Response studies of the mechanism of o-xylene oxidation over a vanadium-titanium oxide catalyst

A response method has been used to study the mechanism of o-xylene oxidation over a vanadium-titanium oxide catalyst. The products of partial and destructive oxidation are shown to be formed under the influence of molecular oxygen on the surface intermediates produced by the interaction between o-xylene and oxidized surface sites.

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- . , , - .

     

Mechanism of action of sulfur-containing complexes in oxidation processes

A mechanism of the inhibiting action of Cu(II), Ni(II), Pb(II), Zn bis(N, N-dialkyldithiocarbamates) and Cu(II) bis (-thiopicolineanilides) in the AIBN initiated oxidation of ethylbenzene, styrene and nonene-1 is proposed. Inhibition is due to the deactivation of free radicals upon interaction with the chelate active center consisting of a metal with coordinated ligand atoms. As supported by the experimental data, the reaction occurs by an electron transfer mechanism.

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-(N,N-) Cu(II), Ni(II), Pb(II), Zn -(-) Cu(II) , -1. . . .

     

Surface acidity and isomerization activity of different types of aluminas

The effect of different preparation methods of the aluminium hydroxide on the surface properties of alumina has been investigated. The alumina prepared from aluminium chloride was found to be the most acidic. Four times lower was the acidity of one alumina sample prepared by thermal decomposition. A satisfactory correlation has been found between the total acidity (H₀3.3) and the conversion of cyclohexene to methylcyclopentenes.

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. , , . . , , . (H₀3,3) .

     

Solid-gas reactions: Study of sulphation of limestone using thermogravimetry

Comparative data are presented on the absorption rate and capacity for SO₂ capture by a natural Polish limestone with and without sodium chloride additive. Two sets of experiments were carried out, under dry and wet conditions during limestone calcination and sulphation.The presence of water vapour brought about a higher reactivity of the sorbent, probably as a result of an effect on the sintering of lime and through the influence of the CaSO₄ layer. Further morphological investigations could provide confirmation of the present hypothesis.

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Zusammenfassung Absorptionsgeschwindigkeit und -kapazität für SO₂ an einem polnischen Kalkstein mit oder ohne NaCl-Zusatz werden verglichen. Zwei Reihen von Experimenten wurden in trockener bzw. wasserdampfhaltiger Atmosphäre bei der Calcination und Sulfatbildung durchgeführt. In Gegenwart von Wasserdampf wird die Reaktivität des Absorbens infolge Sinterung des Kalks und trotz des Einflusses der CaSO₄-Schicht erhöht. Künftige morphologische Untersuchungen sollen diese Hypothese eventuel bestätigen.

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. . , , . .

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The author would like to thank Prof. E. M. Bulewicz of this Institute for valuable discussions, and Mr. W. Balcerowiak for making available the facilities of the Laboratory of the Institute of Heavy Organic Synthesis in Kdzierzyn-Kole.     

The role of lattice and adsorbed oxygen in the oxidation of n-butene-1 and furan with MnMoO4-based catalysts

In this paper the adsorption properties towards oxygen and the catalytic oxidation properties of furan and n-butene-1 on a MnMoO₄-based catalyst have been compared. Different forms of adsorbed oxygen are responsible either for the oxidation of furan to maleic anhydride or of furane and n-butene-1 to carbon oxides.

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--q MnMoO₄. , --1 .

     

Effect of the central metal ion on the inhibiting properties of metal dithiocarbamates in oxidation processes

The dependence of inhibiting properties of M(dtc) on M for the complexes of M(II) and n M(III) has been studied. Inhibition is due to the interaction of M(dtc)_n with RO₂.

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M(dtc)_n M M(II) M(III). M(dtc)_n RO₂.

     

Gel-immobilized catalytic systems for propylene dimerization containing organophosphorus ligands

Catalytic dimerization of propylene in the presence of macromolecular nickel complexes containing organophosphorus ligands has been studied. It has been established that the substitution of alkoxy groups of phosphorus atoms in the polymeric ligands does not affect the dimer composition but permits, within certain limits, to control catalyst activity.

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, . , , .

     

Cyclohexane photooxygenation by air oxygen in CH2Cl2 in the presence of chromium oxocomplex-iodosylbenzene system

Cyclohexane is oxidized by air oxygen in CH₂Cl₂ solution to yield cyclohexanol, cyclohexanone and cyclohexyl chloride when irradiated by light (>310 nm) in the presence of (Bu₄N)₂CrO₄ or (Bu₃SnO)₂CrO₂. The addition of PhIO greatly accelerates the reaction and increases the yield of products. The reaction mixture contains neither cyclohexanol nor cyclohexanone when the photoreaction in the presence of the Cr(VI)–PhIO system is carried out in argon atmosphere. Hence neither iodosylbenzene nor oxochromium compounds can be oxygen atom donors in alkane oxygenation. The accelerating effect of iodosylbenzene may be due to the enhanced oxidizing power of photo-excited oxochromium species when coordinated to iodosylbenzene.

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CH₂Cl₂ , , (>310 ) (Bu₄N)₂CrO₄ (Bu₃SnO)₂CrO₂. PhIO . Cr(VI)–PhIO , , . , ( ) . .

     

A study of thermal decomposition of the solid-layered fluorocarbon,poly(carbon monofluoride)

Isothermal-thermogravimetric analyses were used to obtain kinetic data on the CF_x decomposition. Weight of samplevs. time curves were obtained for compounds having stoichiometries CF_0,61, CF_0.96, CF_1.08, and CF_1.12 for several different temperatures over the range 450–650° and in both a nitrogen atmosphere and in vacuum. A small percentage of fluorine in the atmosphere was shown to strongly inhibit thermal decomposition.These experimental results were fit to various theoretical models and it was found that a satisfactory fit was obtained by use of the Avrami equation, -In(1–)=(kt)ⁿ, where is the extent of reaction,k is an apparent rate constant, andn is an apparent reaction order. The valuen=2.0 was indicated which corresponds to planar growth of the decomposed phase.This information was combined with analytical data for the gaseous and solid products of decomposition to formulate a detailed mechanism.

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Zusammenfassung Isotherm-thermogravimetrische Analysen wurden durchgeführt um kinetische Daten über die Zersetzung von CF_x zu erhalten. Probengewicht-Zeit-Kurven wurden für Verbindungen mit stöchiometrischen Verhältnissen von CF_0.61, CF_0.96, CF_1.08 und CF_1.12 bei verschiedenen Temperaturen im Bereich von 450° bis 650°, in Stickstoff sowie im Vakuum aufgenommen. Ein geringer Prozentsatz an Fluor in der Atmosphäre wirkte stark inhibierend auf die thermische Zersetzung.Diese Versuchsergebnisse wurden verschiedenen theoretischen Modellen angepasst und es wurde gezeigt, dass mit Hilfe der Avrami-Gleichung -In (1–)=(kt)ⁿ eine befriedigende Anpassung möglich ist, wobei =Ausmaß der Reaktion, k=scheinbare Geschwindigkeitskonstante undn=scheinbare Reaktionsordnung ist. Der angedeutete Wertn=2.0 entspricht einer planaren Zunahme der zersetzten Phasen.Diese Information wurde mit analytischen Daten der gasförmungen und festen Zersetzungsprodukte kombiniert um einen Mechanismus in allen Einzelheiten zu formulieren.

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Résumé La TG isotherme a été utilisée pour obtenir des données cinétiques sur la décomposition de CF_x. Les courbes donnant le poids de l'échantillon en fonction du temps ont été energistrées à différentes températures, entre 450 et 650°, en atmosphère d'azote et sous vide, sur des composés de composition CF_0.61, CF_0.96 et CF_1.08. Un faible pourcentage de fluor dans l'atmosphèere s'est avéré inhiber considérablement la décomposition thermique.Ces résultats expérimentaux ont été confrontés à divers modèles mathématiques. On a trouvé un ajustement satisfaisant à l'aide de l'équation d'Avrami, -In (1–)=(kt)ⁿ, où es l'avancement de la réaction,k une constante de vitesse apparente etn un ordre de réaction apparent. La valeurn=2.0 correspond à une croissance dans le plan de la phase décomposée.Cette information a été combinée avec des données analytiques sur les produits de décomposition gazeux et solides, afin de formuler un mécanisme détaillé.

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- CF_x. — CF_0.61, CF_0.96, CF_1.08 F_1.12 450°–650°, , . . , -1(1–)= (kt)ⁿ, — , k — , n — . n=2, . , .

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Abstracted in part from the Ph. D. thesis of Peter Kamarchik, Jr. Rice University, Houston, Texas, May, 1976.

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This work was supported financially by the National Science Foundation, the U.S. Army Research Office (Durham), the National Aeronautics and Space Administration, and the Robert A. Welch Foundation. Liquid helium was provided under a grant from the Office of Naval Research.     

Microcalorimetric studies of slag alkaline binders

Calorimetric measurements were carried out on the hydration of slag activated by sodium hydroxide, sodium carbonate and water glass at 60 °C. The results can be correlated with the mechanical properties of the cured cements. The studies confirmed the applicability of calorimetry in the testing of activators used in concrete technology.

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Zusammenfassung Die Hydratation von Schlacke bei 60 °C und Aktivierung mit Natriumhydroxid, Natriumcarbonat oder Wasserglas wurde durch kalorimetrische Messungen verfolgt. Die Ergebnisse lassen sich mit den mechanischen Eigenschaften der erhärteten Zemente korrelieren. Die Untersuchungen bestätigen die Brauchbarkeit der kalorimetrischen Methode zum Testen von Aktivatoren in der Betontechnologie.

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, 60° , . . , - .

     

Determination of the strength of Lewis acid centers via IR spectroscopic measurement of adsorbed pyridine

According to high-temperature IR spectroscopic studies, the isosteric heats of pyridine adsorption on the Lewis centers of Al₂ O₃, ZrO₂ and zeolite HNaY have been estimated. The dependence between the frequency _8a (1580–1630 cm^–1) and the adsorption heat is shown to take place only for centers formed by cations of the same metal.

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, - HNaY. , _8a (1580–1630 cm^–1) , - .

     

Characterization of the interaction of CO and H2 at the ZnO surface by adsorption microcalorimetry

CO and H₂ are both chemisorbed by ZnO but H₂ is more sensitive than CO to the surroundings of adsorption sites. When the two gases are coadsorbed, a strong interaction occurs, ascribed to the formation of a possible precursor in methanol synthesis.

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CO H₂ ZnO, H₂ , , CO. , , .

     

Chemical reaction and phase transformations of the components of low temperature shift catalyst in various atmospheres

The systems CuO–Al₂O₃ and ZnO–Al₂O₃, as model systems of low temperature shift catalysts, have been studied in the temperature interval 100–700°C. The changes of their phase composition and surface area, influenced by gas atmosphere have been studied by X-ray, IR analysis and low temperature nitrogen adsorption.

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CuO–Al₂O₃ ZnO–Al₂O₃ CO 100–700°C. , - .

     

Creep compliance measurements by thermomechanical analysis—Parallel plate rheometry (TMA-PPR)

A method is described for measurement of creep compliance and apparent viscosity of thermoplastic materials above their glass transition temperatures. The method utilizes a standard thermomechanical analyzer (TMA) with minor modifications. Small samples in the shape of a flat-ended cylinder are compressed isothermally between parallel plates consisting of a special probe and the base of the sample platform. Previously derived physical relationships and experimental restraints are employed. Results are reported for a polystyrene standard and an electrophotographic toner at several temperatures. Standard time-temperature superposition techniques were used to construct creep compliance master curves for the toner. It is demonstrated that TMA is ideally suited for this type of measurement.

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Zusammenfassung Eine Methode zur Messung der Kriechnachgiebigkeit und der scheinbaren Viskosität von thermoplastischen materialien oberhalb deren Glasumwandlungstemperaturen wird beschrieben. Es wurde ein thermomechanischer Standardanalyzer (TMA) mit geringfügigen Abänderungen benutzt. Kleine Proben in Form eines Zylinders mit ebenen Enden werden zwischen einer speziellen Sonde und der Basis der Probenplatte isotherm gepreßt. Vorausgehend abgeleitete physikalische Beziehungen und experimentelle Einschränkungen werden berücksichtigt. Ergebnisse werden für einen Polystyrolstandard und einen elektrophotographischen Toner und verschiedene Temperaturen angegeben. Standard-Techniken der Zeit-Temperatur-Überlagerung werden herangezogen, um Kriechnachgiebigkeitskurven für den Toner zu konstruieren. Es wird gezeigt, daß TMA für diesen Typ von Messungen ideal geeignet ist.

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. (). , . . . — . , .

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Presented at the 7th ICTA in Kingston, Ontario, Canada.

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Its is a pleasure to acknowledge Dr. Thor Smith of IBM Research for his guidance and many helpful discussions. Mel Astrahan, an exceptional summer student, deserves credit for many of the creep compliance measurements and for the computer program.     

Kinetics of product formation in the initial phase of oxidative degradation of pentaerythritol tetraacetate

The kinetics of formation of acetic acid, methanol, methyl acetate and hydroperoxide in the autoxidation (463–503 K) and initiated oxidation (413 K) of pentaerythritol tetraacetate has been studied. A scheme for product formation is proposed.

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, , (463–503 ) (413 ) . .

     

Gas phase thermolysis of cyclohexyl thiol

The pyrolysis of cyclohexyl thiol has been studied in a static system at subambient pressures in the temperature range 420–497°C. It is proposed that in the presence of a large excess of cyclohexene the mechanism is a radical non-chain process.

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, , 420–497°C. , .

     

How is an acceptable Nomenclature system achieved?

The philosophy and procedure adopted by the Nomenclature Committee of the International Confederation for Thermal Analysis are briefly outlined with illustrative examples taken from the contents of the two reports so far prepared.

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Zusammenfassung Prinzipien und Verfahrungsweise der Problembehandlung in dem Ausschuß für Nomenklatur der Internationalen Conföderation für Thermische Analyse werden erörtert, illustriert durch Beispiele [die zwei kürzlich entworfenen Referaten des Ausschusses entnommen wurden.

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Résumé On indique les principes dui ont guidé les travaux du Comité Nomenclature de l'ICTA et la préparation de deux rapports.

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, .

     

Effect of radial distribution functions and poisson reparatition of reactants on the analysis of reactions involving long distance energy transfer

Starting from a uniform distribution and knowing the space dependent rate constant, it is possible to express the fluorescence quenching effect. In the case of long distance energy transfer (Forster), we show that the introduction of radial distribution functions and of non-uniform repartition of quenchers has only small effects on the kinetics of such reactions.

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. (Forster) , .