Sn改性的Ru/H-CMK-3催化剂的制备及其肉桂醛选择性加氢性能的研究

用浸渍-原位还原法制备了Ru-Sn/H-CMK-3催化剂. 以肉桂醛选择性加氢制备肉桂醇为探针反应. 详细研究了催化剂的制备及反应条件对肉桂醛选择性加氢性能的影响. 采用X 射线粉末衍射(XRD)、比表面积(BET)、X光电子能谱(XPS)、透射电镜(TEM)等手段对催化剂结构和性质进行了表征. 结果表明, 介孔CMK-3碳材料能够更好地分散活性物种. 添加适量的Sn(IV)有利于Ru处于电子富集状态. 催化剂的主要活性物种是纳米Ru粒子, Ru和Sn之间的相互作用更加有利于C＝O的活化. 同时, 反应温度和反应压力等条件的变化对肉桂醛选择性加氢制备肉桂醇反应也具有较大的影响.     

La修饰的Co-B非晶态催化剂用于乳酸乙酯选择性加氢制1,2-丙二醇

用化学还原法制备了La修饰的Co-B非晶态合金催化剂(Co-La-B),并考察了其在乳酸乙酯液相加氢制1,2-丙二醇(1,2-PDO)反应中的催化性能.通过X射线粉末衍射(XRD)、透射电子显微镜(TEM)、比表面积测定(BET)、差示扫描量热(DSC)、电感耦合等离子发射光谱(ICP-OES)、X射线光电子能谱(XPS)、氢气化学吸附、氢气程序升温脱附(H2-TPD)等手段对催化剂进行表征,研究了稀土助剂La对Co-B催化剂催化性能的影响.结果表明,活性组分Co以元素态和氧化态两种形式存在于Co-La-B非晶态合金催化剂中,催化剂中存在B向Co的电子转移,富电子的Co用于活化氢,氧化态形式存在的La3+促进了B向Co的电子转移;适量的La能提高催化剂的热稳定性,显著减小催化剂粒径,使催化剂形成更加单一的Co吸附活性位,有利于吸附活化的氢促进加氢反应进行.在氢气压力6 MPa,反应温度433 K,反应时间9 h的条件下,0.5%Co-La-B催化剂表现出最优的催化加氢性能,乳酸乙酯的转化率达到99.7%,1,2-丙二醇的选择性达到98.5%.     

费托合成:SiO_2和Al_2O_3负载的Co_2C催化剂的表征和评价

采用CO碳化SiO2和Al3O4负载的Co(NO3)2的方法制备了SiO2和Al3O4负载的Co2C催化剂,采用N2物理吸附、X射线衍射和H2-程序升温还原技术对催化剂进行了表征,并用于催化费托合成反应中.结果显示,需要较长碳化时间才可合成负载的Co2C催化剂;所制催化剂表现出CO加氢生成高碳醇的催化性能,其原因可能在于催化剂表面存在的金属Co物种使CO解离,表面Co物种有利于CO插入,从而导致醇的生成,但体相Co2C则不具有催化活性.     

CO吸附原位红外光谱结合分子模拟计算研究FCC汽油加氢脱硫催化剂的选择性

以脱硫选择性不同的2组催化裂化汽油加氢脱硫催化剂为研究对象, 采用CO吸附原位红外光谱表征了2组催化剂的活性相特征, 并通过分子模拟计算方法比较了助剂Co加入前后噻吩和1-己烯在催化剂表面的电荷分布、吸附能及其加氢反应的活化能等, 探讨了助剂Co的加入对选择性加氢脱硫催化剂脱硫选择性的作用机理. 结果表明, 加氢脱硫催化剂CoMoS活性相的增加有利于提高催化剂的加氢脱硫/加氢降烯烃(HDS/HYD)选择性. 与1-己烯加氢位相比, Co的加入显著提高了噻吩分子加氢位的缺电子性, 噻吩在催化剂表面的吸附度增强, 显著降低噻吩加氢反应的能垒, 从而使噻吩加氢反应更易进行. 这也表明CoMoS为高HDS活性、高HDS/HYD选择性的活性相.     

Co/Al2O3催化褐煤衍生模型化合物的加氢脱氧制单体烃类化合物

以钴铝类水滑石(CoAl-LDH)为前驱体,经焙烧和氢气还原制备了Co/Al2O3催化剂.采用X射线衍射(XRD)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、透射电子显微镜(TEM)和X射线光电子能谱(XPS)等表征手段研究了前驱体及催化剂的理化性质.以2-萘基醚为褐煤模型化合物,考察了Co/Al2O3催化其加氢脱氧制单体烃的性能.结...     

聚合物固载Co-Pd 催化剂的结构与活性

采用溶剂化金属原子浸渍(SMAI)法制备了几种不同金属含量的Co Pd催化剂,用X射线衍射、X射线光电子能谱和磁测定对催化剂进行表征,并与普通浸渍法(CI)制得的相同金属含量的催化剂进行比较.结果表明SMAI法制备的催化剂金属粒度小于CI法制备的催化剂,且前者零价金属含量高于后者.SMAI法制备的催化剂Co在表面上富集,而CI法制备的催化剂Co在表面和体相的金属含量基本相同.在二丙酮醇加氢及电催化反应中, SMAI法催化剂比相同组成的CI法催化剂具有更高的催化活性.     

Mn_xCo_(3-x)O_4复合氧化物及改性催化剂催化分解N_2O

用共沉淀法制备了一组不同组成的MnxCo3-xO4尖晶石型复合氧化物,表面负载碱金属助剂制备改性催化剂,用于催化分解N2O.用X射线衍射(XRD)、N2物理吸附(BET)、红外光谱(FTIR)、扫描电镜(SEM)、H2程序升温还原(H2-TPR)、X射线光电子能谱(XPS)等技术表征催化剂结构.考察了复合氧化物组成、碱金属助剂类型、钾前驱物等制备参数对催化剂结构和催化活性的影响.结果表明:添加助剂K、Cs降低了催化剂表面Co、Mn元素的电子结合能,弱化了Co—O和Mn—O键,有利于氧物种的脱除,提高了催化剂活性.优化出了活性较高的催化剂K/Mn0.4Co2.6O4(K2CO3),有氧无水、有氧有水气氛400℃连续反应50 h,N2O转化率分别保持100%和74.2%,催化剂稳定性较高.     

多孔SiO_2·xH_2O负载RuB纳米粒子催化喹啉加氢反应

通过水解,聚乙烯吡咯烷酮(PVP)保护,NaOH刻蚀等方法制备了多孔及富含表面羟基的SiO2·xH2O负载的RuB催化剂RuB/SiO2·xH2O,并用X射线衍射(XRD)、X射线光电子能谱(XPS)、透射电子显微镜(TEM)、傅里叶变换红外(FT-IR)光谱和BET(Brunauer-Emmett-Teller)等手段对该催化剂进行了表征.结果表明该催化剂具有良好的抗中毒能力,在3.0MPa的H2压力和80℃的温和反应条件下,喹啉的转化率高于95%,生成1,2,3,4-四氢喹啉的选择性高于97%.并系统研究了表面羟基和溶剂对催化剂性能的影响,发现以水为溶剂时,RuB/SiO2·xH2O对喹啉加氢反应展示出较高的活性和对1,2,3,4-四氢喹啉较高的选择性,催化剂能够多次循环使用.这一体系的优异催化性能归属于载体表面羟基和水的协同作用.     

不同晶型TiO_2负载镍催化剂催化顺酐液相加氢

分别以锐钛矿相Ti O2和金红石相Ti O2为载体,采用等体积浸渍法制备了Ni/Ti O2催化剂,考察了其催化顺酐液相加氢性能.采用氮气吸附-脱附、氢气程序升温还原(H2-TPR)、X射线衍射(XRD)、氢气程序升温脱附(H2-TPD)及X射线光电子能谱(XPS)等技术对催化剂进行了表征.催化剂评价结果表明,以锐钛矿型Ti O2为载体催化剂的C O加氢活性明显高于以金红石型Ti O2为载体的催化剂.这主要是由于在还原过程中锐钛矿型Ti O2较易被还原,产生了较高浓度的氧缺陷位,该氧缺陷位可通过接受C O中O的孤对电子来活化C O,促使其与H2发生加氢反应,进而使催化剂表现出较高的C O加氢活性.     

丙二酸二甲酯均相催化加氢合成3-羟基丙酸甲酯的研究

以乙酰丙酮钌和膦胺配体作为催化剂体系,用于催化丙二酸二甲酯加氢制3-羟基丙酸甲酯.围绕催化反应性能,系统探讨了配体结构和用量、温度、时间以及溶剂等对丙二酸二甲酯转化率和3-羟基丙酸甲酯产率的影响.研究发现,乙酰丙酮钌和o-二苯基膦苯胺构成的催化剂体系在合适反应条件下可以有效催化丙二酸二甲酯选择性加氢制3-羟基丙酸甲酯.在优化的反应条件下,这一催化体系也可以催化多种不同结构酯类分子加氢制醇.     

Deconstructive Carboxylation of Activated Alkenes with Carbon Dioxide

Carboxylation with carbon dioxide (CO₂) represents one notable methodology to produce carboxylic acids. In contrast to carbon–heteroatom bonds, carbon–carbon bond cleavage for carboxylation with CO₂ is far more challenging due to their inherent and less favorable orbital directionality for interacting with transition metals. Here we report a photocatalytic protocol for the deconstructive carboxylation of alkenes with CO₂ to generate carboxylic acids in the absence of transition metals. It is emphasized that our protocol provides carboxylic acids with obviously unchanged carbon numbers when terminal alkenes were used. To show the power of this strategy, a variety of pharmaceutically relevant applications including the modular synthesis of propionate nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and the late-stage carboxylation of bioactive molecule derivatives are demonstrated.     

Rhodium-terpyridine Catalyzed Transfer Hydrogenation of Aromatic Nitro Compounds in Water

A rhodium terpyridine complex catalyzed transfer hydrogenation of nitroarenes to anilines with i-PrOH as hydrogen source and water as solvent has been developed. The catalytic system can work at a substrate/catalyst (S/C) ratio of 2000, with a turnover frequency (TOF) up to 3360 h⁻¹, which represents one of the most active catalytic transfer hydrogenation systems for nitroarene reduction. The catalytic system is operationally simple and the protocol could be scaled up to 20 gram scale. The water-soluble catalyst bearing a carboxyl group could be recycled 15 times without significant loss of activity.     

Syngas Conversion over Co4 Cluster Grafted on HZSM-5 Zeolite: Mechanistic Insights from DFT Modeling

We present a detailed DFT-based mechanistic investigation of syngas conversion mechanism over Co₄ cluster grafted onto HZSM-5 zeolite, [Co₄H], employing a QM/MM embedded cluster approach. Starting from the [Co₄H] complex, our results show that a favorable coordination of CO over H₂, followed by CO hydrogenation leads to a stable −CH₂O complex, [Co₄(CH₂O)(H)]. Coordination of a second CO molecule to [Co₄(CH₂O)(H)] complex, followed by CH₂−O bond activation, and subsequent removal of CO as CO₂ results in the formation of crucial methylene complex [Co₄(CH₂)(H)], serving as a branching point for the pathways leading to methane, ethene, and ethane. On the pathway to ethene formation, coordination of a third CO molecule to [Co₄(CH₂)(H)] complex yields the active [Co₄(CH₂)(CO)(H)] complex, which is 16.0 kcal mol⁻¹ more stable than the methyl complex [Co₄(CH₃)] on the pathway to methane. From the active species [Co₄(CH₂)(CO)(H)], we demonstrate that the pathways to both methane and ethene are competing in nature, with the −CH₃ hydrogenation barrier, 35.1 kcal mol⁻¹, is lower by only 1.3 kcal mol⁻¹ than the competing C−O bond activation barrier on the pathway to ethene, 36.4 kcal mol⁻¹. However, the significant stability of the active species [Co₄(CH₂)(CO)(H)] effectively compensates for this minor difference in barriers, ultimately favoring the formation of ethene over methane. Finally, the ethene desorption barrier is 4.1 kcal mol⁻¹ lower than the ethene hydrogenation barrier on the pathway to ethane, indicating the ease of ethene removal from the system. Overall, our DFT study describes that the syngas conversion mechanism catalyzed by [Co₄H] system produces ethene selectively via 4CO+2H₂→C₂H₄+2CO₂.     

Methyl carbon chemical shifts of methylbenzoic acids and methylbenzoate anions

Methyl carbon chemical shifts have been assigned for methylbenzoic acids dissolved in CDCl₃, and for methylbenzoate anions obtained by dissolving these acids in aqueous NaOH solution. Chemical shifts have been interpreted by means of additive substituent parameters which reflect conformational features existing between adjacent substituents. Barriers to rotation of a methyl group adjacent to a carboxyl or carboxylate group have been estimated to differ by less than 2 kJ mol^?1 from the barrier of a methyl group in o-xylene.     

Modulating Metal-Nitrogen Coupling in Anti-Perovskite Nitride via Cation Doping for Efficient Reduction of Nitrate to Ammonia

The complexes of metal center and nitrogen ligands are the most representative systems for catalyzing hydrogenation reactions in small molecule conversion. Developing heterogeneous catalysts with similar active metal-nitrogen functional centers, nevertheless, still remains challenging. In this work, we demonstrate that the metal-nitrogen coupling in anti-perovskite Co₄N can be effective modulated by Cu doping to form Co₃CuN, leading to strongly promoted hydrogenation process during electrochemical reduction of nitrate (NO₃⁻RR) to ammonia. The combination of advanced spectroscopic techniques and density functional theory calculations reveal that Cu dopants strengthen the Co−N bond and upshifted the metal d-band towards the Fermi level, promoting the adsorption of NO₃⁻ and *H and facilitating the transition from *NO₂/*NO to *NO₂H/*NOH. Consequently, the Co₃CuN delivers noticeably better NO₃⁻RR activity than the pristine Co₄N, with optimal Faradaic efficiency of 97 % and ammonia yield of 455.3 mmol h⁻¹ cm⁻² at −0.3 V vs. RHE. This work provides an effective strategy for developing high-performance heterogeneous catalyst for electrochemical synthesis.     

2,4‐Di­methoxy­benzoic acid and 2,5‐di­methoxy­benzoic acid

The title compounds (both C₉H₁₀O₄) have nearly planar structures, and the methyl and/or carboxylic acid groups lie out of the molecular plane, as dictated by steric interactions. 2,5‐Di­methoxy­benzoic acid (2,5‐DMBA) forms an unusual intramolecular hydrogen bond between the carboxylic acid group and the O atom of the methoxy group in the 2‐position [O⋯O = 2.547 (2) Å and O—H⋯O = 154 (3)°]. 2,4‐DMBA forms a typical hydrogen‐bond dimer with a neighboring mol­ecule.     

Hydrogenation of single and multiple N-N or N-O bonds by Ru(II) catalysts in homogeneous phase

The ruthenium(II) complexes RuH₂(CO)₂(PⁿBu₃)₂, RuH₂(CO)₂(PPh₃)₂, and RuH₂(PPh₃)₄ are catalytically active in the hydrogenation of organic substrates containing a NN, N(O)N or NO₂ group. The reduction of the first two groups leads to hydrazine as intermediate and amine as the final product, while reducing a NO₂ group the corresponding amine is selectively formed. A complete conversion was reached, depending on temperature, catalyst and substrate concentration. The catalysts are also active in the hydrogenolysis of an N-N group giving the corresponding amine with a 97.3% conversion using RuH₂(PPh₃)₄ as catalyst. A first-order reaction rate with respect to substrate, catalyst or hydrogen pressure was detected in all cases. Finally, the activation parameters and the kinetic constants of these reactions were calculated. In the hydrogenation of azobenzene, the rate determining step involves an associative or a dissociative step depending on the catalyst employed while in the hydrogenation of all other substrates an associative rate determining step is always involved. A catalytic cycle is suggested for the hydrogenation of azobenzene, taking into account the intermediate complexes identified in the reaction medium.     

Carboxylation Reactions with Carbon Dioxide Using N‐Heterocyclic Carbene‐Copper Catalysts

The development of versatile catalyst systems and new transformations for the utilization of carbon dioxide (CO₂) is of great interest and significance. This Personal Account reviews our studies on the exploration of the reactions of CO₂ with various substrates by the use of N‐heterocyclic carbene (NHC)‐copper catalysts. The carboxylation of organoboron compounds gave access to a wide range of carboxylic acids with excellent functional group tolerance. The C?H bond carboxylation with CO₂ emerged as a straightforward protocol for the preparation of a series of aromatic carboxylic esters and butenoates from simple substrates. The hydrosilylation of CO₂ with hydrosilanes provided an efficient method for the synthesis of silyl formate on gram scale. The hydrogenative or alkylative carboxylation of alkynes, ynamides and allenamides yielded useful α,β‐unsaturated carboxylic acids and α,β‐dehydro amino acid esters. The boracarboxylation of alkynes or aldehydes afforded the novel lithium cyclic boralactone or boracarbonate products, respectively. The NHC‐copper catalysts generally featured excellent functional group compatibility, broad substrate scope, high efficiency, and high regio‐ and stereoselectivity. The unique electronic and steric properties of the NHC‐copper units also enabled the isolation and structural characterization of some key intermediates for better understanding of the catalytic reaction mechanisms.     

Electron spin resonance studies of the anaerobic and aerobic photolysis of alkylcobaloximes

Aerobic and anaerobic photolysis of methyl(pyridine)cobaloxime, benzyl(pyridine)cobaloxime and analogous compounds in CHCl₃ results only in an electron transfer reaction from an equatorial ligand producing photo-reduction of Co^III to Co^II, the complex retaining its axial ligands.If after the anaerobic photolysis of benzyl(pyridine)cobaloxime the oxygen is introduced without any further photolysis we obtain an ESR spectrum of nitroxide, arising from the attack of a benzyl radical on the dimethylglyoxime equatorial ligand.For the other complexes, homolytic cleavage of the CoC bond occurs and in the presence of oxygen gives rise to the superoxide cobalt complex adduct Py(Co^IIIO₂^?.During photolysis of methyl(pyridine)cobaloxime in isopropanol homolytic cleavage of the CoC bond occurs in preference to electron transfer reaction from the equatorial ligands.The anaerobic photolysis of benzyl(pyridine)cobaloxime in isopropanol or in water at 113–133 K results in an electron transfer reaction. However, at 170 K we observe the formation of the Co^II complex arising from CoC bond cleavage.A mechanism for photo-induced insertion of oxygen in the CoC bond is proposed.