Brouwer-Zadeh (Fuzzy-intuitionistic) posets for unsharp quantum mechanics

The partial ordered structure which plays for unsharp quantum mechanics the same role of orthomodular lattices for ordinary quantum mechanics is introduced. Differently from the unsharp case, in which one can identify quantum propositions (i.e., Hilbert space subspaces) with yes-no devices (i.e., orthogonal projections) they are tested by, in the unsharp case this identification is broken down: every quantum generalized proposition (i.e., pair of mutually orthogonal subspaces) is tested by many different yes-no devices (i.e., Hilbert space effects). The set of all quantum effects has a structure of Brouwer-Zadeh poset, canonically embeddable in a (minimal) Brouwer-Zadeh lattice, whereas the set of all quantum generalized propositions has a structure of Brouwer-Zadeh complete lattice.A Brouwer-Zadeh poset is defined as a partially ordered structure equipped with two nonusual orthocomplementations: a regular degenerate (Zadeh or fuzzy-like) one and a weak (Brouwer or intuitionistic-like) one linked by an interconnection rule. Using these two orthocomplementations it is possible to introduce the two modal-like operators of necessity and possibility.     

Fuzzy quantum logic II. The logics of unsharp quantum mechanics

A survey of the main results of the Italian group about the logics of unsharp quantum mechanics is presented. In particular partial ordered structures playing with respect to effect operators (linear bounded operatorsF on a Hilbert space such that, 0¦F²) the role played by orthomodular posets with respect to orthogonal projections (corresponding to sharp effects) are analyzed. These structures are generally characterized by the splitting of standard orthocomplementation on projectors into two nonusual orthocomplementations (afuzzy-like and anintuitionistic-like) giving rise to different kinds of Brouwer-Zadeh (BZ) posets: de Morgan BZ posets, BZ^* posets, and BZ³ posets. Physically relevant generalizations of ortho-pair semantics (paraconsistent, regular paraconsistent, and minimal quantum logics) are introduced and their relevance with respect to the logic of unsharp quantum mechanics are discussed.     

Schwinger algebra for quaternionic quantum mechanics

It is shown that the measurement algebra of Schwinger, a characterization of the properties of Pauli measurements of the first and second kinds, forming the foundation of his formulation of quantum mechanics over the complex field, has a quaternionic generalization. In this quaternionic measurement algebra some of the notions of quaternionic quantum mechanics are clarified. The conditions imposed on the form of the corresponding quantum field theory are studied, and the quantum fields are constructed. It is shown that the resulting quantum fields coincide with the fermion or boson annihilation-creation operators obtained by Razon and Horwitz in the limit in which the number of particles in physical states N→∞.     

A concrete procedure for obtaining sharp reconstructions of unsharp observables in finite-dimensional quantum mechanics

We discuss the problem of how a (commutative) generalized observable in a finite-dimensional Hilbert space (communtative effect-valued resolution of the identity) can be considered as an unsharp realization of some standard observable (projection-valued resolution of the identity). In particular, we give a concrete procedure for constructing such a standard observable. Some results about the “uniqueness” of the resulting observable are also examined.     

Multichannel framework for singular quantum mechanics

A multichannel S-matrix framework for singular quantum mechanics (SQM) subsumes the renormalization and self-adjoint extension methods and resolves its boundary-condition ambiguities. In addition to the standard channel accessible to a distant (“asymptotic”) observer, one supplementary channel opens up at each coordinate singularity, where local outgoing and ingoing singularity waves coexist. The channels are linked by a fully unitary S-matrix, which governs all possible scenarios, including cases with an apparent nonunitary behavior as viewed from asymptotic distances.     

The origin of the algebra of quantum operators in the stochastic formulation of quantum mechanics

The origin of the algebra of the non-commuting operators of quantum mechanics is explained in the general Fényes-Nelson stochastic models in which the diffusion constant is a free parameter. This is achieved by continuing the diffusion constant to imaginary values, a continuation which destroys the physical interpretation, but does not affect experimental predictions. This continuation leads to great mathematical simplification in the stochastic theory, and to an understanding of the entire mathematical formalism of quantum mechanics. It is more than a formal construction because the diffusion parameter is not an observable in these theories.     

Dissipative forces and the algebra of operators in stochastic quantum mechanics

Davidson's construction of a Hilbert space and of quantum operators on the basis of the Fényes-Nelson stochastic mechanics is extended to the case in which a dissipative force linear in the velocity is present. The hamiltonian becomes a nonlinear operator but the position and linear momentum operators are the same as in ordinary quantum mechanics.     

A unified quantum theory of mechanics and thermodynamics. Part I. Postulates

A unified axiomatic theory that embraces both mechanics and thermodynamics is presented in three parts. It is based on four postulates; three are taken from quantum mechanics, and the fourth is the new disclosure of the existence of quantum states that are stable (Part I). For nonequilibrium and equilibrium states, the theory provides general original results, such as the relation between irreducible density operators and the maximum work that can be extracted adiabatically (Part IIa). For stable equilibrium states, it shows for the first time that the canonical and grand canonical distributions are the only stable distributions (Part IIb). The theory discloses the incompleteness of the equation of motion of quantum mechanics not only for irreversible processes but, more significantly, for reversible processes (Part IIb). It establishes the operational meaning of an irreducible density operator and irreducible dispersions associated with any state, and reveals the relationship between such dispersions and the second law (Part III).     

A unified dynamic scaling property for the unified hybrid network theory framework

In this article, we present a new type of unified dynamic scaling property for synchronizability, which can describe the scaling relationship between dynamic synehronizability and four hybrid ratios under the unified hybrid network theory framework （UHNTF）. Our theory results can not only be applied to judge and analyze dynamic synehronizability for most of complex networks associated with the UHNTF, but also we can flexibly adjust and design different hybrid ratios and sealing exponent to meet actual requirement for the dynanfic characteristics of the UHNTF.     

A unified quantum theory of mechanics and thermodynamics. Part IIa. Available energy

Part II of this three-part paper presents some of the most important theorems that can be deduced from the four postulates of the unified theory discussed in Part I. In Part IIa, it is shown that the maximum energy that can be extracted adiabatically from any system in any state is solely a function of the density operator associated with the state. Moreover, it is shown that for any state of a system, nonequilibrium, equilibrium or stable equilibrium, a unique propertyS exists which is proportional to the total energy of the system minus the maximum energy that can be extracted adiabatically from the system in combination with a reservoir. For statistically independent systems, propertyS is extensive, it is invariant during all reversible processes, and it increases during all irreversible processes.Part I of this paper appeared inFound. Phys. 6(1) (1976). The numbering of the sections, equations, and references in this part of the paper continues from those in Part I.     

Hilbert space representation of an algebra of observables forq-deformed relativistic quantum mechanics

Using a representation of theq-deformed Lorentz algebra as differential operators on quantum Minkowski space, we define an algebra of observables for a q-deformed relativistic quantum mechanics with spin zero. We construct a Hilbert space representation of this algebra in which the square of the massp ² is diagonal.     

A unified quantum theory of mechanics and thermodynamics. Part IIb. Stable equilibrium states

Part IIb presents some of the most important theorems for stable equilibrium states that can be deduced from the four postulates of the unified theory presented in Part I. It is shown for the first time that the canonical and grand canonical distributions are the only distributions that are stable. Moreover, it is shown that reversible adiabatic processes exist which cannot be described by the dynamical equation of quantum mechanics. A number of conditions are discussed that must be satisfied by the general equation of motion which is yet to be discovered.Part I of this paper appeared inFound. Phys. 6(1), 15 (1976). Part IIa appeared inFound. Phys. 6(2), 127 (1976). The numbering of the sections, equations, and references in this part of the paper continues from those in Part IIa.     

A unified quantum theory of mechanics and thermodynamics. Part III. Irreducible quantal dispersions

This part of the paper concludes the presentation of the unified theory. It is shown that the theory requires the existence of, and applies only to, irreducible quantal dispersions associated with pure or mixed states. Two experimental procedures are given for the operational verification of such dispersions. Because the existence of irreducible dispersions associated with mixed states is required by Postulate 4 of the theory, and because Postulate 4 expresses the basic implications of the second law of classical thermodynamics, it is concluded that the second law is a manifestation of phenomena characteristic of irreducible quantal dispersions associated with the elementary constituents of matter.Parts I, IIa, and IIb of this paper appeared inFound. Phys. 6, 15, 127, 439 (1976), respectively. The numbering of the sections, equations, and references in this part continues from the previous parts.     

A differential structure for quantum mechanics

A method of obtaining a non-commutative analogue of a differential structure from the action of a Lie group on a C^*-algebra is proposed. The addition of this structure to the usual structure of quantum mechanics turns out to be equivalent to the replacement of the Hilbert space by a Gelfand triple (rigged Hilbert space).     

广义经典力学与非完整力学的统一理论

建立广义经典力学与非完整力学的统一理论———广义非完整力学理论,构造其基本框架.提出广义非完整力学的Чeтаeв(Chetaev)定义,建立广义非完整力学系统的Routh方程和正则方程.给出广义非完整力学系统的非等时变分方程,证明由广义非完整力学系统的第一积分可以构造积分不变量.研究广义非完整力学系统作用量的非等时变分,给出系统的Poincar啨Cartan积分变量关系和积分不变量,进而给出等时变分下系统的Poincar啨积分变量关系和通用积分不变量.给出一些推论,表明广义经典力学和一阶至高阶非完整力学的相关结论均为广义非完整力学理论的特款. 关键词： 广义非完整力学 广义Чeтаeв定义 运动方程 积分不变量     

A unified theory of quantum holonomies

A periodic change of slow environmental parameters of a quantum system induces quantum holonomy. The phase holonomy is a well-known example. Another is a more exotic kind that exhibits eigenvalue and eigenspace holonomies. We introduce a theoretical formulation that describes the phase and eigenspace holonomies on an equal footing. The key concept of the theory is a gauge connection for an ordered basis, which is conceptually distinct from Mead-Truhlar-Berry’s connection and its Wilczek-Zee extension. A gauge invariant treatment of eigenspace holonomy based on Fujikawa’s formalism is developed. Example of adiabatic quantum holonomy, including the exotic kind with spectral degeneracy, are shown.     

A categorical framework for quantum theory

Underlying any physical theory is a layer of conceptual frames. They connect the mathematical structures used in theoretical models with the phenomena, but they also constitute our fundamental assumptions about reality. Many of the discrepancies between quantum physics and classical physics (including Maxwell's electrodynamics and relativity) can be traced back to these categorical foundations. We argue that classical physics corresponds to the factual aspects of reality and requires a categorical framework which consists of four interdependent components: boolean logic, the linear‐sequential notion of time, the principle of sufficient reason, and the dichotomy between observer and observed. None of these can be dropped without affecting the others. However, quantum theory also addresses the “status nascendi” of facts, i.e., their coming into being. Therefore, quantum physics requires a different conceptual framework which will be elaborated in this article. It is shown that many of its components are already present in the standard formalisms of quantum physics, but in most cases they are highlighted not so much from a conceptual perspective but more from their mathematical structures. The categorical frame underlying quantum physics includes a profoundly different notion of time which encompasses a crucial role for the present. The article introduces the concept of a categorical apparatus (a framework of interdependent categories), explores the appropriate apparatus for classical and quantum theory, and elaborates in particular on the category of non‐sequential time and an extended present which seems to be relevant for a quantum theory of (space)‐time.     

Exactly solvable diffusion models in the framework of the extended supersymmetric quantum mechanics

This work is aimed at demonstrating the possibility to construct new exactly-solvable stochastic systems by use of the extended supersymmetric quantum mechanics (N=4SUSY QM) formalism. A feature of the proposed approach consists in the fact that obtained new potentials, which enter the Langevin equation, and so probability densities have a parametric freedom. The latter allows one to change the form of potentials without changing the temporal behavior of the probability densities.     

Logics for quantum mechanics

The two concepts of probability used in physics are analyzed from the formal and the material points of view. The standard theory corresponds toprob ₁ (probability of the coexistence of two properties). A general logicomathematical theory ofprob ₂ (probability of transition between states) is presented in axiomatic form. The underlying state algebra is neither Boolean nor Birkhoff-von Neumann but partial Boolean. In the Boolean subalgebras,prob ₁ theory holds. The theory presented contains the logicomathematical foundations of quantum mechanics and, as degenerate cases, the theories of stochastic games and of Markov chains.