探测器对超音速刚性盘-缝-带型降落伞系统的影响

研究了流体初始马赫数为 2.0 时, 探测器的存在与否对刚性盘-缝-带型降落伞系统气动减速性能以及流场流体结构特性的影响. 对于非定常可压缩流体的数值模拟, 流场采用了三层块结构自适应网格加密技术, 配合混合形式的TCD (tuned center difference)和WENO (weighted essentially non-oscillatory)计算格式以及基于拉伸涡亚格子模型的大涡模拟方法来处理超音速流中的激波以及大尺度湍流旋涡结构等. 结果表明: 无探测器时, 降落伞系统的流场结构稳定, 扰动较小; 有探测器存在时, 探测器后端的湍流尾迹和伞衣内部逆向运动溢出的流体与伞衣前端的弓形激波周期性的相互作用, 使得激波位置发生前移、激波倾角变小, 伞衣内部流场难以达到平衡稳定状态. 这加剧了降落伞系统的气动阻力振荡脉动变化, 降低了降落伞系统气动阻力系数, 同时也使得降落伞系统流场尾迹结构更加复杂.      

翼面气动外形对栅格翼减阻的影响

从节约空间的角度考虑,带一定弧度的翼面有利于栅格翼在弹体上的安装.通过风洞实验研究了两种不同安装方式的弧形翼面栅格翼的气动特性,并和翼面无弧度的栅格翼进行比较.结果显示,弧形翼面的栅格翼阻力系数均小于翼面无弧度的栅格翼,升阻比除跨音速阶段外比后者表现更好,同时对一种前缘后掠的栅格翼模型进行了数值计算,比较研究结果显示,对栅格翼的迎风面栅格进行一定角度的后掠能有效减小超音速阶段的波阻,是一种栅格翼减阻设计的新思路.     

非结构隐式方法在空心弹丸流场模拟中的应用

采用非结构网格的LU-SGS隐式算法计算三维Euler方程,数值模拟了不同马赫数以及不同攻角下某空心弹丸绕流流场,分析了流场的波系结构及其升阻力特性,计算结果表明空心弹丸的阻力系数比同口径的普通弹丸的阻力系数大约小30％,空心弹丸的阻力系数以及升力系数随攻角的变化规律与普通弹丸一致．     

非结构混合网格在气动热标模模拟中的应用

非结构混合网格消除了结构网格节点的结构性限制,可以较好地处理边界,同时兼顾了粘性边界层模拟的需求,具有灵活性大、对复杂外形适应能力强和生成耗时短等优点,在飞行器气动特性模拟中得到广泛应用.本文针对非结构混合网格的特点,把前期针对非结构混合网格气动力高精度模拟发展改进的梯度计算方法和Roe格式熵修正方法推广应用到气动热流的数值模拟.以典型钝锥标模外形的高超声速绕流为研究对象,开展了不同网格形式和第一层网格不同间距的影响研究.结果 表明,热流计算时,头部物面网格最好采用四边形或四边形交叉剖分得到的三角形网格,物面法向的网格雷诺数取20左右,为热流计算时非结构混合网格的生成提供了指导,同时验证了计算方法的有效性和可靠性.     

非结构隐式LU-SGS方法在空心弹丸流场数值模拟中的应用

采用非结构网格的LU-SGS隐式算法计算三维Euler方程，数值模拟了不同 马赫数以及不同攻角下某空心弹丸绕流流场，分析了流场的波系结构及其升阻力特性，计算 结果表明空心弹丸的阻力系数比同口径的普通弹丸的阻力系数大约小30{\%}，空心弹丸的 阻力系数以及升力系数随攻角的变化规律与普通弹丸一致.     

用基于M-SST模型的DES数值模拟喷流流场

脱体涡数值模拟方法(dettached eddy simulation,DES)是把雷诺平均Navier-Stokes方程(RANS)方法及大涡模拟方法(LES)结合起来模拟有脱体涡的湍流流场的数值模拟方法,其主要思想是在物面附近解雷诺平均Navier-Stokes方程、在其他区域采用Smagorinski大涡模拟方法。本文在剪切应力传输(SST)湍流模型的基础上用DES及混合非结构网格数值模拟具有横向喷流的湍流流场,算法采用Osher逆风格式,利用该套程序(包括网格生成及算法),对导弹在不同马赫数下的喷流流场进行了数值模拟,并与同时开展的实验研究的结果进行了对比,结果表明用该方法处理这类问题是较准确的。     

乘波体前体/进气道一体化设计研究

为了研究乘波体几何外形参数和飞行参数对前体/进气道一体化设计的影响,采用理论分析和数值模拟相结合的方法,以马赫数Ma=6和攻角α=0为设计状态、进气道总压恢复系数和前体阻力系数为目标函数,对乘波体前体/进气道进行了优化设计,并在此基础上研究了攻角、马赫数、前缘半径、前体宽度对气动参数的影响。结果表明:该乘波体前体/进气道构型具有良好的攻角特性,总压恢复系数比基准构型提高17.79%,阻力系数比基准构型降低78.5%,符合高超声速飞行器高升力、低阻力的要求,且非常适合小攻角高超声速巡航飞行;为了得到较高升阻比的前体,在前缘半径R≤2mm的范围内进行流场反设计时,可以将设计马赫数的取值比预期低一些。     

飞行器跨声速气动弹性数值分析

将流体和结构运动方程分别构造为含子迭代的计算格式,发展了一种紧耦合气动弹性分析方法.其中流体计算的空间离散采用改进的HLLEW(Harten—Lax-van Leer-Einfeldt-Wada)格式. TFI(transfinite inter- polation)方法用于生成随结构变形的自适应多块动网格.利用所发展的方法,对-翼-身-尾气动外形,数值预测了马赫数在0.3-1.3范围内的气动颤振边界.并详细研究了时间步长、子迭代步数、初始流场、耦合方法、疏密网格对颤振计算结果的影响.     

侧向多喷口干扰复杂流动数值模拟研究

采用具有高分辨率的NND格式,通过数值求解N-S方程对典型外形多喷口侧向喷流复杂干扰流动进行了数值模拟. 为了提高计算效率,采用了LU-SGS隐式算法. 采用分块对接网格技术,生成高质量的贴体计算网格,精确模拟喷口截面. 对比分析了不同计算格式、限制器形式、网格拓扑及流动形态(层流与湍流)对喷流干扰流场结构和压力分布特性的影响,研究和分析了喷口附近流场的涡系结构、波系结构和喷流干扰引起的气动力特性. 在上述研究的基础上,针对典型飞行器外形的侧向喷流干扰特性进行了详细的数值模拟,得到了喷口参数(喷口位置、数目等)及来流条件对喷流干扰流场结构、气动力特性的影响规律,并对其流动机理进行了相应的分析. 研究表明,发展的针对多喷口侧喷干扰的数值计算方法是成功的,可以应用于飞行器侧向喷流干扰的流场结构分析及气动力特性数值预测.      

轴对称再入舱模型气动热特性数值模拟研究

应用基于块结构网格的有限体积求解方法,对热化学非平衡环境下轴对称再入舱模型的气动热特性进行了数值模拟。控制方程为带化学反应的多组元轴对称N-S方程,空间离散采用VanLeer迎风格式,时间推进为隐式LU-SGS格式;采用7组元7化学反应模型及Park双温模型模拟再入流场的热化学非平衡效应。对Hollis MP-1模型的气动热特性进行了数值模拟,分别就网格效应、湍流模型、流场的热力学性质对流场的气动力、热环境的影响进行了深入研究。研究结果表明:SST模型与k-w1998模型能更准确地计算再入流场热流峰值的位置与大小;在再入舱模型的局部区域,采用热力学非平衡模型计算的物面压强与热流结果要明显低于热力学平衡模型的结果。     

Numerical diffusion for flow‐aligned unstructured grids with application to estuarine modeling

The benefits of unstructured grids in hydrodynamic models are well understood but in many cases lead to greater numerical diffusion compared with methods available on structured grids. The flexible nature of unstructured grids, however, allows for the orientation of the grid to align locally with the dominant flow direction and thus decrease numerical diffusion. We investigate the relationship between grid alignment and diffusive errors in the context of scalar transport in a triangular, unstructured, 3‐D hydrodynamic code. Analytical results are presented for the 2‐D anisotropic numerical diffusion tensor and verified against idealized simulations. Results from two physically realistic estuarine simulations, differing only in grid alignment, show significant changes in gradients of salinity. Changes in scalar gradients are reflective of reduced numerical diffusion interacting with the complex 3‐D structure of the transporting flow. We also describe a method for utilizing flow fields from an unaligned grid to generate a flow‐aligned grid with minimal supervision. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

A Conservative Interface Algorithm for Moving Chimera )Overlapped) Grids

A fully conservative zonal interface algorithm for overlapped (Chimera) grid has been extended to handle moving body flows. To ensure flow conservation, the motion of the computational grid needs to be taken into account. Several new issues arising from moving and deforming grids, e.g., vanishing and new-born cell problems, are addressed with a cell-merging-unmerging technique. The grid velocities are determined in a way which satisfies free-stream preserving (the Geometric Conservation Laws)The flow solver is based on a fully implicit, cell-centered finite volume discretization with MUSCL reconstruction and Roe's approximate Riemann solver. The interface algorithm is first validated by tackling the case of supersonic flow over a cylinder. Then several moving body flow problems are simulated using the current approach to demonstrate its capabilities.     

两级分块结构化网格在SK型静态混合器中的应用

给出一种适用于SK型静态混合器流场数值模拟的两级分块结构化网格划分方案和分块圆弧区点的极坐标方程。与常用的非结构四面体网格划分对比,两种方法划分网格数量相近时,两级分块结构化网格达到的迭代精度高于非结构化网格一个等级,而非结构化网格收敛所用时间约为结构化网格收敛所用时间的1.25倍;运用控制体积容积变化值对两种方法划分网格进行质量评估,结构化网格划分方法接近99%网格质量指标在1.0~2.0范围内,而非结构化网格仅接近60%网格质量指标在1.0~2.0范围内。通过实验测量对两种方法划分网格数值模拟结果进行对比验证,结构化网格计算结果与实验值更为接近,表明其可行性和准确性均优于非结构四面体网格划分。     

Calculation of cell face velocity of non-staggered grid system

In this paper,the cell face velocities in the discretization of the continuity equation,the momentum equation,and the scalar equation of a non-staggered grid system are calculated and discussed.Both the momentum interpolation and the linear interpolation are adopted to evaluate the coefficients in the discretized momentum and scalar equations.Their performances are compared.When the linear interpolation is used to calculate the coefficients,the mass residual term in the coefficients must be dropped to maintain the accuracy and convergence rate of the solution.     

一种新的准结构网格生成方法

在有限元分析中,高质量的结构网格可以有效地提高有限元分析的精度,但结构网格的几何适应性差,针对复杂边界的二维计算模型,现有的方法很难自动生成高质量的结构网格;而非结构网格几何适应性很好,但存在计算效率低和精度差等问题。提出了一种新的准结构网格生成方法,能够实现复杂区域的网格自动生成并且具有高网格质量。该方法首先对计算区域运用Delaunay三角剖分技术生成粗背景网格;然后利用背景网格,使用优化的Voronoi图生成过渡的蜂巢网格;最后,通过中心圆方法对蜂巢网格单元进行结构网格剖分。分析NACA0012翼型数值模拟结果表明,提出的新准结构网格生成方法能够对边界复杂的模型自动生成高质量的网格,并且通过三种不同拓扑类型网格计算结果相互对比及与实验结果对比,证明准结构网格具有高计算精度。     

A simple grid generation method

This paper presents a simple grid generation method which adopts the uni-directional interpolation idea but only interpolates one co-ordinate between two opposite boundaries. The use of this new scheme showed that (a) it is convenient to use; and (b) compared with the built-in grid generator of certain commercial computational fluid dynamics (CFD) code, it saves time significantly. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

基于Voronoi cells的二维不规则自适应网格的生成及其应用

基于Voronoi cells的数据结构和算法，给出了一种二维不规则自适应网格的生成方法，用VisualC＋＋语言在微机上开发了Windows环境下网格自动生成的可视化软件。既可以得到Voronoi cells网格，也可得到相应的Delaunay triangles网格，网格生成的实例表明，本文方法所得到的网格非常适合于多尺度系统的流动问题的计算，具有较好的应用前景。     

A fast nested multi‐grid viscous flow solver for adaptive Cartesian/Quad grids

A nested multi‐grid solution algorithm has been developed for an adaptive Cartesian/Quad grid viscous flow solver. Body‐fitted adaptive Quad (quadrilateral) grids are generated around solid bodies through ‘surface extrusion’. The Quad grids are then overlapped with an adaptive Cartesian grid. Quadtree data structures are employed to record both the Quad and Cartesian grids. The Cartesian grid is generated through recursive sub‐division of a single root, whereas the Quad grids start from multiple roots—a forest of Quadtrees, representing the coarsest possible Quad grids. Cell‐cutting is performed at the Cartesian/Quad grid interface to merge the Cartesian and Quad grids into a single unstructured grid with arbitrary cell topologies (i.e., arbitrary polygons). Because of the hierarchical nature of the data structure, many levels of coarse grids have already been built in. The coarsening of the unstructured grid is based on the Quadtree data structure through reverse tree traversal. Issues arising from grid coarsening are discussed and solutions are developed. The flow solver is based on a cell‐centered finite volume discretization, Roe's flux splitting, a least‐squares linear reconstruction, and a differentiable limiter developed by Venkatakrishnan in a modified form. A local time stepping scheme is used to handle very small cut cells produced in cell‐cutting. Several cycling strategies, such as the saw‐tooth, W‐ and V‐cycles, have been studies. The V‐cycle has been found to be the most efficient. In general, the multi‐grid solution algorithm has been shown to greatly speed up convergence to steady state—by one to two orders. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Computation of viscous incompressible flow using pressure correction method on unstructured Chimera grid

In this paper, a pressure correction algorithm for computing incompressible flows is modified and implemented on unstructured Chimera grid. Schwarz method is used to couple the solutions of different sub-domains. A new interpolation to ensure consistency between primary variables and auxiliary variables is proposed. Other important issues such as global mass conservation and order of accuracy in the interpolations are also discussed. Two numerical simulations are successfully performed. They include one steady case, the lid-driven cavity and one unsteady case, the flow around a circular cylinder. The results demonstrate a very good performance of the proposed scheme on unstructured Chimera grids. It prevents the decoupling of pressure field in the overlapping region and requires only little modification to the existing unstructured Navier–Stokes (NS) solver. The numerical experiments show the reliability and potential of this method in applying to practical problems.     

Control functions and grid qualities measurements in the elliptic grid generation around arbitrary surfaces

This paper describes the three‐dimensional elliptic grid generation. The two‐dimensional approach for the control functions obtained by modifying the Thomas–Middlecoff method is applied on the planes perpendicular to the main flow direction co‐ordinate, which is assumed to be the function of only one corresponding co‐ordinate in the computational domain. The grid orthogonality is improved by about 40 per cent compared with that of the algebraic initial grid. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.