La0.8Sr0.2Ga0.8Mg0.2O3与La0.8Sr0.2Ga0.8Mg0.15Co0.05O3电导的对比

采用固相合成法制备了La0.8Sr0.2Ga0.8Mg0.2O3(LSGM8282)和La0.8Sr0.2Ga0.8Mg0.15Co0.05O3 (LSGMC5), 利用四电极交流阻抗法和Hebb-Wagner 极化法对比研究了两种材料的总电导率和电子电导率. 实验结果表明, LSGM8282 的总电导率与氧分压无明显依赖关系, 而LSGMC5 的总电导率在高氧分压区随氧分压降低而增加,在中等氧分压区域基本保持不变. 在973-1173 K的温度范围内, LSGM8282的自由电子电导率以及电子空穴电导率的氧分压级数分别为-1/4和1/4.在1073-1173 K的温度范围内, LSGMC5的自由电子电导率以及电子空穴电导率的氧分压级数分别为-1/4和约为1/8, 表明LSGMC5的空穴产生机制可能与LSGM8282不同. LSGM8282 的氧离子电导率与氧分压无关, 而LSGMC5 的氧离子电导率在高氧分压区随氧分压的减小而增加.     

溶液电导率的绝对测量方法

概括论述了三种溶液电导率绝对测量方法：基于精确测量电导池几何参数的测量方法、基于电容测量的溶液电导率测量方法和基于Van Der Pauw方法的溶液电导率测量方法。前一种方法用于许多国家的溶液电导率基准测量,后两种方法可发展为溶液电导率测量的基;住方法。     

高分子阴离子电导的研究

制备了含Ｉ＾－榻解质薄膜,用阻抗谱法测量了样品的Ｉ＾－电导率,分析了样品的频响特性曲线,用Ｗａｇｎｅｒ直流极化法测量了样品的电子电导。实验发现,此阴离子导体几乎和相应的含Ｎａ＾＋有相同的离子电导率,且随着碘含量的增加, 率增大。离子电导实验结果表明,在此阴离子导体中,电子电导占总电导率的９％,而空穴的导导率比电子电导率小１￣２个数量级。     

偶联剂原位改性SiO2提高PEO/LiClO4/SiO2电导率

偶联剂原位改性SiO2提高PEO/LiClO4/SiO2电导率;PEO;聚合物电解质;偶联剂;SiO2;电导率     

离子液体[Cnpy][NTf2] (n=2, 4, 5)的动力粘度和电导率

在298.15-338.15 K和283.15-338.15 K温度范围内,分别测量了N-烷基吡啶双三氟甲磺酸亚胺(烷基链分别为:乙基、丁基、戊基)三种疏水型离子液体的动力粘度和电导率.利用Arrhenius 方程和Fulcher 方程将测量的动力粘度和电导率对温度拟合,得到了动力粘度和电导率随温度变化方程式.从电导率和密度计算出了上述三种离子液体在283.15-338.15 K温度范围内的摩尔电导率.应用Walden 规则,描述了动力粘度与摩尔电导率之间的关系.     

轻质油料电导率仪检定方法研究

叙述轻质油料电导率仪的检定原理及检定方法。采用高阻结合标准物质的方法解决了轻质油料电导率仪无法检定的问题。     

溴碘化银T-颗粒晶体中的电子和空穴行为研究

利用Wagner极化法研究了掺杂K₄[Fe(CN)₆]浅电子陷阱掺杂剂的溴碘化银T 颗粒晶体的电子电导率和空穴电导率,并与未掺杂的晶体样品进行对比,分别考察了实验温度、掺杂剂用量、掺杂位置等因素对实验结果的影响.结果表明,随掺杂剂用量的增加,晶体的电子电导率和空穴电导率都相应增加,这说明浅电子陷阱掺杂剂的掺杂有效地抑制了电子和空穴的复合.但其抑制作用却因掺杂位置的不同而不同,当掺杂量一定,掺杂剂掺在碘区附近时,晶体的电子电导率和空穴电导率的变化较明显.随着实验温度的增加,乳剂晶体的电子电导率和空穴电导率都下降.     

油脂氧化安定性几种分析方法的比较

主要论述碘值法、过氧化值法、折光率法、电导率法等几种油脂氧化安定性的分析方法在85℃下不同的效果 ,以及电导率法在75℃至120℃的效果。结果表明85℃时的碘值变化不规则 ,过氧化值变化幅度非常小,折光率基本不变 ,而电导率则有一个规律性的明显突变 ,这代表了油脂氧化诱导期的结束 ;进一步对电导率法进行一系列的温度试验,证明当氧化温度不高于90℃时,电导率会产生突变点。若氧化温度高于90℃则电导率无突变 ,且油脂短时间内会有聚合物生成 ,所以,电导率法适用的温度范围是低于90℃。     

氢氧化铁溶胶电泳实验再探索

主要报道溶胶纯化程度及辅助液电导率对溶胶ζ-电势的影响。实验结果表明以氯化钾水溶液为辅助液,胶体渗析至电导率小于200μ/(Ω·cm)时,可获得较好的测量结果。     

pbtca对硫酸钡结晶动力学的影响

硫酸钡;电导率;动力学;pbtca;阻垢     

The growth of crystals in solution

The crystallization of sparingly soluble salts from their aqueous supersaturated solutions is discussed from the standpoint of two important applications; scale formation and biological mineralization. Theories of crystal growth are outlined and the importance of kinetic factors in determining the nature of the growing phases is discussed. The kinetic factors can be studied by using a highly reproducible seeded growth technique and under certain conditions secondary nucleation can also be induced on the surface of the inoculating seed crystals. The kinetics of crystallization of the alkaline earth surfaces and the calcium phosphates is discussed. In the latter systems, temperature, supersaturation, surface concentration, pH, ionic strength and the presence of foreign ions are important in determining the nature of the phase which grows on the added seed crystals. The mechanism of the retardation of crystal growth by added crystallization inhibitors is illustrated by the influence of organic phosphonate molecules upon the precipitation of calcium carbonate.     

Investigation of scale inhibition mechanisms based on the effect of scale inhibitor on calcium carbonate crystal forms

To probe the scale inhibition mechanisms,calcium carbonate scale occurring before and after the ad- dition of scale inhibitors was collected.The results from scale SEM confirm that,without scale inhibitor, calcium carbonate scale shows rhombohedron and hexagon,which are the characteristic feathers of calcite.After addition of inhibitors,morphology of scale is changed,and the more efficient the scale inhibitor is,the more greatly the morphology is modified.To elucidate the scale constitute,they were further analyzed by FT-IR,XRD.Besides calcite,vaterite and aragonite occur in calcium carbonate scale after addition of inhibitors,and the higher scale inhibition efficiency is,the more vaterite presents in scale.It can be concluded that the alteration of morphology is ascribed to the change of crystal form. There are three stages in the crystallizing process including occurrence and disappearing of unstable phase,occurrence and disappearing of metastable phase,development of stable phase.Without scale inhibitors,metastable phases usually transform into stable phase,thus the main constitute of formed scale is calcite.When scale inhibitors are added,both formation and transformation of metastable phases are inhibited,which results in the occurrence of aragonite and vaterite.From the fact that more vaterite presents in scale with a more efficient scale inhibitor added,we can see that the function of scale inhibitor is realized mainly by controlling the crystallizing process at the second stage.     

Supersaturation control in aragonite synthesis using sparingly soluble calcium sulfate as reactants

Sparingly soluble calcium salts were studied as reactants in the synthesis of needle-like precipitated calcium carbonate (PCC). The morphology and aspect ratio of the PCC particles were characterized with SEM. Polymorphs and crystal size were characterized using X-ray diffraction. The counterions of the sparingly soluble salts influenced the growth kinetics of PCC as well as the polymorphism and morphology of product particles. Either chrysanthemum-like or needle-like aragonite can be synthesized from calcium sulfate and sodium carbonate depending on the supersaturation and synthesis conditions. Low concentration and slow addition rate of sodium carbonate solution were favorable to the formation of aragonite. Addition of sodium sulfate to the reaction system (calcium chloride and sodium carbonate) promoted the formation of aragonite and decreased the crystal size of aragonite due to the decrease of supersaturation and adsorption of sulfate ion. Too much added sodium sulfate, however, did not further increase the aragonite fraction. An optimal temperature for the formation of aragonite was found to be ca. 60 degrees C. Slow dissolution kinetics of sparingly dissoluble salt also is very important for controlling PCC polymorphism and morphology.     

Estimation of the Scale Deposits Near Wellbore via Software in the Presence of Inhibitors

In this study, computer software was used in order to estimate the scaling tendency of the commingling of two incompatible waters existed in Egyptian oil reservoirs of Gulf of Suez area. The chemical analyses of the two incompatible waters (injection and formation waters) have been used as input data to the computer simulator. The reservoirs characterized by a temperature of 90–127°C, and salinity of 100,000–230,000 ppm. The scaling results for the commingling of both injection and formation water at reservoir temperatures and pressures are recorded. The results of theoretical software and laboratory jar-testing were compared. It was found that mixing of the injection water and formation water may lead to calcium carbonate and barium sulphate scaling at 40% formation water in absence of scale inhibitor. Two types of commercial scale inhibitors (AII and SII) were evaluated using both jar test method and National Association of Corrosion engineers standard test methods. The results showed the mastery of AII over the commercial inhibitor SII in preventing of both scales.     

Crystal growth of aragonite and calcite in presence of citric acid, DTPA, EDTA and pyromellitic acid

The influence of four calcium complexing substances, i.e., citric acid (CIT), diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid (DTPA), ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) and pyromellitic acid (PMA), on the crystal growth rate of the calcium carbonate polymorphs aragonite and calcite has been studied. Using a seeded constant supersaturation method supersaturation was maintained at 4 by keeping a constant pH of 8.5 through addition of sodium carbonate and calcium chloride solutions. The unique composition of each solution was calculated using chemical speciation. The growth rate was interpreted in terms of an overall growth rate. For both calcite and aragonite, the crystal growth rate is significantly reduced in the presence of the calcium complexing substances. The growth retarding effect depends on both the concentration and the polymorph. The relative crystal growth rate was correlated to the total complexing agent concentration using a Langmuir adsorption approach. Aragonite appeared fully covered for lower total concentrations than calcite. Furthermore, CIT very efficiently blocked aragonite growth contrary to what was observed for calcite. This is thought to be related to certain distinct features of the dominant aragonite crystal faces compared to the dominant calcite faces.     

不同阻垢剂对硫酸钙结晶生长诱导期影响的动力学探讨

阻滞作用;聚丙烯酸;马丙共聚物;不同阻垢剂对硫酸钙结晶生长诱导期影响的动力学探讨     

The Application of Ammonium Hydroxide and Sodium Hydroxide for Reagent Softening of Water

The calcium carbonate crystallization from aqueous solutions in the presence of alkali additives such as sodium hydroxide and ammonium hydroxide has been researched. It is found CaCO₃ crystallizes predominantly in the modification of aragonite in the presence of ammonium hydroxide. The calcium carbonate formation rate in an alkaline medium and the gaseous reaction products due to sorption of gas bubbles on crystal surfaces, affect the aragonite structure formation. It is shown use of ammonium hydroxide for water treatment can solve two urgent tasks such as water softening and exclusion sediment of deposits on the equipment surfaces by a calcium carbonate crystallization in the form of aragonite.     

Kinetics of the crystallization of barium chromate

Summary The kinetics of the crystallization of barium chromate have been studied conductometrically at 298 K for both spontaneous and seeded growth systems. The rate of growth follows a quadratic dependence upon the relative supersaturation which suggests a surface-controlled growth mechanism. This rate equation holds fairly well for the various supersaturation and solid/solution ratios used. The presence of seeds in the solution appears to accelerate the growth rate. Analysis of the calculated induction times in unseeded systems corroborates the surface-controlled growth mechanism. The effect of some additives on the kinetics of growth has also been studied. The retarding effect of these inhibitors is interpreted in terms of adsorption of inhibitor ions at the active crystal growth sites.Dedicated to the memory of ProfessorE. N. Rizkalla who passed away on November 29, 1993     

Heterogeneous nucleation and growth of calcium carbonate on calcite and quartz

The precipitation of calcium carbonate as a binding salt for the consolidation of loose sand formations is a promising approach. The heterogeneous nucleation and growth of calcite were investigated in supersaturated solutions. The ionic activities in the solutions tested were selected so that they included both supersaturations in which crystal growth took place only following the introduction of seed particles and supersaturations in which precipitation occurred spontaneously past the lapse of induction times. In the latter case the supersaturation conditions were sufficiently low to allow the measurement of induction times preceding the onset of precipitation. The stability domain of the calcium carbonate system was established at pH 8.50, 25 degrees C, measuring the induction times in the range between 30 min and 2 h. The rates of precipitation following the destabilization of the solutions were measured from the pH and/or concentration-time profiles. The induction times were inversely proportional and rates proportional to the solution supersaturation as expected. The high-order dependence of the rates of precipitation on the solution supersaturation suggested a polynuclear growth mechanism. Fitting of the induction time-supersaturation data according to this model yielded a value of 64 mJ/m2 for the surface energy of the calcite nucleus. In the concentration domain corresponding to stable supersaturated solutions, seeded growth experiments at constant supersaturation showed a second-order dependence on the rates of crystal growth of calcite seed crystals. Inoculation of the stable supersaturated solutions with quartz seed crystals failed to induce nucleation. Raising supersaturation to reach the unstable domain showed interesting features: calcite seed crystals yielded crystal growth kinetics compatible with the polynuclear growth model, without any induction time. The presence of quartz seed crystals reduced the induction times and resulted in nucleation in the bulk solution. The kinetic data in the latter case were consistent with the polynuclear growth model and the surface energy for the newly forming embryo was calculated equal to 31.1 mJ/m2, because of the dominantly heterogeneous nature of the process.     

Calcium Carbonate Scale Formation in Pipes: Effect of Flow Rates,Temperature, and Malic Acid as Additives on the Mass and Morphology of the Scale

It is well recognized that calcium carbonates (CaCO₃) is one of the main components of scale that is commonly encountered in chemical and related industries. The calcium carbonate scale often grows extensively on equipment and parts, causing major operational difficulties. This paper presents experiments on calcium carbonate scale formation and control in a piping system where the scale-forming solution flowed in a laminar manner: 30, 40, and 50 mL/min, respectively. Other parameters evaluated were: solution temperature (25, 30 and 40 °C), and concentrations of malic acid (C₄H₆O₅) added as impurities (3.00 and 5.00 ppm). The scale-forming solution was made by mixing equimolar solutions of CaCl2 and Na2CO3, respectively. The scale formation process was monitored by measuring the conductivity of the solution coming out of the piping system. It was found that in all experiments, conductivity decreased abruptly after a certain induction period, during which time the conductivity remained steady. The induction period varied from 17 min to 34 min, which means that the scale starts forming 17 min to 34 min after the mixing of the solution. Higher flow rates resulted in more calcium carbonate scale mass, which indicate that the fluid flow enhances the scale formation. Similarly, increasing the temperature of the solution (25, 30, and 40 °C) resulted in the increase of the scale mass. Overall, higher malic acid concentrations resulted in longer induction time and less scale mass. Depending on the temperature and the malic acid concentration tested, the reduction in scale mass could be ≥ 200%. This drastic reduction in scale mass suggests that malic acid could be an effective anti-scalant for calcium carbonate scale. SEM imaging and its associated EDS analysis confirmed that the scale formed corresponds to that of calcite (CaCO3). The X-ray diffraction analysis of the scale showed that the scale consisted of crystalline matter which corresponds to the powder diffraction data for calcium carbonate. The addition of malic acid in trace amounts (0.00 to 5.00 ppm) was able to alter the morphology of the scale crystals, indicating the preference adsorption of malic acid on specific crystal surface.