聚苯硫醚／石墨基双极板复合材料性能的研究

以聚苯硫醚树脂和人造石墨为原料一次模压成型制备双极板复合材料.研究了模压成型过程中加压时机、冷却方式及人造石墨原料对复合材料电导率和弯曲强度的影响.结果表明,制备聚苯硫醚/石墨基双极板材料宜选用石墨化程度较高且结构密实的石墨粉料;采用保温后加压及空气中冷却方式制备的复合材料的综合性能较优.     

Ag修饰氟化二氧化钛的制备及光催化性能研究

以硫酸钛为钛源、氟化氢为氟源、氨水为沉淀剂,通过简单沉淀法制备了氟化二氧化钛(F-TiO2).并用超声的方法将Ag沉积在氟化二氧化钛表面制得Ag沉积的氟化二氧化钛(Ag-F-TiO2).通过场发射扫描电镜(FESEM)、X射线衍射仪(XRD)、比表面积分析仪(BET)、红外光谱仪(IR)、紫外可见吸收光谱(UV-Vis-Abs)、X射线光电子能谱(XPS)分别对样品的表面形貌、晶相组成、比表面积和孔结构、官能团结构、紫外吸收带边、元素组成及化合价态进行了分析.以甲基橙为目标降解物,研究了样品的光催化性能.结果 表明:相同条件下,300 W金卤灯照射40 min,P25、Ag-F-TiO2 、F-TiO2、纯二氧化钛对甲基橙的降解率分别达到98.62;、90.78;、86.95;、68.65;.氟化使二氧化钛比表面积增大,而Ag沉积会减小比表面积.氟化使二氧化钛光吸收带边发生明显的红移,Ag沉积使氟化二氧化钛的光吸收带边发生一定的蓝移.     

镍负载超细微晶石墨对铝碳耐火材料显微结构和力学性能的影响

为充分发挥碳纳米管、微晶石墨和鳞片石墨等碳源在铝碳耐火材料中的协同强韧化作用,本工作首先采用高能球磨法研磨含硝酸镍的微晶石墨和氧化铝微粉制备了镍负载超细微晶石墨复合粉体,然后与鳞片石墨一起作为碳源,单质硅粉为添加剂,酚醛树脂为结合剂制备了铝碳耐火材料.结果表明:铝碳耐火材料中引入硝酸镍负载的超细微晶石墨复合粉时,在经1000℃处理的材料中可以观察到多壁碳纳米管和碳化硅晶须的形成,1200～1400℃下材料内碳化硅晶须明显增加.含这种负载催化剂复合粉的铝碳材料经1000～1400℃热处理后,材料的强度大幅度提高,材料断裂时位移量增大.可以认为上述通过超细微晶石墨复合粉引入的硝酸镍高温下原位催化树脂形成的碳纳米管,与超细微晶石墨、鳞片石墨复合碳源以及材料内部形成的碳化硅晶须产生协同增强增韧的作用,赋予铝碳材料更加优异的力学性能.     

不同类型宝石级金刚石生长过程中石墨的不同析出形式

在压力5.3 GPa、温度1603 K的FeNiCo(wt; 55∶ 29∶ 16)触媒中沿{111}面合成Ⅰb型及Ⅱa型宝石级金刚石过程中金刚石周围分别伴随有片状及粉末状石墨析出.这两种不同形态的石墨均会对金刚石生长产生不利影响.对这两种石墨进行XRD和SEM测试分析表明:生长Ⅰb型和Ⅱa型金刚石时所析出的石墨分别为再结晶石墨和微晶石墨.本文分析了这两种石墨析出原因的异同点.     

用粉状技术合成高品级金刚石的研究

本文比较系统地介绍了合成高级金刚石的一种新方法.研究中采用粉状触媒和粉状石墨作为原料,在超高压、高温的条件下,经一定的工艺流程合成了高品级粗、细粒度金刚石,其各项技术指标达到了国内领先水平.用该方法合成金刚石的突出特点是粒级可控、粒度集中、单产高、连聚晶少、颜色黄、强度高.     

氧等离子体对以石墨为碳源合成的CVD金刚石颗粒的影响

采用一种新型的金刚石颗粒制备方法,利用微波辅助化学气相沉积技术,向反应室内通入氢气,以固态石墨片同时作为碳源和衬底沉积金刚石颗粒.利用该方法合成的金刚石颗粒具有微米级尺寸,可用作研磨剂、抛光剂、形核剂等.但是合成的金刚石颗粒中仍含有少量的非晶碳,且合成颗粒的尺寸均匀性有待提高.为解决以上问题,本文中在反应不同阶段(初期、中期及末期)通入氧气,形成氧等离子体;研究氧等离子体对合成的金刚石颗粒形貌、尺寸、质量、纯度的影响,以及随氧等离子体添加阶段不同而产生的不同变化情况.结果 表明,经氧等离子体处理的金刚石颗粒形貌略有改变,表面光滑度更好,且金刚石颗粒尺寸的一致性有所提高;经过激光粒度测试发现,金刚石颗粒的尺寸主要集中在25～ 29 μm.添加氧等离子体有助于消除金刚石中的非晶碳,提高金刚石纯度;且在反应初期添加氧等离子体可最大程度提高金刚石颗粒质量.     

粉末法合成人造金刚石技术的研究与应用

目前,工业人造金刚石的合成是在高温高压条件下通过触媒作用将碳元素的排序由石墨结构转变成金刚石结构.传统的片状合成技术成本高,转化率低,已逐步被先进的粉末合成技术取代.粉末合成技术解决了原材料的研制、粉末柱的制备、合成结构及合成工艺的确定等关键技术问题.随着粉末合成技术的推广应用,我国人造金刚石得到快速发展,生产成本大幅降低,金刚石产量及质量大幅提高.     

熔制坩埚对CaO-Al2O3-MgO-SiO2系矿渣微晶玻璃结构与性能的影响

以白云鄂博二次选后尾矿、高炉渣和粉煤灰为主要原料,采用熔融法分别在氧化铝坩埚和石墨坩埚熔制制得CaO-Al2O3-MgO-SiO2 (CAMS)系微晶玻璃,利用DSC、XRD、SEM、EDS、ICAP、XPS等测试手段,研究了不同坩埚熔制对微晶玻璃成分、显微结构及性能的影响.研究表明:高温玻璃熔液对氧化铝坩埚的侵蚀作用及石墨坩埚的还原作用,使基础玻璃中Al2O3和Fe2O3含量发生较大变化,氧化铝坩埚熔制制备的基础玻璃有一个析晶峰,温度为905 ℃,对应的微晶玻璃主晶相为含铁透辉石Ca(Mg,Al) (Si,Al)2O6,而石墨坩埚熔制制备的基础玻璃出现两个析晶峰,温度分别为866℃和805℃,对应的微晶玻璃主晶相透辉石Ca(Mg,Al) (Si,Al)2O6和次晶相柯石英SiO2,由于以上原因导致制备的微晶玻璃在显微结构及理化性能上也存在一定的差异.     

中空LaF3:Tb纳米晶的水热法制备与光谱性能研究

采用水热法制备了中空LaF3∶Tb纳米晶.通过X射线粉末衍射(XRD)、透射电子显微镜(TEM)和紫外激发荧光光谱等测试表征手段,研究了水热合成温度、反应原料配比等物理化学条件对合成LaF3∶ Tb粒子晶粒尺寸、形貌、分散状态以及发光性能的影响.实验结果表明,在水热温度180℃且当Tb3+的掺杂浓度为20 mol％时具有最强的荧光发射,其主发光峰位于542 nm的绿光区域.高分辨透射电镜分析发现,通过调节制备条件可合成具有中空结构的纳米LaF3颗粒,其颗粒尺寸仅为30～ 40 nm左右.     

微孔氟化磷酸镓Ga3P3O12F·0.5(1,8-C8H22N2)的水热自组装与晶体结构

采用水热合成法制备了一个三维微孔氟化磷酸镓Ga3P3O12F·0.5(1,8-C8H22N2)(简称Hit-6).反应起始原料摩尔配比为∶GaOOH∶H3PO4∶HF∶1,8-辛二胺∶H2O=1∶2∶1∶1∶555.Hit-6的骨架是由Ga3P3六聚体结构单元通过共顶点联接构成三维纳米孔结构,在[101]方向呈现8-元环孔道.     

Modelling of mechanism of agglomeration of KCl crystallization

The article presents an analysis into agglomeration during KCl vacuum crystallization. The theoretical and experimental investigations into the mechanism of agglomeration during mass crystallization result in an extension of the growth phenomena within the known model equations. The basis for this is essentially constituted by the collision model concepts of the theory of floculation in disperse systems. The parameters derived from the microprocess analysis (energy dissipation, content of solids, growth rate of individual grains) lead to model equations which are confirmed by laboratory and test trials.     

Relationship of Morphological Types of Dynamic Forms of Crystals

Crystallography Reports - The relationship of morphological spectra (sets of data on the morphological types of real polyhedral crystals and their probabilities under current physicochemical...     

Velocities of Disappearance and Lifetime of Faces of Growing Crystals

The formulae for absolute R_disap and relative R velocities of disappearance and lifetime τ of faces of growing crystals have been derived for stationary growth. It was shown that the quantities are determined by the relative growth velocity R_A/R_critA of the vanishing face A with respect to the critical growth velocity R_critA and by the geometry of a crystal expressed by the trigonometric functions of interfacial angles β and γ formed between face A and the adjacent faces. R increases and τ decreases with the increase in R_A/R_critA to certain limiting values. The calculations have been verified and illustrated by the experimental results for triclinic potassium bichromate (KBC) crystals. Results enable ones to predict values of velocities of disappearance and lifetimes of undesirable, supplementary faces of any real crystal.     

Development of Pauling's concepts of geometric characteristics of atoms

The evolution of the geometric characteristics introduced by Pauling and their dependence on the specific features of the structure and chemical bonds have been considered. The values of the covalent and van der Waals radii are given as well as their relationships and mutual transitions.     

Dependence of the parameters of equations of viscous flow on chemical composition of silicate melts

The temperature dependence of viscosity of silicate melts is discussed in the framework of the Avramov–Milchev (AM) equation. The composition is described by means of two parameters: the molar fraction, x, and the “lubricant fraction”, l. The molar fraction is the sum of the molar parts x_i of all oxides dissolved in SiO₂, the molar fraction of the latter being 1 ? x. It is shown that, with sufficient precision, two of the parameters of the AM equation can be presented as unique functions of the molar fraction. On the other hand, x is not sufficient to determine properly the reference temperature T_r , at which viscosity is η_r = 10¹³ [dPa.s]. Therefore, additional parameter, “lubricant fraction” l, is introduced. For each of the components, l_i is a product of molar part x_i and a specific dimensionless coefficient 0 ≤ k_i ≤ 1 accounting for the specific contribution of this component to the increased mobility of the system. It is demonstrated that, for l > 0, the reference temperature is related to the “lubricant fraction” l through the reference temperature T_r,SiO2 of pure SiO₂.     

Comparative analysis of two methods of calculation of the orientation of domain walls in ferroelastics

Two types of domain-wall equations are analyzed: the equations derived by the Sapriel method and the equations obtained by interface matching of the thermal-expansion tensor. It is shown that, for W-type domain walls, these methods yield the same equations. For W′-type domain walls, the equations obtained by different methods coincide for proper ferroelastics and differ for improper ferroelastics.     

A review of measurement of thermophysical properties of silicon melt

Measurements of thermophysical properties of Si melt and supplementary study of X-ray scattering/diffraction by the authors' group were reviewed. The values obtained differed variously from those of literature. Density was 2–3% larger, surface tension 20–30% smaller, viscosity up to 40% larger, electrical conductivity 8% smaller, spectral emissivity more or less in good agreement with literature values, and thermal diffusivity a few percent larger. An anomalous density jump was found near the melting point. Surface tension and viscosity also showed anomaly. A strange time-dependent change of density was observed over 3 h after melting. X-ray analyses suggested a slight change in local atom ordering, but showed no sign of cluster formation. An addition of 0.1 at% gallium caused the density jump to disappear, while that of boron caused no change. An EXAFS study of the former melt indicated a strong interaction between Ga and Si atoms as if molecules of GaSi₃ existed. The implications of the measured properties are a possibility of soft-turbulence in an Si melt in a relatively large crucible, a more complicated manner of intake of oxygen depleted molten Si from the free surface region to underneath the growing crystal, and a relaxation of the melt after melting arising from trapped gas species.     

Generation of crystal structures of heteromolecular compounds by the method of discrete modeling of packings

Within the method of discrete modeling of packings, an algorithm of generation of possible crystal structures of heteromolecular compounds containing two or three molecules in the primitive unit cell, one of which has an arbitrary shape and the other (two others) has a shape close to spherical, is proposed. On the basis of this algorithm, a software package for personal computers is developed. This package has been approved for a number of compounds, investigated previously by X-ray diffraction analysis. The results of generation of structures of five compounds—four organic salts (with one or two spherical anions) and one solvate—are represented.