Evaluation of elastic modulus of cantilever beam by TA-ESPI

The paper proposes an evaluation technique for the elastic modulus of a cantilever beam by vibration analysis based on time average electronic speckle pattern interferometry (TA-ESPI) and Euler-Bernoulli equation. General approaches for the measurement of elastic modulus of a thin film are the Nano indentation test, Buldge test, Micro-tensile test, and so on. They each have strength and weakness in the preparation of the test specimen and the analysis of experimental results. ESPI is a type of laser speckle interferometry technique offering non-contact, high-resolution and whole-field measurement. The technique is a common measurement method for vibration mode visualization and surface displacement. Whole-field vibration mode shape (surface displacement distribution) at resonance frequency can be visualized by ESPI. And the maximum surface displacement distribution from ESPI can be used to find the resonance frequency for each vibration mode shape. And the elastic modules of a test material can be easily estimated from the measured resonance frequency and Euler-Bernoulli equation. The TA-ESPI vibration analysis technique can be used to find the elastic modulus of a material requiring simple preparation process and analysis.     

三维电子散斑干涉载频调制及其在柴油机上的应用

将电子散斑干涉场的三维载波调制技术应用到三维物体变形测量中.用水平方向、竖直方向及垂直试件表面的三路相干光分别照明物体,在水平和竖直方向通过控制反射镜的微小偏转引入载波,实现位移场干涉条纹的调制;利用物体的微小偏转实现离面位移场干涉条纹的调制;结合傅里叶变换法,分别解调出变形场的位相,从而实现了物体三维变形场的精确测量.将该技术应用到柴油机油泵的三维位移测量上,成功测量了油泵的三维位移场.     

Measurement of vibrational energy flow in a plate with high energy flow boundary crossing using electronic speckle pattern interferometry

The measurement of vibrational energy flow is an important tool in understanding the vibrational behaviour of structures. In the past, because of transducer constraints, the measurement of vibrational energy flow was mostly restricted to single point measurements. However, recent developments in advanced laser measurement techniques, such as electronic speckle pattern interferometry (ESPI), have gained interest in applying two-dimensional, multi-point measurement techniques to the estimation of vibrational energy flow. This paper addresses the measurement of vibrational energy flow in a plate by using an ESPI based vibrational energy flow measurement technique. A radially symmetric bending wave plate vibration model is introduced and theoretical expressions for energy-based quantities are derived. To assess the accuracy of the measurement method, these theoretical quantities are compared to synthetic results derived from the ESPI energy flow measurement technique. The ESPI measurement technique is also applied to an experimental ‘infinite’ plate. Thus, a specially designed experimental apparatus was constructed so as to minimise undesired wave reflections in the plate and, thus, achieve a high energy flow boundary crossing at the edges of the plate. To reduce the effect of optical noise contamination on the ESPI measured out-of-plane plate displacement data, optimal filters were applied prior to the vibrational energy flow computation. To appraise the accuracy of the experimental method, measured vibrational power on the plate is compared with measured vibrational input power. A difference of less than 1 dB between both quantities indicates that vibrational energy flow within a rectangular plate that contains radially symmetric wave propagation can be measured to a good degree of accuracy if appropriate filtering is applied.     

在电子散斑干涉中利用反相位法进行三维变形测量

提出一种可将离面位移与面内位移分离的三维位移计算方法。在双光束电子散斑干涉系统中增加一路参考光,使这一路参考光为两光束所共用。两束光各自独立地对变形物体进行测量,分别计算相位分布,并对其中之一进行反相位计算。理论分析表明,对二路检测光所得到的相位进行相减运算,就能够较好地减少电子噪声的影响,分离面内位移场与离面位移,实现物体变形的三维测量。介绍该方法的原理,并利用典型实验证实了该方法的可行性。     

Mechanical characterization of unplasticised polyvinylchloride thick pipes by optical methods

In this work a number of techniques (electronic speckle pattern interferometry, holographic interferometry, strain gauge and finite element method) are brought to bear in order to establish consistency in the results of strain measurement. This is necessary if optical non-destructive testing methods, such as those used here, are to gain acceptance for routine industrial use. The FE model provides a useful check. Furthermore, ESPI fringe data facilitates the extension of FE models, an approach that is of growing importance in component testing.

The use of in-plane and out-of-plane sensitive electronic speckle pattern interferometry (ESPI) for non-destructive material characterization of thick unplasticised polyvinylchloride (uPVC) pipes is presented. A test rig has been designed for stressing pipes by internal pressure. ESPI gives a complete mapping of the displacement field over the area imaged by the video camera. The results for the strain of uPVC obtained from ESPI data and from strain gauges are in good agreement. The value of Young's modulus has been obtained from the fringe data and compared with results obtained using holographic interferometry and from strain gauge measurements. The FE model also produces fringe data that is consistent with the ESPI results.     

Micro- and macro deformation measurement by extension of correlation technique

In this work, we present the implementation of Electronic Speckle Pattern Interferometry (ESPI), Digital Speckle Photography (DSP) and Digital Image Correlation (DIC) as complementary techniques to measure in-plane micro and macro displacement. The main advantage of ESPI is its great sensitivity to small displacements (smaller than the size of the speckle). However, the contrast of fringes in this technique is severely affected by de-correlation effects when the in-plane displacement exceeds the size of the speckle. To eliminate the de-correlation effects, we use the DSP technique. It is possible to generate artificial speckles, usually bigger than those generated by means of illumination of the sample with laser light. By combining DSP and DIC the displacement field can be obtained when the ESPI method cannot be applied due to image de-correlation. The experimental results show that the combination of these techniques is useful to analyze deformations over a wider range.     

单幅对称变形相位图分离二维变形分量的相移电子散斑干涉技术

提出了利用相移电子散斑干涉测量物体二维变形分量的方法.单光束照明的传统电子散斑干涉技术,测量得到的是一幅物体变形的混合相位场.当物体具有对称变形时,可由这一幅相位图求得二维变形分量.方法是将该相位图镜像翻转得到第二幅相位图,通过二幅相位图的叠加、复位和分离运算,获得物体的二维变形场的分量值.利用三点加载的简支梁进行了实验,给出了实验结果,并与对称光照明实验结果进行了对比,验证了该方法的正确性.     

Application of improved Speckle contouring technique to surface roughness measurements

One of the well known drawbacks in Electronic Speckle Pattern Interferometry (ESPI) is the poor fringe density due to electronic and speckle noise and decreasing fringe visibility with increasing speckle decorrelation. As recently reported we suggested improving the fringe density and enlarging the measurement range by the incremental addition of phase images. The technique has already been successfully applied to in-plane and out-of-plane displacement field measurements of carbon-fibre reinforced composites. This paper demonstrates how the technique can be used to improve the sensitivity and to extend the measurement range for speckle contouring applications. The angular correlation of the speckle phase images is used to get the desired 3D information of the investigated object surface. It is demonstrated how the angular speckle contouring techinque can easily be automated with respect, for example, to possible industrial applications. Roughness measurements are carried out on milled Rugo test surfaces. All measurements are performed without the usual vibration isolation, and of course, without the treatment of the surface with fine, white powder for contrast enhancement, which would falsify the results.     

Speckle interferometry

Illumination of a rough surface by a coherent monochromatic wave creates a grainy structure in space termed a speckle pattern. It was considered a special kind of noise and was the bane of holographers. However, its information-carrying property was soon discovered and the phenomenon was used for metrological applications. The realization that a speckle pattern carried information led to a new measurement technique known as speckle interferometry (SI). Although the speckle phenomenon in itself is a consequence of interference among numerous randomly dephased waves, a reference wave is required in SI. Further, it employs an imaging geometry. Initially SI was performed mostly by using silver emulsions as the recording media. The double-exposure specklegram was filtered to extract the desired information. Since SI can be configured so as to be sensitive to the in-plane displacement component, the out-of-plane displacement component or their derivatives, the interferograms corresponding to these were extracted from the specklegram for further analysis. Since the speckle size can be controlled by the F number of the imaging lens, it was soon realized that SI could be performed with electronic detection, thereby increasing its accuracy and speed of measurement. Furthermore, a phase-shifting technique can also be incorporated. This technique came to be known as electronic speckle pattern interferometry (ESPI). It employed the same experimental configurations as SI. ESPI found many industrial applications as it supplements holographic interferometry. We present three examples covering diverse areas. In one application it has been used to measure residual stress in a blank recordable compact disk. In another application, microscopic ESPI has been used to study the influence of relative humidity on paint-coated figurines and also the effect of a conservation agent applied on top of this. The final application is to find the defects in pipes. These diverse applications demonstrate the power of this technique.     

Simultaneous two-axis shearographic interferometer using multiple wavelengths and a color camera

Multi-component measurements in shearography and other applications of Electronic Speckle Pattern Interferometry (ESPI) are typically achieved using multiple optical configurations that are activated sequentially to measure each desired quantity separately. A novel optical setup is introduced here where orthogonal shearography measurements are simultaneously made using a single color-camera imaging multiple monochromatic light sources of different wavelengths. The Red–Green–Blue (RGB) sensors of a conventional Bayer type camera are read separately, thereby providing three independent color signals and independent ESPI phase maps. Orthogonal axis shearography is achieved using a modified shearography interferometer where a dichroic filter is added to provide a second wavelength-dependent measurement. The availability of the two surface slopes gives the opportunity for the data to be summed numerically to give the surface displacement shape. This application is of significant practical interest because the surface displacement measurement can be made under field conditions by taking advantage of the well-known optical stability of shearography measurements. The two simultaneously measured surface slopes also offer the possibility to mathematically compensate for non-uniformity and non-orthogonality in the image shear caused by mirror non-flatness and/or mirror misalignments.     

电子散斑干涉载频调制形貌测量方法的分析

根据电子散斑干涉载频调制测量物体形貌的基本原理,物体表面的微小偏转可引入包含物体高度信息的载波干涉条纹。将物体的偏转视为变形,对物体变形与载波干涉条纹之间的关系进行了讨论,得出了离面位移引入载波和面内位移引入含有物体高度信息相位的结论。发现利用典型电子散斑干涉系统测量物体形貌效果最好,并通过实验得到了验证。     

基于光学涡旋相移技术的离面位移测量

设计了基于光学涡旋相移技术的离面位移测量实验方案,实现了电子散斑干涉中相移的数字控制.该方法利用输入液晶空间光调制器中的叉形光栅产生涡旋光束,通过涡旋光束绕轴的旋转产生相移;同时,产生的涡旋光束又作为参考光与物光干涉.实验中,在物体发生离面位移前后依次输入四幅叉形光栅,产生相移步长为π/2的涡旋光束,利用CCD获得涡旋光与物光的干涉光场,从而获得离面位移场的包裹相位;再通过解包裹,获得物体离面变形的相位变化.光学涡旋相移法可应用于离面位移测量.     

三维电子散斑干涉技术及其应用研究

通过大错位剪切镜和一作为参考物的压电陶瓷相移器将三个电子散斑干涉系统组成一新的三维电子散斑干涉系统。利用该系统，结合相移技术和图像处理技术，可得到独立的位移场(u,v和w场)。该技术的特点是用三个激光器作为光源，一个压电陶瓷相移器产生参考光并实现相移，CCD摄像机前放置大错位剪切镜以使物光和参考光产生干涉。将该技术应用到柴油发动机零部件测量上，得到了主轴承孔周的三维位移场。     

Displacement measurements in structural elements by optical techniques

Speckle metrology and holographic interferometry (HI) have been used in several civil engineering applications. We present the results obtained by applying speckle photography (SP) to the study of two quadratic shearwalls with different boundary conditions, and the potential of the technique in the study of this kind of structures is described. The analysis of Young's fringes obtained with this technique at certain points on each shearwall provides the whole field of displacement measurements. HI has been used to measure the three components of absolute displacement, verifying that the bulging phenomenon does not affect the in-plane components when the applied load remains on the same plane as the shearwall. A qualitative analysis is carried out following an electronic speckle pattern interferometry (ESPI) technique. The results obtained by optical techniques are compared to the numerical results obtained by the finite element method (FEM), finding good correlation between them in all the cases.     

卷积反投影法重建温度场

电子散斑干涉技术是近年发展起来的一门新兴的测量技术,它由光干涉原理测量物理场的密度、温度分布等,这种测量技术是由物理场在不同截面、不同方向上的投影值反求场分布,这非常类似于CT技术。简述二维重建的基本原理,着重介绍卷积反投影重建算法。依此原理,模拟了双高斯分布函数的投影,并由平行束卷积法重建出模拟的温度场。为了指导电子散斑干涉实验,模拟了三种可能实验误差,并分别给出了重建结果。由于电子散斑干涉测量(投影)的方向个数小,提出了双线性滤波算法,使在测量值稀疏的条件下得到较好重建结果。     

Estimation of the 2D measurement error introduced by in-plane and out-of-plane electronic speckle pattern interferometry instruments

Optical interferometric metrology techniques are being increasingly used in industry. These techniques assure a greater accuracy in measuring displacements caused by deformations. One such technique, electronic speckle pattern interferometry (ESPI), has been used successfully to measure in-plane and out-of-plane deformations. The usual model describing ESPI instruments behaviour is only valid in or near the centre of the illuminated surface. In general, this model is used as such for all the points on the surface creating thus an approximate figure of the reality. This study has led to an improved 3D vectorial model, allowing us to assess qualitatively and quantitatively what is actually measured throughout all the inspected surface. Calculations with practical parameters taken from real ESPI instruments designed in the Joint Research Centre of Ispra (Italy) were carried out. The results showing three-dimensional diagrams of the measurement errors are presented and discussed.     

大剪切电子散斑干涉的载频调制与位移场测量

将电子散斑干涉场的载波调制引入到大剪切电子散斑干涉中,通过对参考物的微小偏转引入载波条纹;利用傅里叶变换法,解调出了变形场的相位,从而实现了物体变形场的精确测量。讨论了大剪切载频的调制机理,理论分析表明,调制条纹的空间频率与参考面偏转的角度成正比;因此,控制参考面的偏转角度可实现不同位移量系统的调制。利用中心加载周边固定圆盘进行了典型实验,实验结果证明在大剪切电子散斑干涉技术中可以通过参考面的旋转高质量地实现电子散斑干涉条纹的调制,求解位移场。该系统具有系统简单,不需要专门引入参考光,条纹质量好等优点。该技术可扩展电子散斑干涉的应用范围,有一定的实际应用价值。     

用于静态和动态平面内位移测量的剪切束电子斑纹图干涉术的相移和载波技术

报道了一种新颖的用于平面内位移测量的相移和载波技术。在剪切束电子斑纹图干涉度量术中，照明光束由棱镜分为两个波前，棱镜的侧面移动将引入相移。在棱镜后加一小角光楔，则光楔的转动产生载波条纹。棱镜或光楔的转动可由机械或电学机构精密控制。形变信息由数字图像处理算法，相位迭代和傅里叶变换法给出。文中介绍了理论及其实验演示的结果     

Automatic analysis of three-dimensional displacement field using ESPI

Electronic speckle pattern interferometry (ESPI) has been used to study the in-plane and out-of-plane displacements of the object. In order to improve the accuracy, a Fourier filtration algorithm has been used to remove the speckle noise and get the holographic-quality ESPI fringe pattern. The processing steps of this method are described in detail in this paper. In addition, a phase shifter, which is easily used with simplified structure and high stability, is also presented. It can be applied to various coherent arrangements in experiments to obtain phase shifted fringe patterns. Experiments of determining the 3D displacement field of a circular fixed plate with a uniform load have been carried out using these methods. The results presented in this paper indicate that the accuracy of this method is satisfactory.     

A dual-function ESPI system for the measurement of out-of-plane displacement and slope

A dual-function ESPI system is developed for the measurement of out-of-plane displacement and its slope change. The proposed system is convenient and also efficient to switch over from an out-of-plane sensitive configuration to shearography. A difference-of-phase method with a five-step algorithm is used for speckle fringe analysis.