第二讲 宇宙微波背景辐射

简单介绍了近年来关于宇宙微波背景辐射在观测上取得的重大进展,以及有关它的解释、理论和意义.宇宙微波背景是我们了解宇宙奥秘的一个至关重要的窗口.在未来几年,它还将扮演更加重要的角色.     

宇宙微波背景辐射的发现

一、Penzias和 Wilson检测到 多余的天线温度 1963年初,在美国贝尔实验室,两位年青人把一台通讯接收设备改为射电望远镜,开始了他们的射电天文学事业.一位是来自哥伦比亚大学的A.APenzias,另一位是来自加利福尼亚理工学院的R.W.Wilson.两人都是在1962年取得博士学位的. 他们原来的计划是测量银河系内高纬星系的银晕辐射[1].他们的射电望远镜由天线和辐射计组成.采用的20ft喇叭型天线是该实验室于1960年为接收从“Echo”卫星上反射回来的信号而建造的,包括一个逐渐扩展的方形波导管(喇叭)和一个扇形旋转抛物面反射器.喇叭的顶点跟抛物面…     

有关宇宙微波背景辐射的最新报告

2006年3月15日在普林斯顿大学的一个记者招待会上，WMAP^＊（威尔金森宇宙微波各向异性探测卫星）小组发布了他们关于宇宙大爆炸后辐射残留的最新报告．报告提供了首张偏振宇宙微波辐射图谱，其内容有助于了解字宙诞生10埘秒之后的情况，也使标准宇宙模型通过了目前最严格的数据检验．他们还宣称我们生活在一个扁平状的宇宙中，这个宇宙仅含有4％的常规物质，但有22％的暗物质和74％的暗能量，这些结果与宇宙标准模型相吻合．WMAP成员Lyman Page说：     

第一讲 微波背景辐射的各向异性、偏振及宇宙电离的历史

文章对微波背景辐射的各向异性、偏振及宇宙电离的历史给出了评述性介绍.从大爆炸理论的预言,到观测的发现,到其各向异性及偏振的探测,微波背景辐射（CMB）向人们揭示了丰富的宇宙学信息.文章在对基本理论作了简单介绍后,着重讲述了最新的CMB的观测结果及其物理意义.特别对微波背景各向异性探测器（Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe, WMAP）的偏振观测及其对宇宙重新电离的限制给出了较详细的叙述.     

普朗克卫星与宇宙微波背景辐射

目前对于宇宙起源的认识主要来自于热大爆炸宇宙理论。根据这一理论,在宇宙的极早期,物质以高温高密的等离子体形式存在,并且处于热平衡状态。由于大量自由电子会与光子频繁发生散射,使得光子的平均自由程很短,宇宙处于不透明的状态。     

宇宙重新加热能标对微波背景辐射效应的研究

研究了暴涨宇宙学中重新加热能标ρ_reh的不确定性对原初谱和宇宙微波背景辐射(CMB)的效应,并着重指出了在谱指数跑动大的模型中CMB观测可以给出ρ_reh一个很强的限制.     

遗迹引力波对宇宙微波背景辐射极化的影响

根据宇宙大爆炸理论的预言,宇宙经历了由暴涨阶段到辐射阶段到物质阶段再到如今的加速膨胀阶段.在辐射阶段所残留的退耦的自由光子便形成了现在人们所观测到的宇宙微波背景辐射.如果没有扰动,微波背景辐射将是各向同性的,但是在宇宙形成的初期存在各种各样的扰动,因此宇宙微波背景辐射呈现各向异性.针对由遗迹引力波对微波背景辐射极化所产生的各向异性的影响,重点讨论电场型极化和磁场型极化. 关键词： 遗迹引力波 微波背景辐射 极化各向异性     

宇宙微波背景辐射对量子卫星信道性能及纠缠储备量的影响

2016年8月16日1时40分,我国长征二号运载火箭成功将世界首颗量子科学实验卫星"墨子号"发射升空。然而,有关宇宙微波背景辐射(Cosmic Microwave Background radiation,简称CMB)对量子卫星信道通信性能及纠缠储备量影响的研究,至今尚未展开。为此,本文根据CMB辐射谱与黑体辐射谱完美的拟合特性和小尺度范围内的各向异性,得到CMB绝对温度、辐射波长和黑体辐出度的关系。针对幅值阻尼信道,建立了CMB绝对温度、黑体辐出度、辐射波长、信道平均保真度和纠缠度之间的定量关系。仿真结果表明,当CMB绝对温度为2.7K和3.0K时,黑体辐出度分别为0.03 W·μm和3.72 W·μm,量子卫星信道的平均保真度和纠缠度分别为0.64、0.43和0.41、0.12。由此可见,CMB对量子卫星信道通信性能的影响极大。因此,在实际的量子卫星通信系统中,应根据不同的CMB绝对温度,自适应调节算符纠缠的幺正操作,改变信道的纠缠储备量,使信道纠缠度维持在相对稳定的状态,降低CMB对卫星信道通信性能的影响。     

微波背景辐射谱和宇宙的结构

 2000年公布了宇宙学领域中的一项重大观测结果,这就是Ｂｏｏｍｅｒａｎｇ和Ｍａｘｉｍａ两实验组利用毫米段微波望远镜较准确地测得了宇宙微波背景辐射(ＣＭＢＲ)功率谱,特别是其第一峰。微波望远镜是一个由液氦三超低温冷却并由氮化硅微网吸收器组合的阵列辐射仪,被吊挂在巨型探测气球之下。以Ｂｏｏｍｅｒａｎｇ组为例,气球于1998年底在38千米高空沿南纬80度线绕南极一圈巡航了10天,多遍扫描了占全天空3%的南极天区,经漫长的数据处理后,直到2000年4月才公布了部分数据的处理结论。2001年,两实验组又有更精确的观测数据问世。1964年被首次观测到的ＣＭＢ     

Cosmic microwave background anisotropy constraints on relict neutrinos

I discuss basic theory of effect of the properties of the cosmological relict neutrinos on the observations of the cosmic microwave background anisotropy.     

Cosmology with cosmic microwave background anisotropy

Measurements of CMB anisotropy and, more recently, polarization have played a very important role in allowing precise determination of various parameters of the ‘standard’ cosmological model. The expectation of the paradigm of inflation and the generic prediction of the simplest realization of inflationary scenario in the early Universe have also been established — ‘acausally’ correlated initial perturbations in a flat, statistically isotropic Universe, adiabatic nature of primordial density perturbations. Direct evidence for gravitational instability mechanism for structure formation from primordial perturbations has been established. In the next decade, future experiments promise to strengthen these deductions and uncover the remaining crucial signature of inflation — the primordial gravitational wave background.     

普朗克卫星：揭开宇宙深层次的秘密

文章对宇宙微波背景辐射这一学科做了简单的介绍,并根据普朗克卫星2015年的主要宇宙学结果,重点阐述了测定宇宙学参数、测量引力透镜、测量B-模式极化及其与南极BICEP实验的关系、检验宇宙暴胀模型、检测暗能量模型,以及寻找“丢失的重子物质”等问题,并对观测宇宙学未来的发展进行了展望。     

Space-time singularities and microwave background radiation

A general relativistic space-time universe is considered together with a radiation such as the microwave background radiation. It is shown that if certain reasonable conditions are satisfied, then the presence of such a radiation would imply space-time singularities in the sense that all time-like curves will be incomplete in the past. The considerations provide an upperbound to the age of the universe, which is consistent with present data.     

Systematic distortion in cosmic microwave background maps

To minimize instrumentally the induced systematic errors, cosmic microwave background (CMB) anisotropy experiments measure temperature differences across the sky using pairs of horn antennas, temperature map is recovered from temperature difference obtained in sky survey through a map-making procedure. To inspect and calibrate residual systematic errors in the recovered temperature maps is important as most previous studies of cosmology are based on these maps. By analyzing pixel-ring coupling and latitude dependence of CMB temperatures, we find notable systematic deviation from CMB Gaussianity in released Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe (WMAP) maps. The detected deviation cannot be explained by the best-fit LCDM cosmological model at a confidence level above 99% and cannot be ignored for a precision cosmology study. Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 10533020), the National Basic Research Program of China (Grant No. 2009CB-824800), and the Directional Research Project of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (Grant No. KJCX2-YW-T03) Contributed by LI TiPei     

宇宙质心参考系

根据实际天文观测论述了膨胀着的宇宙系统的时间可以与空间分开来讨论;宇宙的空间是平直的。在宇宙质心坐标系中,由背景辐射温度、宇宙密度和宇宙半径（最远星系的距离）3个观测数据计算了宇宙这个引力系统的总能量,结果表明系统是一个引力束缚态,将来会收缩。在均匀分布的初始条件下计算了收缩过程,这是同步自由落体过程。在宇宙的膨胀过程与其收缩过程对称的假设之下,建立膨胀时间与背景辐射温度的一对一的对应关系。According to astronomical observation we point out that the time of our expanding cosmic system can be discussed separating from the space. And the space in our universe is flat. In the cosmic center-of-mass frame（CCF）, based on the temperature of CMBR, the cosmic density and the cosmic radii, the distance of the farmost galaxy, the total energy of our universe asa gravitation system has been calculated. It shows that our universe is in a gravitational bound state, and it will contract. In CCF the contracting progress is a synchronized freely falling body under initial condition of uniform distribution. Uder assumption of the symmetry of cosmic expanding and contracting progresses, th one-to-one correspondence of the expanding time to the temperature of CMBR can be obtained.     

Dark Energy with Phantom Crossing and the H0 Tension

We investigate the possibility of phantom crossing in the dark energy sector and the solution for the Hubble tension between early and late universe observations. We use robust combinations of different cosmological observations, namely the Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB), local measurement of Hubble constant (H0), Baryon Acoustic Oscillation (BAO) and SnIa for this purpose. For a combination of CMB+BAO data that is related to early universe physics, phantom crossing in the dark energy sector was confirmed at a 95% confidence level and we obtained the constraint H0=71.0−3.8+2.9 km/s/Mpc at a 68% confidence level, which is in perfect agreement with the local measurement by Riess et al. We show that constraints from different combinations of data are consistent with each other and all of them are consistent with phantom crossing in the dark energy sector. For the combination of all data considered, we obtained the constraint H0=70.25±0.78 km/s/Mpc at a 68% confidence level and the phantom crossing happening at the scale factor am=0.851−0.031+0.048 at a 68% confidence level.     

Particle physics implications of Wilkinson microwave anisotropy project measurements

We present an overview of the implications of the WMAP data for particle physics. The standard parameter set ∈, η and ξ characterising the inflaton potential can be related to the power-law indices characterising deviation of the CMB spectrum from the scale invariant form. Different classes of inflation potentials are in turn naturally associated with different unified schemes. At present WMAP does not exclude any but a few simple unified models. In particular, hybrid models favoured by supersymmetric unification continue to be viable. However future improvement in data leading to better determination of the ‘running’ of power-law indices should help to narrow the possibilities for unified models. The main conclusion is that WMAP is consistent with the paradigm of GUT scale (10¹⁶ GeV) inflation.     

Working group report: Neutrino and astroparticle physics

This is the report of neutrino and astroparticle physics working group at WHEPP-8. We present the discussions carried out during the workshop on selected topics in the above fields and also indicate progress made subsequently. The neutrino physics subgroup studied the possibilities of constraining neutrino masses, mixing and CPT violation in lepton sector from future experiments. Neutrino mass models in the context of Abelian horizontal symmetries, warped extra dimensions and in the presence of triplet Higgs were studied. Effect of threshold corrections on radiative magnification of mixing angles was investigated. The astroparticle physics subgroup focused on how various particle physics inputs affect the CMBR fluctuation spectrum, and on brane cosmology. This report also contains an introduction on how to use the publicly available code CMBFAST to calculate the CMBR fluctuations.