanocomposites were
synthesized by melt blending of the modified clay and PLA/EPO blend at the weight ratio of 80/20. The nanocomposites were
then characterized using XRD, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and tensile properties
measurements. The XRD and TEM results confirmed the production of nanocomposites. PLA/EPO modified clay nanocomposites show
higher thermal stability and significant improvement of mechanical properties in comparison with those of the PLA/EPO blend. 相似文献