钍基熔盐堆核能系统

裂变核能是保障能源增长需求和促进节能减排的重要手段。钍基核能具有中子增殖性能好、产生高放废料少和储量丰富等特点;熔盐堆作为第四代先进反应堆的6个候选堆之一,具有钍高效利用、高温制氢、无水冷却、适合小型模块化设计等优势和潜力。发展钍基熔盐堆,对中国的核能战略发展具有重要意义,将会有助于解决中国的能源和环境双重挑战。2011 年1 月,中国科学院启动战略性先导科技专项——钍基熔盐堆核能系统(TMSR),采取液态熔盐堆和固态熔盐堆两种堆型研发同时部署和相继发展的技术路线,致力于实现基于熔盐堆的钍资源高效利用和核能综合利用,为我国核能发展赢得先机。     

加速器驱动次临界系统注入器离子源控制系统

强流质子源及低能传输线是加速器驱动次临界系统(ADS)项目注入器的重要组成部分,为了保证其工作效率设计了一种基于实验物理及工业控制系统(EPICS)架构的远程控制系统。根据被控设备硬件接口的特点及控制需求分别采用可编程控制器(PLC)和串口服务器等作为控制部件,在主控机中使用LabVIEW编程实现了对系统内所有设备的监控,并借助于DSC模块把设备状态和参数等以过程变量的形式进行网络发布。设计的控制系统具有结构简单、工作可靠的特点,已经在系统调试中发挥了重要作用。     

加速器驱动次临界系统注入器离子源控制系统

强流质子源及低能传输线是加速器驱动次临界系统（ADS）项目注入器的重要组成部分,为了保证其工作效率设计了一种基于实验物理及工业控制系统(EPICS)架构的远程控制系统。根据被控设备硬件接口的特点及控制需求分别采用可编程控制器(PLC)和串口服务器等作为控制部件,在主控机中使用LabVIEW编程实现了对系统内所有设备的监控,并借助于DSC模块把设备状态和参数等以过程变量的形式进行网络发布。设计的控制系统具有结构简单、工作可靠的特点,已经在系统调试中发挥了重要作用。     

加速器驱动次临界系统阶梯场磁铁设计

为保证加速器驱动次临界系统输运线靶站的使用寿命,采用了一种基于阶梯场磁铁的方案将质子束在水平、垂直两个方向进行扩展。对阶梯场磁铁进行了三维磁场模拟和物理设计,根据联合模拟的磁场分布进行了束流动力学跟踪研究,证实阶梯场磁铁方案对均匀化束流有很好的效果。为了使阶梯场磁铁磁场的台阶状分布更加明显,提出了一种更为紧凑的阶梯场磁铁设计方案。     

Nuclear energy generation rates on magnetar surfaces

Based on the new screening model, this paper discusses the influence of superstrong magnetic fields on nuclear energy generation rates on the surface of magnetars. The obtained result shows that the superstrong magnetic fields can increase the nuclear energy generation rates by many orders of magnitude. The enhancement may have a significant influence for further study of the magnetars, especially for the cooling, the x-ray luminosity observation and the evolution of the magnetars.     

液化天然气冷能发电效益分析

通过分析LNG的温焓、温熵特性和不同压力下的可用能,揭示LNG冷能发电循环效率最大化原则和影响可用能利用率因素。同时对实际有机朗肯+直接膨胀复合循环进行参数计算,分析循环在不同压力下的LNG冷源条件下的效率及变化特点,并与不可逆卡诺循环和普通朗肯循环进行比较。结果表明,各种循环都存在一个最佳LNG冷能利用温度,使得循环性能最佳,而且随着LNG汽化压力的增大,循环效率呈下降趋势。在LNG汽化压力较高的情况下,回收直接膨胀功使得复合循环的效率及可用能利用率明显优于普通有机朗肯循环。     

Using plastic track detectors to solve radiation safety problems at nuclear reactor facilities

Three options of the method to determine microconcentrations of fissile materials in water solutions are developed. They utilize plastic track detectors to measure concentrations. The options are as follows a “wet” method, “thin-layer inorganic sorbent-plastic track detectors”, and a method of selective extraction and coprecipitation. These methods are used to check up fuel cladding integrity at the research reactor IVV-2M and liquid radioactive waste contamination by uranium and plutonium at the Beloyarskaya Nuclear Power Plant (BNPP).     

Solar energy full-spectrum perfect absorption and efficient photo-thermal generation

Designing and manufacturing cost-effective absorbers that can cover the full-spectrum of solar irradiation is still critically important for solar harvesting. Utilizing control of the lightwave reflection and transmission, metamaterials realize high absorption over a relatively wide bandwidth. Here, a truncated circular cone metasurface (TCCM) composed of alternating multiple layers of titanium (Ti) and silicon dioxide (SiO₂) is presented. Enabled by the synergetic of surface plasmon resonances and Fabry-Pérot resonances, the TCCM simultaneously achieves high absorptivity (exceed 90%), and absorption broadband covers almost the entire solar irradiation spectrum. In addition, the novel absorber exhibits great photo-thermal property. By exploiting the ultrahigh melting point of Ti and SiO₂, high-efficiency solar irradiation absorption and heat release have been achieved at 700℃ when the solar concentration ratio is 500 (i.e., incident light intensity at 5×10⁵ W/m²). It is worth noting that the photo-thermal efficiency is almost unchanged when the incident angle increases from 0° to 45°. The outstanding capacity for solar harvesting and light-to-heat reported in this paper suggests that TCCM has great potential in photothermal therapies, solar desalination, and radiative cooling, etc.     

Monitoring method for neutron flux for a spallation target in an accelerator driven sub-critical system

In this paper, we study a monitoring method for neutron flux for the spallation target used in an accelerator driven sub-critical(ADS) system, where a spallation target located vertically at the centre of a sub-critical core is bombarded vertically by high-energy protons from an accelerator. First, by considering the characteristics in the spatial variation of neutron flux from the spallation target, we propose a multi-point measurement technique,i.e. the spallation neutron flux should be measured at multiple vertical locations. To explain why the flux should be measured at multiple locations, we have studied neutron production from a tungsten target bombarded by a 250 Me V-proton beam with Geant 4-based Monte Carlo simulations. The simulation results indicate that the neutron flux at the central location is up to three orders of magnitude higher than the flux at lower locations. Secondly, we have developed an effective technique in order to measure the spallation neutron flux with a fission chamber(FC), by establishing the relation between the fission rate measured by FC and the spallation neutron flux. Since this relation is linear for a FC, a constant calibration factor is used to derive the neutron flux from the measured fission rate. This calibration factor can be extracted from the energy spectra of spallation neutrons. Finally, we have evaluated the proposed calibration method for a FC in the environment of an ADS system. The results indicate that the proposed method functions very well.     

Novel correction method for X-ray beam energy fluctuation of high energy DR system with a linear detector

A high energy digital radiography (DR) testing system has generated diverse scientific and technological interest in the field of industrial non-destructive testing. However, due to the limitations of manufacturing technology for accelerators, an energy fluctuation of the X-ray beam exists and leads to bright and dark streak artifacts in the DR image. Here we report the utilization of a new software-based method to correct the fluctuation artifacts. The correction method is performed using a high pass filtering operation to extract the high frequency information that reflects the X-ray beam energy fluctuation, and then subtracting it from the original image. Our experimental results show that this method is able to rule out the artifacts effectively and is readily implemented on a practical scanning system.     

~(36)Cl的加速器质谱测量及其应用

长寿命核素36Cl的半衰期为3.01×105a,广泛分布于自然界中。加速器质谱是目前测量36Cl的最灵敏的方法。介绍了36Cl的样品制备及加速器质谱测量方法,重点描述了基于小型化加速器质谱发展起来的测量36Cl的探测方法及其特点,综述了各实验室利用36Cl在相关领域开展的工作及所取得的成果。     

Neutron Generation in an Extended Cu Target Irradiated with 22 and 44 GeV Carbon Ions (Preliminary Results)

An extended Cu target was centrally irradiated with 22 and 44 GeV carbon ions for about 11 and 15 hours, respectively. The upper side of the target was in contact with a paraffin block for the moderation of secondary neutrons. Small holes in the moderator were filled with lanthanum salts (LaCl₃7H₂O) where the neutrons induced the ¹³⁹La(n,γ) ¹⁴⁰La reaction. The β-decay of ¹⁴⁰La(40h) was followed using radiochemical methods. The yields for the formation of ¹⁴⁰La agree within large errors with other experiments on extended targets carried out at the LHE, JINR (Dubna). To a first approximation, the breeding rate of ¹⁴⁰La doubles when the ¹²C energy is increased from 22 to 44 GeV. If results at 44 GeV are compared to those at 22 GeV, there cannot be excluded an excess of (20 ± 7)% in the experimentally observed ¹⁴⁰La production over theoretical estimates. A definite conclusion in this respect must await further experimental and theoretical work.

These experiments are the beginning of a research program to develop a subcritical reactor with neutron fluxes sufficiently high to permit the TRANSMUTATION of long-lived radioactive waste into short-lived or stable nuclei. Such transmutation would considerably relieve the ecological problems related to the final deposition of radioactive waste.     

低品位热能有机朗肯循环发电技术进展

有机朗肯循环发电技术是基于有机朗肯循环(Organic Rankine Cycle,ORC),利用低沸点有机工质,将低品位的余热资源转换为高品位的电能的先进技术,能够有效提高能源的利用率,减少能源损失.针对工业过程中大量中低温余热受到各种限制难以回收利用难题,全面综述了有机工质朗肯循环低温余热发电技术现状和进展,具体包...     

Probing the nuclear symmetry energy with heavy-ion reactions induced by neutron-rich nuclei

Heavy-ion reactions induced by neutron-rich nuclei provide a unique means to investigate the equation of state of isospin-asymmetric nuclear matter, especially the density dependence of the nuclear symmetry energy. In particular, recent analyses of the isospin diffusion data in heavy-ion reactions have already put a stringent constraint on the nuclear symmetry energy around the nuclear matter saturation density. We review this exciting result and discuss its implications on nuclear effective interactions and the neutron skin thickness of heavy nuclei. In addition, we also review the theoretical progress on probing the high density behaviors of the nuclear symmetry energy in heavy-ion reactions induced by high energy radioactive beams.      

电容储能型重频强流电子加速器控制系统

针对电容储能型重频强流电子加速器对自动控制的要求,研制了一套基于LabVIEW和PIC单片机的远程触发控制系统。本系统用普通的数据采集卡和单片机硬件实现了复杂的电路控制和时序控制,具有信号采集、调用表格数据、控制晶闸管触发等功能,以实现储能电容对变压器原边电容的稳定谐振充电。将该控制系统应用在重频强流电子加速器平台,重复频率运行时,能够保持原边电容充电的一致性和稳定性,系统长时间运行可靠、稳定、抗干扰能力强。     

核能与聚变裂变混合能源堆

未来20年将是核能发展的一个关键时期.2035年左右,快堆有望投入商用;磁约束聚变、激光聚变、 Z箍缩聚变也都有演示堆计划.聚变演示堆存在纯聚变与聚变裂变混合能源堆两种可能,而后者可降低聚变功率,缓解高能中子对材料的辐照损伤.另外,氘氚聚变供能时间有限.文章介绍了混合能源堆的概念.能源堆可充分利用铀资源,且后处理不涉及铀钚分离,有很好的防扩散性能.裂变堆、聚变堆、能源堆共同发展,可望使核能在不太长的时间内获得大规模应用,并可为人类提供千年以上的能源供应.     

用于太阳能光伏发电的高倍聚光系统

 研究了基于三结型（InGaP/InGaAs/Ge）高效太阳能电池的太阳能光伏发电的高倍聚光系统。该系统采用高次非球面光学玻璃卡塞格林系统,运用Zemax和Tracepro光学设计软件完成200~500倍太阳能聚光系统的设计,同时设计了单片型高倍太阳能聚能光学组件,用热压成型方法研制了太阳能聚能透镜（副镜）。采用16个性能相同的聚光光学组件和相同数量的三结型太阳能电池组成高倍聚光型太阳能光伏组件,极大地提高了聚光比,为太阳能光伏发电的高倍聚光器设计提供参考和依据。     

高能电子辐照对束测量系统的影响

在直线感应加速器束参数测量系统实验的基础上,给出了束参数测量系统的实验布局和特点,分析高能电子辐照对直线感应加速器中测量系统电子器件介电性能的影响和变化规律;进一步探讨电子器件介电性能受高能电子辐照后的抑制措施。针对电磁空间干扰情况,主要通过采用光纤传输控制信号的措施,能很好地传输窄脉冲,信号延时抖动小,达到了高速信号的可靠传输要求,利用紧凑嵌入式方法,提高了抗电磁干扰的能力,这样可以更好保护束参数测量电子器件。     

高能电子辐照对束测量系统的影响

在直线感应加速器束参数测量系统实验的基础上,给出了束参数测量系统的实验布局和特点,分析高能电子辐照对直线感应加速器中测量系统电子器件介电性能的影响和变化规律;进一步探讨电子器件介电性能受高能电子辐照后的抑制措施。针对电磁空间干扰情况,主要通过采用光纤传输控制信号的措施,能很好地传输窄脉冲,信号延时抖动小,达到了高速信号的可靠传输要求,利用紧凑嵌入式方法,提高了抗电磁干扰的能力,这样可以更好保护束参数测量电子器件。     

用于高能X光测量的Si-PIN阵列探测器

设计了用于高能X光测量的小面积PIN硅光电二极管线列探测器,通过理论计算和EGSnrc蒙卡软件模拟分析了Si-PIN的探测灵敏度、线性电流和时间响应。根据理论研究可知,该探测器适用于大注量率、高能轫致辐射光的空间分辨力(3 mm)和时间分辨力(8 ns)的测量。并在理论设计的基础上进行了部分实验,采用小面积PIN硅光电二极管和放大电路,在"神龙一号"直线感应加速器上进行高能X光的测量,初步得到了PIN硅光电单元的响应结果,为线列小面积PIN光电管阵列的实用设计提供优化基础。