纳米Cu2O/Ag复合材料的制备、表征和抗菌活性研究

通过溶胶-凝胶法制备了单分散性的球形纳米Cu2O,采用无还原剂的取代反应法在上面负载一层纳米Ag,制备了核壳结构的Cu2O/Ag纳米复合材料.利用透射电镜(TEM)分析了纳米Cu2O/Ag的形貌、并用X射线衍射测(XRD)X射线光电子能谱(XPS)分析了其物相组成,利用紫外-可见光谱(UV-Vis)和光致发光光谱(PL)研究了其光谱特征,用大肠杆菌和金黄色葡萄球菌作为测试菌研究Cu2O/Ag抑菌性能.结果表明,Cu2O平均直径为150 nm,表面纳米Ag粒子直径为7 nm,形成核壳结构Cu2O/Ag对大肠杆菌抑菌率为93 ;, 对金黄色葡萄球菌为95;.     

溶胶凝胶法制备CuAlO2多晶及其性能研究

本文采用溶胶凝胶(Sol-gel)法在1200℃下制备出CuAlO2多晶.使用X射线衍射(XRD)、X射线光电子能谱(XPS)、扫描电镜(SEM)、光致发光(PL)以及红外(IR)光谱分别对其物相、化学状态、微观形貌和光学性能进行了表征.XRD测试结果表明所得粉体确为铜铁矿结构的CuAlO2多晶.XPS测得Cu的价态为+1价,从而表明样品中含有Cu空位缺陷.SEM显示晶粒尺寸约为1～3 μm,与从XRD中计算的结果相吻合.通过PL测试,观测到紫外近带发射峰和Cu空位缺陷发射峰,并对CuAlO2显p型导电性的原因进行了阐释.IR光谱测试表明CuAlO2多晶对红外光具有较高的透过率.     

真空蒸发法制备ZnSe薄膜的X射线光电子能谱研究

本文用真空蒸发法制备了CIS太阳能电池中做缓冲材料的ZnSe薄膜,利用X射线光电子能谱(XPS)对制备薄膜的表面化学状态及沉积质量进行了研究,并用氩离子溅射进行剥蚀,逐层分析薄膜的化合态随深度的变化关系.XPS分析表明,ZnSe薄膜含有Zn、Se、O、C等元素,其中O、C为样品置于空气中所致,含量随剥蚀深度的加大而逐渐降低.Zn的光电子峰为Zn2p1/2和Zn2p3/2,Zn2p3/2的电子结合能为1021.90eV,对应着Zn2+的化合态,表明薄膜中zn以形式电荷为Zn2+的化合态形式存在;Se的光电子峰为Se3d,其电子结合能为54.30eV,对应着Se2-的化合态,表明薄膜中Se以形式电荷Se2-的化合态形式存在.分别经过1min、3min、7min、11min的剥蚀后,Zn和Se的光电子峰几乎没有改变,表明沉积的ZnSe薄膜表面和内部化学状态稳定一致.     

β-Ga2O3体单晶X射线光电子能谱分析

通过对导模法制备的非故意掺杂、Si掺杂β-Ga2 O3晶体和Si掺杂后退火处理的β-Ga2 O3晶体进行了X射线光电子能谱分析(XPS),对比分析不同样品的Ga3d、Ga2p、O1s特征峰位和峰强度变化,并结合文献报道中β-Ga2O3薄膜及单晶材料的报道结果,进一步确认β-Ga2 O3体单晶特征峰峰值.同时,通过对各峰强度的变化进行对比分析,对次峰产生的原因进行推测,获得Si掺杂及退火对晶体表面及晶体内部个特征峰的变化规律.     

XPS研究N-Al共掺p型ZnO薄膜的传导特性

采用螺旋波等离子体辅助射频磁控溅射技术,在α-Al2 O3衬底上制备了N-Al共掺ZnO薄膜样品.Hall测量表明室温下ZnAlO∶N薄膜为n型传导,在O2等离子体气氛中550℃退火后变为p型.p型ZnO薄膜的载流子浓度为2.1×1016 cm-3,霍尔迁移率为5 cm2/V·s.用X射线光电子能谱仪(XPS)对退火前后的ZnO薄膜进行了各元素的化学态分析.XPS结果表明,ZnAlO∶N薄膜中存在两种与N元素有关的缺陷,N原子替代O位形成的(N)o和N分子替代O位形成的(N2)o.退火后ZnAlO∶N薄膜中(N2)o缺陷减少,(N)o缺陷浓度占优导致了薄膜传导类型转变.     

采用MOCVD法在p型Si衬底上生长Zn0薄膜

采用金属有机物化学气相沉积(MOCVD)法在p型Si(100)衬底上生长未掺杂的n型ZnO薄膜.在不同的生长温度下,c轴取向ZnO薄膜被生长在Si衬底上,生长所采用的锌源为二乙基锌(DEZn),氧源为氧气(O2).通过X射线衍射(XRD)、光电子能谱(XPS)和荧光光(PL)谱研究了薄膜的结构和光学特性.研究表明温度为610℃时生长的ZnO薄膜显示最好的结构和光学特性.此外,所生长n-ZnO/p-Si异质结的I-V特性曲线都表现明显的整流特性,且反向漏电流很小.在620℃生长的异质结的漏电流相对最大,大于在其它温度下生长的异质结的漏电流.     

氩氧流量比对CeOx-SnOx膜微观结构及光学性能的影响

采用磁控反应共溅射的方法,以金属Ce和Sn为金属源,成功地制备出CeOx-SnOx薄膜.利用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、X射线衍射(XRD)、透射电子显微镜(TEM)和X射线光电子能谱(XPS)等测试手段对薄膜的结构、表面形貌及成分进行了分析和表征.结果表明薄膜以岛状模式生长,随氩氧比降低,结晶性增强,出现CeO2和SnO相.此外,利用紫外-可见分光光度计对薄膜的光学性能进行了研究,测试结果表明薄膜对紫外光有极强的吸收作用.当氩氧流量比为3∶1时,紫外光平均透过率仅为5.80;,而可见光平均透过率为81.48;.     

Cu2O薄膜的电化学沉积和生长机理研究

采用酸性醋酸铜体系,在透明导电玻璃(ITO)上恒电位沉积Cu2O薄膜,研究阴极还原Cu2O的电化学行为,利用X射线衍射(XRD)和场发射扫描电子显微镜(SEM)分析了Cu2O薄膜的微观结构和表面形貌,通过控制电沉积时间,研究Cu2O薄膜的表面形貌变化规律,讨论了Cu2O的生长机理.     

类石墨氮化碳薄膜的电化学沉积

用1:1.5的三聚氯氰和三聚氰胺的饱和乙腈溶液为沉积液,在Si(100)衬底上室温常压下电化学沉积了CNx薄膜.用X射线光电子能谱(XPS)、傅立叶转换红外光谱(FTIR)、X射线衍射图谱(XRD)对沉积的CNx薄膜进行了测试和分析.XRD的衍射峰的结构数据与文献计算的类石墨相氮化碳的结构数据较为吻合.XPS结果表明沉积的薄膜中主要元素为C、N,且N/C=0.81,C1s和N1s的结合能谱中287.84eV的碳和400.00eV的氮是样品中碳氮的主体,以C3N3杂环的形式存在.FTIR光谱中在800cm-1、1310cm-1和1610cm-1的吸收峰也表明薄膜中存在C3N3环,和XPS能谱的分析结果一致.Teter和Hemley预言的g-C3N4在结构形式上和三聚氰胺的完美脱胺缩聚物是一样的,红外光谱和X射线光电子能谱表明在样品中存在三嗪环(C3N3),支持XRD的实验结果.这说明CNx薄膜中有类石墨相的C3N4晶体存在.     

直流磁控反应溅射制备(002)择优取向AlN薄膜

采用直流磁控溅射法,Al靶直径75mm,靶基距9cm,本底真空3×10-5Pa,气体分压N2/Ar=1/3,工作气压0.2Pa,溅射功率72W,溅射时间1h,溅射过程不加热,使其自然升温,在Si(100)衬底上制备AlN薄膜.结合椭圆偏振仪、X射线衍射(XRD)、X射线光电子能谱(XPS)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、原子力显微镜(AFM)等测试手段研究了薄膜特性.结果表明,所制备的多晶AlN薄膜厚度为715nm,具有良好的(002)择优取向,其衍射峰半高宽(FWHM)为0.24°.XPS剥蚀260min后O的原子浓度降为6.24;,Al和N化学剂量比非常接近1:1.AlN薄膜晶粒大小均匀,平均尺寸为35nm左右.表面粗糙度为0.37nm,表面均方根粗糙度为0.49nm,Z轴方向最高突起约3.13nm.     

Modelling of mechanism of agglomeration of KCl crystallization

The article presents an analysis into agglomeration during KCl vacuum crystallization. The theoretical and experimental investigations into the mechanism of agglomeration during mass crystallization result in an extension of the growth phenomena within the known model equations. The basis for this is essentially constituted by the collision model concepts of the theory of floculation in disperse systems. The parameters derived from the microprocess analysis (energy dissipation, content of solids, growth rate of individual grains) lead to model equations which are confirmed by laboratory and test trials.     

Relationship of Morphological Types of Dynamic Forms of Crystals

Crystallography Reports - The relationship of morphological spectra (sets of data on the morphological types of real polyhedral crystals and their probabilities under current physicochemical...     

A review of measurement of thermophysical properties of silicon melt

Measurements of thermophysical properties of Si melt and supplementary study of X-ray scattering/diffraction by the authors' group were reviewed. The values obtained differed variously from those of literature. Density was 2–3% larger, surface tension 20–30% smaller, viscosity up to 40% larger, electrical conductivity 8% smaller, spectral emissivity more or less in good agreement with literature values, and thermal diffusivity a few percent larger. An anomalous density jump was found near the melting point. Surface tension and viscosity also showed anomaly. A strange time-dependent change of density was observed over 3 h after melting. X-ray analyses suggested a slight change in local atom ordering, but showed no sign of cluster formation. An addition of 0.1 at% gallium caused the density jump to disappear, while that of boron caused no change. An EXAFS study of the former melt indicated a strong interaction between Ga and Si atoms as if molecules of GaSi₃ existed. The implications of the measured properties are a possibility of soft-turbulence in an Si melt in a relatively large crucible, a more complicated manner of intake of oxygen depleted molten Si from the free surface region to underneath the growing crystal, and a relaxation of the melt after melting arising from trapped gas species.     

Generation of crystal structures of heteromolecular compounds by the method of discrete modeling of packings

Within the method of discrete modeling of packings, an algorithm of generation of possible crystal structures of heteromolecular compounds containing two or three molecules in the primitive unit cell, one of which has an arbitrary shape and the other (two others) has a shape close to spherical, is proposed. On the basis of this algorithm, a software package for personal computers is developed. This package has been approved for a number of compounds, investigated previously by X-ray diffraction analysis. The results of generation of structures of five compounds—four organic salts (with one or two spherical anions) and one solvate—are represented.     

Development of Pauling's concepts of geometric characteristics of atoms

The evolution of the geometric characteristics introduced by Pauling and their dependence on the specific features of the structure and chemical bonds have been considered. The values of the covalent and van der Waals radii are given as well as their relationships and mutual transitions.     

Velocities of Disappearance and Lifetime of Faces of Growing Crystals

The formulae for absolute R_disap and relative R velocities of disappearance and lifetime τ of faces of growing crystals have been derived for stationary growth. It was shown that the quantities are determined by the relative growth velocity R_A/R_critA of the vanishing face A with respect to the critical growth velocity R_critA and by the geometry of a crystal expressed by the trigonometric functions of interfacial angles β and γ formed between face A and the adjacent faces. R increases and τ decreases with the increase in R_A/R_critA to certain limiting values. The calculations have been verified and illustrated by the experimental results for triclinic potassium bichromate (KBC) crystals. Results enable ones to predict values of velocities of disappearance and lifetimes of undesirable, supplementary faces of any real crystal.     

Dependence of the parameters of equations of viscous flow on chemical composition of silicate melts

The temperature dependence of viscosity of silicate melts is discussed in the framework of the Avramov–Milchev (AM) equation. The composition is described by means of two parameters: the molar fraction, x, and the “lubricant fraction”, l. The molar fraction is the sum of the molar parts x_i of all oxides dissolved in SiO₂, the molar fraction of the latter being 1 ? x. It is shown that, with sufficient precision, two of the parameters of the AM equation can be presented as unique functions of the molar fraction. On the other hand, x is not sufficient to determine properly the reference temperature T_r , at which viscosity is η_r = 10¹³ [dPa.s]. Therefore, additional parameter, “lubricant fraction” l, is introduced. For each of the components, l_i is a product of molar part x_i and a specific dimensionless coefficient 0 ≤ k_i ≤ 1 accounting for the specific contribution of this component to the increased mobility of the system. It is demonstrated that, for l > 0, the reference temperature is related to the “lubricant fraction” l through the reference temperature T_r,SiO2 of pure SiO₂.     

Comparative analysis of two methods of calculation of the orientation of domain walls in ferroelastics

Two types of domain-wall equations are analyzed: the equations derived by the Sapriel method and the equations obtained by interface matching of the thermal-expansion tensor. It is shown that, for W-type domain walls, these methods yield the same equations. For W′-type domain walls, the equations obtained by different methods coincide for proper ferroelastics and differ for improper ferroelastics.