Vertical integration of three-phase flow equations for analysis of light hydrocarbon plume movement

A mathematical model is derived for areal flow of water and light hydrocarbon in the presence of gas at atmospheric pressure. Vertical integration of the governing three-dimensional, three-phase flow equations is performed under the assumption of local vertical equilibrium to reduce the dimensionality of the problem to two orthogonal horizontal directions. Independent variables in the coupled water and hydrocarbon areal flow equations are specified as the elevation of zero gauge hydrocarbon pressure (air-oil table) and the elevation of zero gauge water pressure (air-water table). Constitutive relations required in the areal flow model are vertically integrated fluid saturations and vertically integrated fluid conductivities as functions of air-oil and air-water table elevations. Closed-form expressions for the vertically integrated constitutive relations are derived based on a three-phase extension of the Brooks-Corey saturation-capillary pressure function. Closed-form Brooks-Corey relations are compared with numerically computed analogs based on the Van Genuchten retention function. Close agreement between the two constitutive models is observed except at low oil volumes when the Brooks-Corey model predicts lower oil volumes and transmissivities owing to the assumption of a distinct fluid entry pressure. Nonlinearity in the vertically integrated constitutive relations is much less severe than in the unintegrated relations. Reduction in dimensionality combined with diminished nonlinearity, makes the vertically integrated water and hydrocarbon model an efficient formulation for analyzing field-scale problems involving hydrocarbon spreading or recovery under conditions for which the vertical equilibrium assumption is expected to be a satisfactory approximation.     

速度分布对分层流中底部边界混合层结构的影响

对分层流中海底边界混合层发展问题提出了一个新的垂直积分模型。在这个模型里，新建立的能量方程中出现了一个表征速度大小随高度变化规律的参数，从而得出了被Ｐｏｌｌａｒｄ等人文章中应用的但被本文修正过的Ｒｉｃｈａｎｄｓｏｎ数封闭模型，对在水平乎底上的混合层成长问题，给出了分析解。从而把以往的公式都统一到本文的结果中，而且给出了以往海底边界混合层公式的理论依据与适用范围，这个结果与Ｗｅａｔｈｅｒｌｙ与Ｍａｒｔｉｎ（１９７８）用Ｍｅｌｌｏｒ与Ｙａｍａｄａ（１９７４）的高阶模型所得的数值解结果是基本一致的，并与现场实验相符。     

A Similarity Solution for Oil Lens Redistribution Including Capillary Forces and Oil Entrapment

Redistribution of a LNAPL lens (oil) at the phreatic surface is described using a multi-phase flow model, with emphasis on the effect of oil entrapment by water. The flow process is analyzed under the assumption that the vertical capillary and gravitational forces balance. Vertical integration leads to explicit functions which approximate the relations between the free oil volume per unit lateral area and the vertically averaged oil relative permeability on the one hand and the vertical position of the interface between zones with either two or three phases on the other hand. A linear relation between the trapped and free oil volume per unit lateral area approximates the vertically integrated nonlinear expression for the trapped oil saturation. The resulting differential equation admits a similarity solution describing the lateral spreading of free oil and the amount and location of trapped oil. Comparison with illustrative numerical computations, which are based on the nonreduced flow model in a two-dimensional planar or axisymmetric domain, shows that the analytical solution provides a good approximation of the free oil distribution at all later times.     

A coupled surface‐subsurface model for hydrostatic flows under saturated and variably saturated conditions

In this paper, the governing differential equations for hydrostatic surface‐subsurface flows are derived from the Richards and from the Navier‐Stokes equations. A vertically integrated continuity equation is formulated to account for both surface and subsurface flows under saturated and variable saturated conditions. Numerically, the horizontal domain is covered by an unstructured orthogonal grid that may include subgrid specifications. Along the vertical direction, a simple z‐layer discretization is adopted. Semi‐implicit finite difference equations for velocities, and a finite volume approximation for the vertically integrated continuity equation, are derived in such a fashion that, after simple manipulation, the resulting discrete pressure equation can be assembled into a single, two‐dimensional, mildly nonlinear system. This system is solved by a nested Newton‐type method, which yields simultaneously the (hydrostatic) pressure and a nonnegative fluid volume throughout the computational grid. The resulting algorithm is relatively simple, extremely efficient, and very accurate. Stability, convergence, and exact mass conservation are assured throughout also in presence of wetting and drying, in variable saturated conditions, and during flow transition through the soil interface. A few examples illustrate the model applicability and demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm.     

Boundary‐fitted non‐linear dispersive wave model for regions of arbitrary geometry

A vertically integrated non‐linear dispersive wave model is expressed in non‐orthogonal curvilinear co‐ordinate system for simulating shallow or deep water wave motions in regions of arbitrary geometry. Both dependent and independent variables are transformed so that an irregular physical domain is converted into a rectangular computational domain with contravariant velocities. Thus, the wall condition for enclosures surrounding a typical physical domain, such as a channel, port or harbor, is satisfied accurately and easily. The numerical scheme is based on staggered grid finite‐difference approximations, which result in implicit formulations for the momentum equations and semi‐explicit formulation for the continuity equation. Test cases of linear wave propagation in converging, diverging and circular channels are performed to check the reliability of model simulations against the analytical solutions. Cnoidal waves of different steepness values in a circular channel are also considered as examples to non‐linear wave propagation within curved walls. In closing, remarks concerning versatility and practical uses of the numerical model are made. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

An efficient three-dimensional semi-implicit finite element scheme for simulation of free surface flows

An efficient semi-implicit finite element model is proposed for the simulation of three-dimensional flows in stratified seas. The body of water is divided into a number of layers and the two horizontal momentum equations for each layer of water are first integrated vertically. Nine-node Lagrangian quadratic isoparametric elements are employed for spatial discretization in the horizontal domain. The time derivatives are approximated using a second-order-accurate semi-implicit time-stepping scheme. The distinguishing feature of the proposed numerical scheme is that only nodal values on the same vertical line are coupled. Two test cases for which analytic solutions are available are employed to test the proposed scheme. The test results show that the scheme is efficient and stable. A numerical experiment is also included to compare the proposed scheme with a finite difference scheme.     

THE TRANSIENT ELLIPTIC FLOW OF POWER-LAW FLUID IN FRACTAL POROUS MEDIA

1　ＴｈｅＦｌｏｗＭｏｄｅｌｏｆＰｏｗｅｒ＿ＬａｗＦｌｕｉｄｉｎＲａｄｉｃａｌＦｒａｃｔａｌＲｅｓｅｒｖｏｉｒＴｈｅｔｒａｎｓｉｅｎｔｆｌｏｗｏｆｐｏｗｅｒ＿ｌａｗｆｌｕｉｄｉｎｒａｄｉｃａｌｆｒａｃｔａｌｒｅｓｅｒｖｏｉｒｉｓｓｔｕｄｉｅｄｉｎＲｅｆ.[1 ] ,ａｎｄａｎａｌｙｔｉｃａｌｓｏｌｕｔｉｏｎｏｆＬａｐｌａｃｅｓｐａｃｅｉｓｄｅｒｉｖｅｄ .ＩｎＲｅｆ.[2 ] ,ｔｈｅｔｒａｎｓｉｅｎｔｅｌｌｉｐｔｉｃａｌｆｌｏｗｉｓｒｅｓｅａｒｃｈｅｄｏｎｍｏｄｅｌｏｆｅｘｐａｎｄｉｎｇｒｅｃｔａｎｇｌｅ .Ｔ…     

Rigid body impact with moment of rolling friction

In this paper, the impact between a rigid pendulum and rough surfaces is studied. The rolling friction moment and the coefficient of rolling friction are introduced, and an improved mathematical model of the planar impact with friction is presented. The influence of the moment of rolling friction on the energy dissipated by friction during the impact is analyzed. For a simple pendulum, using the energetic coefficient of restitution, more energy is dissipated for larger values of the coefficient of kinetic friction and contact radius, and for smaller values of the length of the beam. For a double pendulum using the kinematic coefficient of restitution, some energetically inconsistent results can be solved for some values of the coefficient of rolling friction.     

促进其线性频散特征另一种形式的Bousinesq方程

Ｂｏｕｓｉｎｅｓｑ方程能够用于模拟表面重力波传播过程中的折射、绕射、反射以及浅化，非线性作用等现象．用不同垂直积分方法所得到的二维Ｂｏｕｓｓｉｎｅｓｑ方程形式具有不同的线性频散特征．采用两个不同的水深层的水平速度变量组合，推导出一个新形式的Ｂｏｕｓｉｎｅｓｑ方程．通过对其参数的设置可得到精确的线性频散解Ｐａｄｅ近似４阶精度．其适用范围已由原来的浅水，向深水拓进．相速误差小于２％，其拓展适用范围可达到０８个波长水深．应用所得到的新型Ｂｏｕｓｉｎｅｓｑ方程，采用有限差分法，对经典工况进行了数值模拟，其计算结果表明，计算值与物模实验值吻合较好．这说明本文新形式的Ｂｏｕｓｓｉｎｅｓｑ方程对变水深非线性效应所产生的能量频散有着较为精确的描述     

THE MATHEMATICAL MODELLING OF NEAR COAST SHALLOW WATER CIRCULATION

This paper presents a finite element method to solve the shallow water circulation problem numerically. Considering the Coriolis effect, bottom friction and eddy viscosity, the continuity equation and momentum equation are integrated vertically. Using Galerkin weighted residual method, the weak variational formulation is derived for the finite element analysis. The split-time method is applied for the numerical integration instead of iteration for nonlinear terms. Moreover, an artificial smooth approach is proposed to suppress the short wavelength noise. In order to save Computer storage units, a densed storage scheme is set up, where all the zero elements in large scaled and sparse matrices are excluded.     

Immiscible displacement in vertically fractured reservoirs

A dual-porosity model is defined for saturated, two-phase, compressible, immiscible flow in a vertically fractured reservoir or aquifer. This model allows detailed simulation of the matrix-fracture interaction as well as the matrix flow itself. This is accomplished by directly coupling the matrix and fracture systems along the vertical faces of the matrix blocks, incorporating gravitational effects directly, and simulating flow inside the block. Thus fluid segregation due to gravitational effects and heterogeneities can be simulated. We show that our model can be derived via homogenization techniques. The model (in incompressible form for simplicity of exposition) is then approximated by a computationally efficient finite difference scheme. Calculations are presented to show the convergence of the scheme and to indicate the behavior of the model as a function of several parameters.     

燃气射流冲击传热特性的数值模拟

针对射流传热问题,利用基于RNGk-ε湍流模型的数值方法模拟了射流垂直冲击平板的流动过程,并与实验数据比较,验证了模型的可行性。在此基础上,以火箭喷管入口参数为入口条件,建立了超音速燃气射流垂直冲击平板和冲击浸没平板的计算模型,分析了不同冲击条件下努塞尔数分布规律和温度分布规律, 论述了超音速射流传热的特性及影响传热特性的因素。得到了冲击距离为(14~18)D的努塞尔数取值范围,并表明冲击距离和射流温度是影响传热效率的关键因素;冲击距离增加,传热效率降低,冲击平板表面的射流温度越高,传热效率越高。     

基于逆虚拟激励法的垂向轨道不平顺功率谱识别

提出一种识别轨道垂向不平顺功率谱的新方法.采用定点激励的垂向车辆-板式轨道耦合动力学模型.车辆简化为多刚体模型,板式轨道考虑为3层梁模型,并通过线性轮轨力耦合车辆模型和轨道模型.以轴箱加速度作为测量对象,采用逆虚拟激励法识别垂向轨道不平顺的功率谱,并研究了测量误差和车辆运行速度对垂向轨道不平顺的识别精度的影响.数值结果表明,本文方法能够较为准确地识别垂向轨道不平顺功率谱,为列车运行环境载荷识别与评估提供了新的途径.     

An experimental and analytical study of autoparametric resonance in a 3DOF model of cable-stayed-beam

Autoparametric interaction and the associated phenomenon of amplitude saturation are experimentally observed in a physical model of cable-and-beam structure. In this system, the horizontal beam is fixed at one end and supported at the other end by an inclined taut cable. The longitudinal axes of beam and cable are in a vertical plane. Three natural frequencies of the system are approximately of the ratio 1:1:2. This is a combination of two conditions that are very likely to occur in relatively long-span, multi-stay-cable bridges, namely, 1:1 tuning and 1:2 superharmonic tuning. While the beam is vertically excited with sufficiently large force near a primary resonance, the cable vibrates horizontally at half of excitation frequency. The beam also vibrates horizontally at half-frequency, as well as vertically. As the vertical excitation on the bean is further increased in amplitude, the vertical vibration amplitude gets saturated instead of increasing proportionately. A 3DOF analytical model of the structure is also derived, where the finite motion of the cable introduces geometric nonlinearities in quadratic and cubic forms. The system parameters having been carefully measured from the experimental model, steady-state solutions of the coupled nonlinear equations of motion are obtained, by the perturbation method of multiple time scales. Agreement between experimental observation and analytical prediction is very good, both qualitatively and quantitatively. Very good agreement is found also in the case of horizontal excitation of the beam, where effects of linear and nonlinear interaction are apparent.     

Fluid motion induced by a travelling thermal wave in a horizontal porous layer

Free convection motion induced by a travelling thermal wave in a horizontal porous layer is studied analytically assuming the validity of the Brinkman model. Under Boussinesq and long-wave approximations analytical expressions are obtained for the fluctuating and mean velocity components. The vertically averaged mean motion is highlighted.     

Nonlinear resonance in viscous films on inclined wavy planes

We study nonlinear resonance in viscous gravity-driven films flowing over undulated substrates. Numerical solution of the full, steady Navier–Stokes equations is used to follow the emergence of the first few free-surface harmonics with increasing wall amplitude, and to study their parametric dependence on film thickness, inertia and capillarity. Bistable resonance is computed for steep enough bottom undulations. As an analytic approach, we apply the integral boundary-layer method and derive an asymptotic equation valid for rather thin films. The analysis recovers the key numerical findings and provides qualitative understanding. It shows that higher harmonics are generated by a nonlinear coupling of the wall with lower-order harmonics of the free surface. It also accounts for bistable resonance, and produces a minimum model whose solution is similar to that of the Duffing oscillator.     

Analytical and numerical studies for Seiches in a closed basin with bottom friction

A standing wave oscillation in a closed basin, known as a seiche, could cause destruction when its period matches the period of another wave generated by external forces such as wind, quakes, or abrupt changes in atmospheric pressure. It is due to the resonance phenomena that allow waves to have higher amplitude and greater energy, resulting in damages around the area. One condition that might restrict the resonance from occurring is when the bottom friction is present. Therefore, a modified mathematical model based on the shallow water equations will be used in this paper to investigate resonance phenomena in closed basins and to analyze the effects of bottom friction on the phenomena. The study will be conducted for several closed basin shapes. The model will be solved analytically and numerically in order to determine the natural resonant period of the basin, which is the period that can generate a resonance. The computational scheme proposed to solve the model is developed using the staggered grid finite volume method. The numerical scheme will be validated by comparing its results with the analytical solutions. As a result of the comparison, a rather excellent compatibility between the two results is achieved. Furthermore, the impacts that the friction coefficient has on the resonance phenomena are evaluated. It is observed that in the prevention of resonances, the bottom friction provides the best performance in the rectangular type while functioning the least efficient in the triangular basin. In addition, non-linearity effect as one of other factors that provide wave restriction is also considered and studied to compare its effect with the bottom friction effect on preventing resonance.     

Nonlinear dynamics of an elastic rod with frictional impact

A model is presented for the impact with friction of a flexible body in translation and rotation. This model consists of a system of nonlinear differential equations which considers the multiple collisions as well as frictional effects at the contacting end, and allows one to predict the rigid and elastic body motion after the impact. The kinetic energy is derived by utilizing a generalized velocity field theory for elastic solids. The model uses a dry coefficient of friction and a nonlinear contact force. We introduce a finite number of vibrational modes to take into account the vibrational behavior of the body during impact. The vibrations, the multiple collisions, and the angle of incidence angle, are found to be important factors for the kinematics of frictional impact. Analytical and experimental results were compared to establish the accuracy of the model.     

结构的全过程设计优化

建立了结构生命期内的设计优化模型。根据该模型,不仅可以得到结构的最优设计－维修策略,而且可以得以结构的寿命期。对在役结构,给出当前结构的剩余承载力,模型将给出结构以后的最优维修决策。该模型的优点在于理论简单易懂,计算方便,便于实际应用。     

A dynamic model for a disc excited by vertically misaligned,rotating, frictional sliders

This paper presents a dynamic model for a disc subjected to two sliders rotating in the circumferential direction over the top and bottom surfaces of the disc. The two sliders are vertically misaligned and each is a mass-spring-damper system with friction between the slider and the disc. The moving loads produced by misaligned sliders can destabilise the whole system. Stability analysis is carried out in a simulated example. This model is meant to explain the friction mechanism for generating unstable vibration in many applications involving rotating discs.