Diagnostics of nanodisperse polycrystals based on the polarization bremsstrahlung of relativistic electrons

The spectra of polarization bremsstrahlung are measured in the backscattering geometry during the interaction of 7-MeV electrons with a polycrystalline Ni foil. Measurement is conducted under conditions such that the size of the region of coherent X-ray radiation scattering in a target is on the order of 10 nm. The obtained results make it possible to suggest that using polarization bremsstrahlung as a new method for the diagnostics of the atomic structures of nanodisperse polycrystals is effective.     

Cavity design and linear analysis of 225 GHz frequency-quadrupling gyroklystron

This paper considers the frequency-quadrupling three-cavity gyroklystrons with successive frequency-doubling in each cavity. The cavities of 225~GHz frequency-quadrupling gyroklystron are designed with the scattering matrices method and the possible operating mode are discussed. With the point-gap theory, the starting currents of the possible operating modes and the potential parasitic modes in the output cavity are calculated. The optimal operating mode is proposed under consideration of the mode competition and the power capacity of the cavity.     

共焦腔增强的空气拉曼散射

拉曼光谱是一种无损、快速的物质成分分析和检测方法.由于拉曼信号强度微弱,使得拉曼光谱的检测应用受到极大的限制.针对增强拉曼散射信号强度、提高检测灵敏度这一问题,设计了一种用于自发拉曼散射信号增强的共焦腔样品池,开展了基于该共焦腔的空气拉曼散射信号增强研究.共焦腔的腔镜反射率为92%,这一设计在保证共焦腔通带宽度与激光器线宽匹配的同时能有效地降低共振调节难度.实验中采用0°探测构型收集拉曼信号,并由成像式拉曼光谱仪获取光谱信号.实验发现,在共振状态下,共焦腔的耦合效率达到87.5%,单向激光功率实现约11倍放大;与无共振腔相比,共焦腔对拉曼信号实现17倍放大,信噪比提高2倍.此外,空气中CO_2的3σ检测限达到200 ppm量级.结果表明,该系统对自发拉曼散射信号增强效果显著,并且有较高的检测灵敏度.     

Effective scattering area of complex-shaped metallic cavities with a radio-absorbing coating

We simulate the scattering of electromagnetic waves by a two-dimensional complex-shaped cavity, using the method of integral equations. The angular dependence of the monostatic effective scattering area (ESA) of a cavity with and without a radio-absorbing coating is calculated. The possible ways of reducing ESA for different positions of the absorbing coating in the cavity are analyzed. Translated from Izvestiya Vysshikh Uchebnykh Zavedenii, Radiofizika, Vol. 42, No. 6, pp. 561–565, February 1999.     

随机耦合模型中损耗因子的分析与获取

随机耦合模型(RCM)是研究电磁脉冲干扰下波混沌系统中感应电压统计预测的新方法,其中波混沌腔体损耗因子的获取是这种方法使用的关键。从随机耦合模型理论出发,分析了损耗因子对腔体阻抗随频率变化特性的影响,探讨了不同损耗因子下归一化阻抗矩阵的统计特性,提出了使用腔体散射阻抗与辐射阻抗的比值作对照,以快速获取腔体损耗因子的新方法。     

Reconstruction of object location for diffuse fluorescence tomography on the basis of hybrid models of light scattering in biotissues

We propose a new method for reconstructing the spatial distribution of fluorophore in a highly scattering object from its images obtained by the method of diffuse fluorescence tomography. This method is intended for diagnostics of the fluorophore-marked tumors and is based on the algebraic-reconstruction principle combined with a new theoretical model and simulation of light propagation in randomly scattering media, such as biotissues, by the Monte Carlo method. The model experiments show that for 18-mm thick objects, the developed method allows one to determine location of the geometric center of a fluorescent inhomogeneity and its transverse and longitudinal dimensions with accuracies of up to 0.5 and 1.5 mm, respectively.     

基于固体腔扫描法布里-珀罗干涉仪的大气温度绝对探测方法研究

大气温度是描述大气状态的重要基本特征参量之一.目前,基于Rayleigh散射的大气温度探测方法多应用于大气温度的相对探测,即温度反演时需要响应函数和校准程序.本文提出了利用固体腔扫描式法布里-珀罗干涉仪进行大气Rayleigh散射谱型的精细探测方法和残余米散射信号的抑制方法.根据Rayleigh散射谱特点,针对固体腔扫描式法布里-珀罗干涉仪的自由光谱区、固体腔几何长度、腔体介质类型、半高全宽、腔体反射率、扫描间隔等参数进行了优化设计.利用优化参数的固体腔扫描式法布里-珀罗干涉仪获取Rayleigh散射谱上离散点信息,并采用多项式插值方法获得拟合谱型,与根据标准大气模型和S6模型获得的理论谱型进行比对,大气温度探测不确定度小于0.8 K.当信噪比为10时,白天与夜晚的探测距离分别为4.5和7.9 km.该方法可实现大气温度廓线的全天时和高精度绝对探测,并对同类高光谱激光雷达分光系统研究具有借鉴意义,为我国高光谱激光雷达陆基及星载应用提供了一套可行的分光系统解决方案.     

Temperature measurement by single-shot dual-line CARS in low-pressure flows

A CARS method, adapted for diagnostics in low-pressure unsteady flows is described. The technique employs two narrow-band dye lasers and a single-frequency pump laser. Single-shot rotational temperature is obtained from the ratio of the intensities of two isolated Q lines. Temperature-measurement accuracy is discussed. The advantage of referencing the CARS signals from the flow in a cell filled with the same gas is shown. Demonstrative experiments are performed using N₂ at pressures of 10²–10³ Pa.     

Analysis of gas dispersed in scattering media

Monitoring of free gas embedded in scattering media, such as wood, fruits, and synthetic materials, is demonstrated by use of diode laser spectroscopy combined with sensitive modulation techniques. Gas detection is made possible by the contrast of the narrow absorptive feature of the free-gas molecules with the slow wavelength dependence of the absorption and scattering cross sections in solids and liquids. An absorption sensitivity of 2.5 x 10(-4), corresponding to a 1.25-mm air column, is demonstrated by measurements of dispersed molecular oxygen. These techniques open up new possibilities for characterization and diagnostics, including internal gas pressure and gas-exchange assessment, in organic and synthetic materials.     

气体激光器中的类透镜效应分析

本文讨论了类负透镜介质一般曲面镜光学谐振腔,并用来分析气体激光器中的热透镜效应。对平凹腔连续波二氧化碳激光器进行了模式分析。结果表明,热透镜效应对输出功率和频率特性影响相当大,对基模输出激光器的影响最为突出。最后,简单地讨论了离子气体激光器和某些其它激光器中的可能热透镜效应。     

Coherent light scattering spectroscopy for supersonic flow measurements

A unified discussion on coherent light scattering spectroscopy and its spectral dependence on molecular gas velocity, temperature and density is presented. The feasibility of using coherent Raman spectroscopy techniques for nonintrusive measurements of supersonic flow parameters is demonstrated and recent laboratory as well as wind tunnel experiments are reviewed. In addition, the advantages of using coherent Rayleigh-Brillouin spectroscopy for measuring high pressure flows are discussed.     

Measurement of gas flow parameters in the vicinity of bodies with the front stalling zone

Problems associated with the development of a new method for the diagnostics of gas flows, which is suitable for ballistic experiments, are considered. The method is based of shock wave sensing of the flow under investigation. Various methods are proposed for introducing sensing perturbations into the flow. These methods are used for measuring the parameters of a gas streamlining flying vehicles with the front stalling zone.     

Diffuse surface calibration method to improve accuracy and dynamic range of aerosol elastic light scattering measurements

A new method to calibrate detectors for elastic light scattering (ELS) measurement based on diffuse scattering from a Lambertian surface is presented. The method produces a calibration signal that is approximately seven orders of magnitude larger than a propane gas Rayleigh scattering calibration. The method also allows for calibration of detectors such as photodiodes, which are not sensitive enough to detect Rayleigh scattering for calibration but possess characteristics desirable for the measurement of soot ELS. Since the method is only suitable for backward scattering calibrations, transfer of calibration data from a backward- to a forward-oriented detector is accomplished with a secondary laser and integrating sphere. In demonstration experiments, calibration constants for photomultiplier tube (PMT) detectors obtained using both Rayleigh scattering and diffuse surface scattering agreed within experimental uncertainties as did measurements of in-flame scattering coefficients obtained with PMTs and photodiodes. However, achievable uncertainties with the diffuse-surface calibration approach were significantly reduced. More importantly, by enabling the use of photodiode detectors in ELS measurements, the new method facilitates operation at higher photon fluxes resulting in improved signal-to-noise ratios, reduced influence of photon shot noise, and the ability to achieve higher dynamic range in transient measurements.     

高光谱分辨率激光雷达鉴频器的设计与分析

提出了利用Fabry-Perot干涉仪的反射场实现高光谱分辨率激光雷达精细探测大气光学参量的新方法和思路.设计了高光谱分辨率的分光系统,并分析了干涉仪反射场的光谱透过特征曲线.结合高光谱激光雷达探测信号特征,讨论分析了谱分离比和瑞利信号透过率随反射率和腔长的变化曲线,同时结合误差传递公式,建立了仿真分析模型,讨论了回波光束发散角和入射角变化对激光雷达探测结果的影响.结果表明,所提出的Fabry-Perot干涉仪反射场可以实现高光谱分辨率激光雷达探测系统的精细分光,同时探测结果误差随回波光束发散角变化不敏感,控制发散角在10 mrad以内,入射角在1.5 mrad以内时,可以实现气溶胶光学参数廓线的高精度探测.     

空腔靶激光能量沉积的数值模拟

本文采用随机模拟方法和几何光学追踪方法。研究了不同条件下空腔靶中的激光传播光路:采用线性收缩假设,考虑了激光入射时注入孔的堵口问题 激光在等离子体中吸收的物理机制,包括了逆韧致吸收和共振吸收,还考虑了反向布里渊散射对吸收的影响。在此基础上,改变靶的不同尺寸,计算了不同激光入射条件下激光能量在腔内的沉积,并对一些计算结果进行了讨论     

Two transparent boundary conditions for the electromagnetic scattering from two-dimensional overfilled cavities

We consider electromagnetic scattering from two-dimensional (2D) overfilled cavities embedded in an infinite ground plane. The unbounded computational domain is truncated to a bounded one by using a transparent boundary condition (TBC) proposed on a semi-ellipse. For overfilled rectangular cavities with homogeneous media, another TBC is introduced on the cavity apertures, which produces a smaller computational domain. The existence and uniqueness of the solutions of the variational formulations for the transverse magnetic and transverse electric polarizations are established. In the exterior domain, the 2D scattering problem is solved in the elliptic coordinate system using the Mathieu functions. In the interior domain, the problem is solved by a finite element method. Numerical experiments show the efficiency and accuracy of the new boundary conditions.     

A Modified Helmholtz Equation with Impedance Boundary Conditions

Here considered is the problem of transient electromagnetic scattering from overfilled cavities embedded in an impedance ground plane. An artificial boundary condition is introduced on a semicircle enclosing the cavity that couples the fields from the infinite exterior domain to those fields inside. A Green's function solution is obtained for the exterior domain, while the interior problem is solved using finite element method. Well-posedness of the associated variational formulation is achieved and convergence and stability of the numerical scheme are confirmed. Numerical experiments show the accuracy and robustness of the method.     

Diagnostics of density fluctuations by enhanced scattering with frequency-tunable microwave sources

The enhanced scattering diagnostics method based on the scattering of microwaves close to the upper hybrid resonance in the plasma has a high sensitivity and spatial resolution and makes it possible to observe the plasma density fluctuations with characteristic scale-lengths much smaller than the wavelength of the probing radiation in vacuum. Good spatial resolution for spatial positioning of the scattering volume by fast tuning of the source frequency ±5% around the reference frequency in the range 100–300 GHz at high power makes this diagnostic method particularly suitable for fluctuation and high energy particle measurements in tokamak plasmas with relatively flat density and temperature profiles.     

Scattering of molecular beams from surfaces

Molecular beam scattering from surfaces offers a unique method for studying elementary gas-solid collisions. Recent technological advances have made it possible to study elastic and inelastic scattering from clean surfaces characterized by LEED and Auger spectroscopy. These experiments have provided information on surface structures, with and without adsorbed gases, on the gas-surface interaction potential, and on inelastic collisions involving phonon annihilation and creation. These recent measurements are reviewed and discussed in terms of the latest theoretical work.     

Cavity enhanced cw stimulated Brillouin scattering in a fused silica plate

We have observed cavity enhanced stimulated Brillouin scattering (SBS) in a high finesse optical ring resonator. Brillouin scattering occurs in a fused silica plate placed in the focus of the light beam inside the cavity. The frequency spacing of the Brillouin scattered wave relative to the incident beam at 23.5 GHz has a linewidth of less than 500 Hz. In preliminary experiments we extracted a scattered optical power of 25 mW from the resonator. Possible applications are discussed.