从建筑声学到环境声学

本文简述环境声学的发展过程以及在厅堂音质、环境噪声和噪声控制方面的新世纪展望。     

厅堂声学一百周年(1895—1994)

本文介绍自Ｗ．Ｃ．Ｓａｂｉｎｅ以来１００年厅堂声学的发展简史，包括室内声学理论，音指标与评价，声学测试方法，缩尺模型技术，计算机仿真技术及厅堂设计的发展，现状及关于今后研究方向的前瞻。     

亚运建筑声学设计中的新进展

为迎接十一届亚运盛会的召开,北京兴建了各类体育比赛和练习场馆,以及配套工程.总建筑面积达1350000m~2’,现已全部竣工,并通过验收、交付使用.本文概要介绍亚运建筑声学设计的概况和所取得的新进展.     

江浙沪建筑声学互访活动在南京举行

受江苏省声学学会和建筑学会邀请,上海市声学学会和浙江省声学学会代表团一行１０人于２００１年５月１５日－１７日在南京进行了访问和学术交流。在宁期间参观了江苏省设计院和南京大学近年来完工的紫金大剧院、江苏省艺术学院音乐厅和扬州大剧院等,举行了《剧场建筑与声学设计》学术报告会。上海现代设计集团章奎生声学研究所交流了他们近两年完成的２０余个文化建筑和体育建筑的声学设计,同济大学王季卿教授作了《古戏台建筑声学设计》学术报告,南京大学孙广荣教授、东南大学甄开源教授和柳孝图教授分别作了《音乐厅音质设计》、《檀…     

《实用建筑声学》评价

近十几年来,已经出版的有关建筑声学方面的书籍为数不少。但至今缺少一本以建筑师为主要对象、建筑工程设计程序为主导,分述各类建筑声学设计的专著。项端祈同志编著的《实用建筑声学》一书的出版(中国建筑工业出版社,1992,12,115万字)填补了这一空白。该书由著名科学家马大猷教授执笔作序,并给予很高的评价。这是我国第一部由建筑师编写、全面论述各类建筑声学设计的专著,是一本集国内外声学设计经验之大成的好书,值得推荐。     

《演艺建筑声学装修设计》简介

《演艺建筑声学装修设计》一书是由项端祈教授 和王峥、陈金京、项昆三位高级工程师合著、有关声学 装修的专著(2004年1月由机械工业出版社出版)。 该书是以内装修设计满足声学要求,使声学功能 与装修艺术融为一体为宗旨,简要阐述内装修设计必 须具备的声学基础知识、业务范围、装修设计(传统与 现代)与声学功能结合的实践活动,以及各类演艺建筑 声学装修设计的概况。     

音乐厅音质设计进展述评

本文对近年来音乐厅音质设计中若干问题的进展作一述评。（1）在已建立的众多独立音质参量基础上，如何作出大厅综合评价，就需要考虑到它们的互动性和贡献权，方法学将成为关键。（2）空间感已确认由声源视在展宽度ASW和听者环绕感LEV组成，对于影响两者的诸多复杂因素有了较深入研究，这声场中的细节又将如何与大厅设计相联系亦备受关注。（3）听众及座椅吸声这个老问题有了新的研究成果，对于空、满场的声学关系已积累了更多资料，使大厅音质的估算更为精确可靠。（4）常说扩散对大厅音质很重要，但其主观效应仍然处于玄虚状态，一些新的主观试听实验结果还不足以说明问题。     

北京七色光儿童艺术剧院的声学设计

北京七色光儿童艺术剧院是一个以演出儿童话剧为主，同时还可以进行歌舞、音乐等其他文艺形式的演出的多功能剧场，该剧院形式活泼，音质良好。本文从音质和噪声控制的几个方面对其声学设计进行了介绍。     

环境噪声学进展

本文简要地回顾了30年来中国环境噪声学的发展，并从飞机噪声、地面运输噪声、环境噪声影响与评价以及工业噪声控制四个方面介绍了近年来环境噪声学的进展。     

人工神经网络在建筑声学中的应用

本文对人工神经网络的历史作了简单回顾，并对它在建筑声学领域中的应用状况作了阐述，同时提出了有待进一步探讨的若干问题。     

时域有限差分法在建筑声学中的应用及前景

介绍了声波方程的基本差分格式及稳定条件、数值色散、吸收边界条件等数值计算理论，例举了前人用时域有限差分法对噪声传播过程的模拟和室内声学中座椅吸声低谷效应模拟的模拟结果。本文指出，由于时域有限差分法的特点使其具有在模拟脉冲响应方而的特别优势，因而，应用这一技术研究厅堂的声学特性，尤其是低频特性，将有重要意义。     

水下噪声及其控制技术进展和展望

本文主要介绍近年来船舶行业水下噪声研究进展情况，包括水下噪声形成机理和预报；水下噪声控制技术；水下噪声近代测量分析技术，并提出对水下噪声研究工作的展望。     

语言声学与内容理解研究进展

本文对语言声学与内容理解研究的最新进展进行综述。首先介绍人类的言语的产生、感知以及声学分析方面的进展,接着分别介绍采用计算机来对语音中的各种信息进行抽取(包括语音、说话人和语种识别)和内容分析与理解(包括文档内容分析和理解与对话)的最新成果,最后对语言声学与内容理解的研究进行了总结和展望。     

Assessment model of classroom acoustics criteria for enhancing speech intelligibility and learning quality

In this paper, a new classroom acoustics assessment model (CAAM) based on analytic hierarchy process (AHP) for enhancing speech intelligibility and learning quality is proposed. The model is based on five main criteria that affect the learning process and related to classrooms acoustical properties. These include classroom specifications, noise sources inside and outside the classroom, teaching style, and vocal effort. The priority and weights of these major criteria along with their alternatives are identified using the views of students, staff, education consultants, and expertise by using a developed questionnaire, and the AHP methodology. This model can be considered as a helpful framework enabling universities decision makers to take effective decisions on classroom acoustics treatment issues. It also provides colleges’ higher authorities the suitable guidelines that help for determining necessary requirements that help to raise the quality and efficiency of the educational environment; in order to reach an excellent learning environment; and hence increasing students learning outcomes.     

墨粉灌装车间噪声测试分析与控制

本文应用峰值频率声压级对比方法并结合相干分析技术对某墨粉灌装车间主噪声源进行了诊断，分析了声源特性，在此基础上提出了经济合理的治理措施，实施后取得了满意的结果，车间噪声达到了相应的国家标准。     

A comparative study of different numerical models for predicting train noise in high-rise cities

Large-scale outdoor field measurements were carried out on a residential building to assess the noise levels caused by pass-by trains that run on a nearby viaduct. The experimental results were compared with different schemes for predicting noise from trains. The octave band sound power levels of the train passing by, which are required as input parameters for the Nordic prediction method for train noise (NMT), CSTB 92 and ISO 9613-2 provided in the Mithra software, were determined by an inversion method. The method of calculation of railway noise (CRN) from the UK gives the best agreement with the measured results. The NMT prediction scheme also provides a good prediction of the general trend of the experimental data, but it always overestimates the measured noise levels. As far as the quantitative agreement with experimental data is concerned, the CSTB 92 and ISO 9613-2 prediction schemes are comparatively less satisfactory.     

Investigating the acoustics of a sample of open plan and enclosed Kindergarten classrooms in Australia

Open plan classrooms, where several class bases share the same space, have recently re-emerged in Australian primary schools. This study compared the acoustics of four different Kindergarten classrooms: an enclosed classroom with 25 students, a double classroom with 44 students, a linear fully open plan triple classroom with 91 students, and a semi-open plan K-6 classroom with 205 students. Ambient noise levels, intrusive noise levels, occupied background noise levels, and teacher’s speech levels were recorded during different activities. Room impulse responses using logarithmic sweeps were also recorded for different teaching scenarios. From these recordings, signal-to-noise ratios, speech transmission index scores, and reverberation times were calculated. The results revealed much higher intrusive noise levels in the two largest open plan classrooms, resulting in signal-to-noise ratios and speech transmission index scores to be well below those recommended in classrooms with students of this age. Additionally, occupied background noise levels in all classrooms were well above recommended levels. These results suggest noise in classrooms needs to be better controlled, and open plan classrooms are unlikely to be appropriate learning environments for young children due to their high intrusive noise levels. The impact of noise on children’s learning and teacher’s vocal health are discussed.