镧诱导植物产生抗病性的生化机制

为了进一步探究镧的诱导抗病性机制,通过盆栽试验测定了镧对水稻幼苗体内蛋白质、糖类的代谢,及苯丙氨酸解氨酶、过氧化物酶和多酚氧化酶等防御性酶的活性的影响.结果表明,镧浸种处理后,能参与植物体的物质代谢,提高了植株体内蛋白质和还原糖的含量;提高了水稻幼苗体内与抗菌物质合成有关的苯丙氨酸解氨酶、过氧化物酶和多酚氧化酶等一些关键酶的活性,从而通过改变植物体内的物质代谢,提高防御性酶的活性,增加酚类等抗菌物质的积累,提高植物的抗病性.     

高分子免疫佐剂材料

佐剂是一种添加到疫苗中,使疫苗能够非特异性地增强机体对抗原的特异性免疫应答的物质,是疫苗和免疫治疗的重要组分.为了解决当前市场上小分子和生物制剂佐剂靶向性差、系统暴露度高、生物毒性强等问题,具有免疫刺激活性和生物安全性的高分子材料正在成为免疫佐剂领域的研究热点.在本专论中,我们回顾了近年来发现的具有免疫刺激活性的天然来源或人工合成的高分子佐剂材料,并介绍了用来担载或键合小分子佐剂的高分子材料.提出了“高分子免疫佐剂材料”这一概念,并指出,高分子免疫佐剂材料不仅能够本身作为模式识别受体激动剂而激活免疫系统,具有相比于小分子佐剂更加安全可控的优势,并且可以与小分子佐剂以物理包埋或化学键合的方式相结合,控制抗原和小分子佐剂的体内传输与释放行为,进而增强免疫系统的响应.希望通过本专论的讨论,可以进一步明确对高分子免疫佐剂材料的理解,推动疫苗与免疫治疗这一新兴技术领域的发展.     

基于甘油三酸酯的高分子材料 Ⅰ.聚酯和聚氨酯

甘油三酸酯是一种可再生资源,可以从向日葵、棉花、亚麻籽等植物中提取得到。甘油三酸酯制造高分子材料可通过许多方法,如:缩合反应、自由基反应、阳离子聚合反应等。文章综述了基于甘油三酸酯的高分子材料的研究进展。     

高分子材料接枝抗菌功能改性方法研究现状

近年来,接枝抗菌改性因其可以在不改变高分子材料原本特性的条件下使其具备优异抗菌性能而备受关注,通过接枝抗菌改性的高分子材料被广泛应用于生活中的各个领域。本文综述了目前国内外高分子材料接枝抗菌改性中常用的一些抗菌基团(N-卤代胺结构的物质、带正电的抗菌活性物质等),介绍了这些抗菌基团在高分子材料中起到的抑菌效果及其抑菌机制,并对接枝抗菌改性高分子材料未来的发展趋势进行展望。     

常见植物多酚化合物的介绍

从物质结构、医药功能、提取与合成方法等角度对没食子酸、白藜芦醇、槲皮素和姜黄素等4种常见植物多酚化合物及其衍生物展开介绍。这些植物多酚化合物都具有抗氧化、抗菌、抗肿瘤等生物活性,可广泛应用于医药、农业、食品添加剂等行业。     

基于甘油三酸酯的高分子材料Ⅱ.乙烯基聚合物等及复合材料、杂化材料

甘油三酸酯是一种可再生资源,可以从向日葵、棉花、亚麻籽等植物中提取得到。基于甘油三酸酯制造高分子材料可通过许多方法,如缩合反应、自由基反应、阳离子聚合反应等。文章是"基于甘油三酸酯的高分子材料Ⅰ.聚酯和聚氨酯"的续篇,综述乙烯基聚合物等及复合材料、杂化材料的研究进展。     

羟基磷灰石／胶原／植物多酚复合材料的研究

以原花色素、茶多酚等植物多酚为交联剂,采用低温原位合成法制备羟基磷灰石/胶原/植物多酚(HA/COL/PP)复合材料。对材料的形貌、热稳定性、溶胀性质进行了表征。结果表明,植物多酚的加入使复合材料中各成分结合更紧密,增加了复合材料的热稳定性,降低了复合材料的溶胀度。比较研究表明,添加原花色素对上述性能的改善更有效。为了考察加入植物多酚后复合材料的生物活性,分别对羟基磷灰石/胶原/原花色素(HA/COL/PA)、羟基磷灰石/胶原/茶多酚(HA/COL/TP)复合材料进行了体外矿化能力研究,观察到两种材料的表面都形成了新的矿化沉积层,说明加入了植物多酚不影响复合材料的体外矿化能力。因而,羟基磷灰石/胶原/植物多酚复合材料是一种有潜力的骨替代材料。     

侧链聚硅氧烷液晶高分子的合成与表征及应用研究

液晶高分子既具有独特的液晶性 ,又具有高分子的良好材料性能 ,引起了人们的广泛注意[1～ 9] .侧链液晶高分子大多可以作为功能材料 ,对它们的研究有很大的理论与现实意义 .以往报道的此类化合物的介晶基元大多是通过烷氧基与间隔基相连[10 ] .我们以催化活性很高的铂络和物为催化剂 ,通过硅氢加成反应制备了间隔基与介晶基元通过酰氧基相连的两种侧链聚硅氧烷液晶高分子 ,并对它们的性质进行了初步表征 .发现它们具有很好的液晶性 .已有研究表明侧链聚硅氧烷液晶在气相色谱分离结构近似的物质方面 ,具有易涂渍、选择性及热稳定性优于低分子…     

高分子表面微纳米结构的构筑及应用

近年来,纳米科技在高分子材料上的应用给高分子科学和材料的发展注入了新的活力.高分子材料表面微纳米结构与材料的性能密切相关,其微纳米结构结合高分子材料本身丰富多彩的特性,在材料科学、微电子学以及细胞生物学等方面都有重要的科学意义和应用价值.目前关于高分子材料表面微纳米结构的构筑已有大量报道,涉及的实验方法和材料非常广泛,大体上可以分为模板法和非模版法.在运用中往往需要综合利用高分子的各种特性和多种实验方法.本文以构筑方法分类,综述了近十几年来在高分子表面构筑微纳米结构的研究进展,对其应用前景做了简要介绍.     

基于高分子软物质特性构建嵌段共聚物的非平衡相

利用高分子的弱影响强响应、熵致相变和多分散等软物质特性,以嵌段共聚物为例介绍了高分子非平衡相构建的研究结果:实现了特定化学组成的嵌段共聚物显示出多种有序相形貌,讨论了不依赖于嵌段组成的非平衡相的形成原因及演变规律.期望单一组成的高分子构成的多样性有序相结构能经济地满足高分子材料的多需求性.     

Biodegradation of aliphatic and aromatic polycarbonates

Polycarbonate is one of the most widely used engineering plastics because of its superior physical, chemical, and mechanical properties. Understanding the biodegradation of this polymer is of great importance to answer the increasing problems in waste management of this polymer. Aliphatic polycarbonates are known to biodegrade either through the action of pure enzymes or by bacterial whole cells. Very little information is available that deals with the biodegradation of aromatic polycarbonates. Biodegradation is governed by different factors that include polymer characteristics, type of organism, and nature of pretreatment. The polymer characteristics such as its mobility, tacticity, crystallinity, molecular weight, the type of functional groups and substituents present in its structure, and plasticizers or additives added to the polymer all play an important role in its degradation. The carbonate bond in aliphatic polycarbonates is facile and hence this polymer is easily biodegradable. On the other hand, bisphenol A polycarbonate contains benzene rings and quaternary carbon atoms which form bulky and stiff chains that enhance rigidity. Even though this polycarbonate is amorphous in nature because of considerable free volume, it is non-biodegradable since the carbonate bond is inaccessible to enzymes because of the presence of bulky phenyl groups on either side. In order to facilitate the biodegradation of polymers few pretreatment techniques which include photo-oxidation, gamma-irradiation, or use of chemicals have been tested. Addition of biosurfactants to improve the interaction between the polymer and the microorganisms, and blending with natural or synthetic polymers that degrade easily, can also enhance the biodegradation.     

植物纤维及其提取物增强聚合物的3D打印成型研究

3D打印技术作为新型成型技术,近年来受到了巨大的关注,但常见的PLA、ABS等单体打印耗材由于其自身的不同缺点,限制了其进一步的应用。本文综述了植物纤维及其提取物增强聚合物复合材料在3D打印领域的应用研究进展,重点阐述了木纤维、竹纤维,秸秆纤维等常见植物纤维用于3D打印的研究现状,还介绍了纤维素、木质素、半纤维素等植物纤维提取物增强聚合物用于3D打印的研究情况。同时对植物纤维/聚合物材料存在的一些问题及改性方法进行了分析与展望。     

Extraction and characterization of cellulose single fiber from native Ethiopian Serte (Dracaena steudneri Egler) plant leaf

Biomaterials are renewable sources which are widely distributed, locally accessible, high possibility of recycling and biodegradation behavior. This investigation deals with the extraction and characterizing of new fiber obtained from Serte plant leaf that is found in Ethiopia. The physical, chemical and mechanical characters of the fiber had been tested and comparison with other plant fibers was done for the first time. Optimization of fiber extraction process has been done by varying the extraction variables like NaOH concentration, temperature and extraction time. Fibers possessing 56% cellulose content along with significant amount of hemicellulose, lignin and ash with tensile strength of 330?MPa were obtained. FTIR as well as X-ray diffraction analysis were also done to further analyze the fiber. This new plant leaf fiber can be another alternative resource in place of synthetic fibers depending on their application such as reinforcing polymer matrices.     

Hydroxyapatite For Poly(α-Hydroxy Esters) Biocomposites Applications

This article focuses on providing a systematic review on various fundamental properties of composite based on poly(α-hydroxy esters) and hydroxyapatite (HAp) for application in bone tissue engineering. Poly(α-hydroxy esters), a well-known synthetic biopolymer has attracted considerable interest to be employed for synthesis of bone graft substitute material with HAp mainly due to its bioresorbability, variable biodegradation rate and melt-processibility. Such features are simultaneously attractive for both biomedical application and industrial-scale productions. Besides the main function of hydroxyapatite as bioactive ceramic filler in composite to induce new bone formation upon polymer bioresorption, HAp can also serve as reinforcement for matrix polymer by providing sufficient mechanical support for cell attachment. Moreover, HAp plays a significant role in determining other composite properties, such as resistance to ingress of body fluid, body temperature ageing, relaxation movement of polymer segment, and in vivo biodegradation. These properties constitute as the fundamental requirements in field of bone tissue regeneration which is desirable to be achieved by unique composite system based on poly(α-hydroxyesters) and HAp particles.     

Non-linear analysis of Haldane kinetic model in phenol degradation in batch operations

Kinetics and Catalysis - The Haldane kinetic model of phenol biodegradation in batch operation is discussed. This kinetic is most commonly used to describe the dependence of specific growth rate on...     

The biodegradation of poly-β-(hydroxybutyrate), poly-β-(hydroxybutyrate-co-β-valerate) and poly(ε-caprolactone) in compost derived from municipal solid waste

Understanding the behavior of polymeric materials, particularly their biodegradation, is fundamental for solving problems in the management of environmental residues. In this work, we used a monitoring system based on an aerobic biodegradation technique known as the Sturm test to investigate the biodegradation of poly-β-(hydroxybutyrate), poly-β-(hydroxybutyrate-co-β-valerate) and poly(ε-caprolactone), in compost derived from municipal solid waste. The thermal analysis of these polymers was done using differential scanning calorimeter. The melting temperature and crystallinity were also determined. The results showed that poly-β-(hydroxybutyrate) degraded faster than the other two polymers, probably because the chemical structure of this polymer made attack by microorganisms easier.     

Biodegradation of poly(lactic acid) powders proposed as the reference test materials for the international standard of biodegradation evaluation methods

The methods for producing reference test materials for biodegradation evaluation tests have been studied. Mechanical crushing at low temperature of polymer pellets using dry ice was selected for the method of producing polymer powder of poly(lactic acid) (PLA). The powders were fractionated using 60 mesh (250 μm) and 120 mesh (125 μm) sieves. The size distributions were then measured. The average diameter of the PLA particles obtained by this method was 214.2 μm. The biodegradation speeds of these PLA polymer powders were evaluated by two methods based on the international standard and one in vitro method based on the enzymatic degradation. First, the degree of biodegradation for this PLA powder was 91% for 35 days in a controlled compost determined by a method based on ISO 14855-1 (JIS K6953) at 58 °C managed by the Mitsui Chemical Analysis and Consulting Service, Inc. (Japan). Second, these polymer powders were measured for biodegradation by the Microbial Oxidative Degradation Analyzer (MODA) in a controlled compost at 58 °C and 70 °C based on ISO/DIS 14855-2 under many conditions. The degree of biodegradation for this PLA powder was approximately 80% for 50 days. In addition, the polymer powders were biodegraded by Proteinase K which is a PLA degradation enzyme. This polymer powder was suitable as a reference material for the evaluation methods of biodegradation.     

喹啉的生物降解动力学

喹啉是一种典型的氮杂环化合物,在化工、医药及农药生产中经常用作溶剂和原材料．喹啉又是一种毒性大、致变性和致癌性强的物质,对人类、水生生物及植物有着很大的危害．因此随着工业废水特别是焦化废水的排放,使喹啉成为水中常见的污染物．喹啉的结构为许多人工合成化合物的基本结构,而人工合成化合物一般不易被自然界中固有的微生物识别,所以多数为难以生物降解的化合物,研究喹啉的生物降解能为研究其他人工合成化合物的生物降解提供有益的启示．人们对喹啉的降解途径进行了有益的探索［１ -３］,对喹啉降解的动力学也进行了研究［…     

耐电解质高吸水性树脂

在简述高吸水性树脂吸水机理的基础上,综述了改善高吸水性树脂耐电解质性能的四种途径,结合聚合方法重点讨论了提高亲水性、引入长链疏不性单体以及合成两性聚合物三种改性途径。     

聚合物中空微球的合成策略（英文）

在过去的20年中,聚合物中空微球由于其独特的结构和优异的性质受到了广泛的关注.它们表现出低密度、高比表面积和高负载力的特性,在催化、药物递送及能量存储等领域中展现出巨大的应用前景.本文综合评述了聚合物中空微球的合成策略,主要包括模板法、乳液聚合法、自组装与及微流控等,并详细阐述和讨论了这些合成策略的原理、典型过程以及优缺点.同时,还指出了现有合成策略面临的挑战以及聚合物中空微球存在的不足,并对聚合物中空微球的制备和应用前景进行了展望.