Comparison of c‐space and p‐space particle tracing schemes on high‐performance computers: accuracy and performance

The present paper presents a comparison of four different particle tracing schemes which were integrated into a parallel multiblock flow simulation program within the frame of a co‐visualization approach. One p‐space and three different c‐space particle tracing schemes are described in detail. With respect to application on high‐performance computers, parallelization and vectorization of the particle tracing schemes are discussed. The accuracy and the performance of the particle tracing schemes are analyzed extensively on the basis of several test cases. The accuracy with respect to an analytically prescribed and a numerically calculated velocity field is investigated, the latter in order to take the contribution of the flow solver's error to the overall error of the particle traces into account. Performance measurements on both scalar and vector computers are discussed. With respect to practical CFD applications and the required performance especially on vector computers, a newly developed, improved c‐space scheme is shown to be comparable to or better than the investigated p‐space scheme. According to accuracy the new c‐space scheme is considerably more advantageous than traditional c‐space methods. Finally, an application to a direct numerical simulation of a turbulent channel flow is presented. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

有限元瞬态响应分析软件的一种并行开发方法

瞬态响应分析是有限元动力分析的重要内容之一，而串行计算机上运行的有限元软件在解题规模和速度上都受到很大限制。为此，基于系统集成思想对串行有限元软件进行并行开发。分析得出了瞬态响应分析并行开发的重点——位移方程组的瞬态响应，给出了线性方程组并行求解的思路和实现方法。用一个实例系统的实现验证了上述开发思路，从而也为并行应用软件开发探索了一条新的途径；最后对并行求解程序进行了算例验证。     

岩质圆形隧洞围岩应力场弹塑性新解

针对动态接触问题的有限元并行计算，提出了一种新的接触算法. 新算法引入局部拉氏 乘子技术来计算接触力. 由于同时考虑了无穿透的接触约束条件和相邻接触对的相互影响， 较之广泛使用的罚参数法，新算法使接触约束条件和系统平衡方程得到更充分的满足. 虽然 为提高接触计算精度而在局部采用了迭代技术，但算法仍然具有较高的效率，且与显式时间 积分方案完全相容. 此外，通过构造专门的区域分解方案，实现了将现有为串行程序开发的 搜索算法平滑移植到并行环境的目标. 数值算例表明，所提出的接触算法具有很好的并行性， 在保证了接触问题并行计算精度的同时，取得了满意的并行效率.     

Development of a parallel computational fluid dynamics algorithm on a hypercube computer

One of the main factors limiting the widespread use of computational fluid dynamics codes for engineering design is their very large requirements both in terms of computer memory and CPU time. Distributed memory parallel computers offer both the potential for a dramatic improvement in cost/performance over conventional supercomputers and the scalability to large numbers of processors that is required if performance beyond that of current supercomputers is to be achieved. As part of an evaluation to explore the potential of such machines for computational fluid mechanics applications, a concurrent algorithm for the solution of the Navier-Stokes equations has been developed and demonstrated on a hypercube parallel computer. The algorithm is based on a domain decomposition of a well-established serial pressure correction algorithm. The algorithm is demonstrated on both a 32-node scalar and eight-node vector Intel iPSC/2 for complicated two-dimensional laminar and turbulent flow problems with different grid sizes and numbers of processors. Speed-ups relative to a single processor of 12.9 with 16 processors and 20.2 with 32 processors are achieved on a scalar iPSC/2, demonstrating the parallel efficiency of the algorithm. Measured performance on a 32-node scalar iPSC/2 exceeds one-sixth that of a Cray X-MP running the original serial algorithm. The performance of the algorithm on an eight-node vector iPSC/2 exceeds that of the larger scalar hypercube and is about one-fifth that of the Cray X-MP. With cost/performance more than 10 times better than the Cray, these results dramatically show the cost effectiveness of vector hypercubes for this class of fluid mechanics algorithm.     

基于混凝土裂纹数字图像的有限元网格生成

通过结合数字图像处理技术、边界矢量化技术与有限元网格自动生成技术,提出了基于数字图像的混凝土构件裂纹有限元分析方法。本文以混凝土裂纹为研究对象,先采用Canny算子提取裂纹边缘,对中断的边缘和伪边缘利用顺序边缘连接算法进行连接和剔除;然后,通过矢量化技术将裂纹边界拟合成小线段;最后在矢量化边界的基础上,利用自动生成技术生成裂纹结构的有限元网格,实现对裂纹区域受力情况的分析。实验结果表明:本文提出的方法可实现混凝土结构裂纹的图像监测与力学分析的一体化,能够大幅提高现役结构的评估速度和效率。     

Vectorized poisson solvers for the Navier–Stokes equations

The advent of vector and massively parallel computers offers researchers the possibility of enormous gains in execution time for scientific and engineering programs. From the numerical point of view, such programs are frequently based on the inversion of sparse, diagonally banded matrices. Conventional scalar solvers often perform poorly on vector machines due to short effective vector lengths, and thus appropriate methods must be chosen for use with vector machines. In this paper a number of commonly used solvers are tested for the Navier–Stokes equations, in both scalar and vector form, on two vector architecture machines. A new method is presented which performs well in both vector and scalar form on a range of vector architectures.     

基于真实细观结构的准脆性材料三维建模及应用初探

采用连续切片的方法获取准脆性材料的表面图像,利用数字图像处理技术检测材料的细观结构并进行矢量化。通过一种简单的变换,将每一切片矢量化的细观结构转换成单层的三维结构,然后将这些切片连续的细观结构逐层叠加,形成整个试件的三维真实细观结构,并针对准脆性材料图像的特点,编制了能够批量处理数字图像并进行细观结构矢量化的程序,建立了与有限元三维网格模型之间的数据接口,模型数据可直接导入岩石三维破裂过程分析RFPA3D系统中,研究真实细观结构对准脆性材料破坏力学行为的影响。以颗粒材料为例,分析了在单轴受压情况下的三维空间裂纹的产生及扩展过程,计算结果显示颗粒分布与界面显著影响材料的破裂模式。     

滑轮在索上滑行分析的索-轮单元法

为了分析索结构中滑轮在悬索上行走及连续长索从滑轮下绕行问题,创建了一种新的单 元. 被称为索-滑轮单元的三节点新单元模拟一段索支承滑轮,滑轮的中心取为中间节点, 索的两端点为另外两节点. 基于有限元分析的基本原理,并利用处于平衡状态时单元内力之间的关系,推导了单元的算法. 这种新单元可以通过自动调整滑轮两侧索段的长度使单元处于平衡状态,从而简化了计算. 算例证明了新单元的算法及所编制程序的正确性,同时说明了它在工程中的应用. 给出了构成刚度阵的各矩阵的显式表达式. 新单元可以直接用于常规的有限元分析中,分析处于工作状态或施工中的索结构.     

有限元程序的一种并行化算法

传统的以串行计算机为物质基础的有限元算法分析未能满足科学研究和工程技术发展的需要．并行处理技术的发展为解决此类问题提供了新的契机．机群式并行计算机是当今较为流行的一种并行处理方式．根据有限元法的特点，提出了一种并行有限元算法，并在多处理机分布式内存并行计算机环境下完成了面向对象并行有限元程序的编制．算例表明该算法能大大提高其分析速度，而且算法简单，实现方便．     

大坝混凝土三维细观力学数值模型研究

在细观结构层次上将大坝混凝土作为骨料、固化水泥砂浆及其粘结界面组成的复合材料,建立了大坝混凝土三维细观力学数值模型。该模型既能够反映混凝土及其细观各相材料在荷载作用下的损伤演化过程,又考虑了动载作用的应变率强化效应。给出了该数值模型求解方法,并编制出能够在普通PC机上运行的串行程序。加载过程既可按荷载控制又可按位移控制。同时,为了减少求解自由度应用了分尺度方法以使最小骨料和固化水泥砂浆混合后其力学性能与一种复合介质等效。通过混凝土湿筛和三级配试件的静、动(冲击)弯拉数值计算验证了本文计算方法和程序正确有效。另外,在串行程序的基础上,优化了刚度矩阵的存储方式,采用双门槛不完全Cholesky分解(ICT)预条件的共轭梯度法(CG),完成了能够在Sun Fire 6800服务器实现并行计算的并行程序改造,从而大大提高了计算效率。     

Non-linear dynamic analysis of tensegrity structures using a co-rotational method

A new formulation is presented for the non-linear dynamic analysis of space truss structures. The formulation is based on the dynamics of 3D co-rotational rods. In the co-rotation method, the rigid body modes are assumed to be separated from the total deformations at the local element level. In this paper a new co-rotational formulation is proposed based on the direct derivation of the inertia force vector and the tangent dynamic matrix. A closed-form equation is derived for the calculation of the inertia force, the tangent dynamic matrix, the mass matrix and the gyroscopic matrix. The new formulation is used to perform dynamic analysis of example tensegrity structures. The developed formulation is applicable to tensegrity structures with non-linear effects due to internal mechanisms or geometric non-linearities, and is applied to two numerical examples. The efficiency of the proposed approach is compared to the conventional Lagrangian method, and savings in computation of about 55%, 54% and 37% were achieved.     

复数矢径虚拟边界谱方法在二维空穴声辐射和散射问题中的应用

基于复数矢径虚拟边界积分法,通过将虚拟积分曲线上的未知源强密度函数用Fourier级数展开,同时借助快速数值Fourier变换计算程序,提出了一种求解二维任意形状空穴声辐射和散射问题的复数矢径虚拟边界谱方法该方法具有以下特点:(Ⅰ)不存在奇异积分处理;(2)采用复数矢径虚拟边界积分方法,不仅保证了解的唯一性,而且由于虚拟源强密度函数采用Fourier级数展开,克服了用单元离散方法不能用于较高频率范围的缺点;(3)采用快速数值Fourier变换技术使计算效率大幅度提高文中给出的计算结果表明:在求解任意形状二维空穴声辐射和散射问题上较通常采用的FEM、BEM和VBEM更为有效.     

膜材碰撞接触分析的向量式有限元法

向量式有限元是以向量力学理论为分析基础并基于点值描述来获得结构体系行为的新型分析方法。在简要介绍向量式有限元三角形膜单元基本理论的基础上,针对膜材与刚体、膜材与膜材两类碰撞接触问题,提出了碰撞检测和碰撞响应的处理方法。通过膜材质点与三角形网格面之间的单向碰撞检测方法来处理膜结构的碰撞检测问题;结合罚函数法和中央差分位移式,提出基于中央差分式的罚接触力响应方法,同时赋予罚参数的选取规则,以处理膜结构的碰撞响应问题。在此基础上编制了向量式有限元膜单元的碰撞接触分析程序,并通过算例分析验证了理论推导和编制程序的可靠性和计算稳定性,体现出向量式有限元方法进行膜材碰撞接触分析的优势。     

结构有限元分析并行处理的研究进展

在过去20年, 由于并行计算机的出现, 对结构工程应用的有限元算法研究已取得很大的进展. 为了将串行机上运行的算法改成并行和研制适应于并行计算机的新方法, 一直在进行大量的研究. 本文论述了该领域一些已有的有限元并行算法, 对适应结构工程的一些有限元并行算法进行概括. 对该领域的未来发展趋势作了展望.      

Voronoi Cell Finite Element Method for Fluid-Filled Materials

A modified Voronoi cell finite element method is proposed to allow for fluid pressure within porous materials. Traction on the hole boundary can equal the force generated by the pressure, and multiplying the Lagrange multiplier by the constraints, we derive a new function. The stiffness matrix and load vector were derived from the modified element energy functional. Numerical examples with various boundary problems were evaluated using the proposed model and compared with a conventional displacement-based finite element model. The results show that the proposed method can measure the irregular local stress on porous materials that contain randomly distributed and sized holes with specifics pressures. The proposed method significantly reduces the number of elements and nodes of the calculated porous structure.     

平面广义四节点等参元GQ4及其性能探讨

广义节点有限元是将传统有限元方法中的节点广义化,在不增加节点个数的前提下,仅通过提高广义节点的插值函数的阶次,从而达到提高有限元解精度的目的.与现有的p型和hp型有限元不同,在这种新的有限元中,节点自由度全部定义在节点处,在理论与程序实现上与传统有限元方法具有很好的相容性,传统有限元方法是这种新方法的广义节点退化为0阶时的特殊情形.文中主要讨论了这一新方法的四节点等参元（记为GQ4）的形式.对GQ4进行的各种数值试验表明,所发展的广义四节点等参单元具有精度高且无剪切自锁与体积自锁等的特点.     

Cell-vertex Based Parallel and Adaptive Explicit 3D Flow Solution on Unstructured Grids

A parallel adaptive Euler flow solution algorithm is developed for 3D applications on distributed memory computers. Significant contribution of this research is the development and implementation of a parallel grid adaptation scheme together with an explicit cell vertex-based finite volume 3D flow solver on unstructured tetrahedral grids. Parallel adaptation of grids is based on grid-regeneration philosophy by using an existing serial grid generation program. Then, a general partitioner repartitions the grid. An adaptive sensor value, which is a measure to refine or coarsen grids, is calculated considering the pressure gradients in all partitioned blocks of grids. The parallel performance of the present study was tested. Parallel computations were performed on Unix workstations and a Linux cluster using MPI communication library. The present results show that overall adaptation scheme developed in this study is applicable to any pair of a flow solver and grid generator with affordable cost. It is also proved that parallel adaptation is necessary for accurate and efficient flow solutions.     

Research on an orthogonal relationship for orthotropic elasticity

IntroductionAsymplecticsystematicmethodology[1- 3]forelasticitywasestablishedbyZhongWan_xie .Hepresentedcreativelythedualvectorsandthesymplecticorthogonalrelationshipandopenedaworkplatformparalleledtothetraditionalelasticity[4 - 9].AnewdualvectorandanewdualdifferentialmatrixLwerepresentedforasymplecticsystematicmethodologyfortwo_dimensionalelasticityandaneworthogonalrelationshipwasdiscoveredforisotropicplaneproblems[4 ]byLuoJian_hui.Theneworthogonalrelationshipisgeneralizedfororthotropicelas…     

多边形有限元研究进展

有限元法是数值求解偏微分方程边值问题的重要方法,采用不规则多边形单元网格, 可以方便有效地模拟材料的力学性能, 又使得区域网格剖分变得灵活方便. 特别是对于复杂的几何形状, 多边形单元网格具有更大的优势. 本文对国内外有关多边形有限元法的最新进展作了初步的总结和评述, 主要以基于位移法的多边形有限元为主.论述了多边形有限元的发展历史, 给出了多边形单元上的Wachspress插值、Laplace插值和重心坐标的一些最新研究成果. 与经典有限元法形函数为多项式形式不同, 多边形单元的形函数为有理函数或者无理函数形式. 多边形单元插值形函数满足线性完备性, 可以再现线性位移场, 像经典有限元法一样直接施加本质边界条件; 插值函数在多边形的边界上是线性的,确保不同单元间的自动协调. 不同单元的插值形函数表达公式形式统一, 方便混合单元网格计算的程序编写. 提出了多边形有限元法今后需要研究的问题.      

节点梯度光滑有限元配点法

配点法构造简单、计算高效,但需要用到数值离散形函数的高阶梯度,而传统有限元形函数的梯度在单元边界处通常仅具有C0连续性,因此无法直接用于配点法分析.本文通过引入有限元形函数的光滑梯度,提出了节点梯度光滑有限元配点法.首先基于广义梯度光滑方法,定义了有限元形函数在节点处的一阶光滑梯度值,然后以有限元形函数为核函数构造了有...