A combinatorial condition on a certain variety of groups

Let n be an integer and B_n \mathcal B_n be the variety defined by the law [xⁿ,y][x,yⁿ]^-1 = 1.¶ Let B_n^* \mathcal B_n^* be the class of groups in which for any infinite subsets X, Y there exist x ? X x \in X and y ? Y y \in Y such that [xⁿ,y][x,yⁿ]^-1 = 1. For $ n \in {\pm 2, 3\} $ n \in {\pm 2, 3\} we prove that¶ B_n^* = B_n èF \mathcal B_n^* = \mathcal B_n \cup \mathcal F , F \mathcal F being the class of finite groups. Also for $ n \in {- 3, 4\} $ n \in {- 3, 4\} and an infinite group G which has finitely many elements of order 2 or 3 we prove that G ? B_n^* G \in \mathcal B_n^* if and only if G ? B_n G \in \mathcal B_n .     

A note on operator Banach spaces containing a complemented copy of c0

Let X and Y Banach spaces. Two new properties of operator Banach spaces are introduced. We call these properties "boundedly closed" and "d-boundedly closed". Among other results, we prove the following one. Let U(X, Y){\cal U}(X, Y) an operator Banach space containing a complemented copy of c₀. Then we have: 1) If U(X, Y){\cal U}(X, Y) is boundedly closed then Y contains a copy of c₀. 2) If U(X, Y){\cal U}(X, Y) is d-boundedly closed, then X^* or Y contains a copy of c₀.     

A characterization of infinite 3-abelian groups

In this note we prove that every infinite group G is 3-abelian (i.e. (ab)³ = a³b³ for all a, b in G) if and only if in every two infinite subsets X and Y of G there exist x ? Xx\in X and y ? Yy\in Y such that (xy)³ = x³y³.     

Extension theorems for functional equations with bisymmetric operations

Summary. In this paper we deal with the extension of the following functional equation¶¶ f (x) = M (f (m₁(x, y)), ..., f (m_k(x, y)))        (x, y ? K) f (x) = M \bigl(f (m_{1}(x, y)), \dots, f (m_{k}(x, y))\bigr) \qquad (x, y \in K) , (*)¶ where M is a k-variable operation on the image space Y, m₁,..., m_k are binary operations on X, K ì X K \subset X is closed under the operations m₁,..., m_k, and f : K ? Y f : K \rightarrow Y is considered as an unknown function.¶ The main result of this paper states that if the operations m₁,..., m_k, M satisfy certain commutativity relations and f satisfies (*) then there exists a unique extension of f to the (m₁,..., m_k)-affine hull K^* of K, such that (*) holds over K^*. (The set K^* is defined as the smallest subset of X that contains K and is (m₁,..., m_k)-affine, i.e., if x ? X x \in X , and there exists y ? K^* y \in K^* such that m₁(x, y), ?, m_k(x, y) ? K^* m_{1}(x, y), \ldots, m_{k}(x, y) \in K^* then x ? K^* x \in K^* ). As applications, extension theorems for functional equations on Abelian semigroups, convex sets, and symmetric convex sets are obtained.     

Homology of the double loop space of the homogeneous space SU(n)/SO(n)

We study the mod 2 homology of the double loop space of SU(n)/SO(n) using the Serre spectral sequence along with the Eilenberg-Moore spectral sequence. Then we also get the homology of the double loop space of the set of all Lagrangian subspaces of the symplectic vector space R²ⁿ.     

On the existence of certain measures appearing in distance geometry

Abstract. We prove the following result: Let X be a compact connected Hausdorff space and f be a continuous function on X x X. There exists some regular Borel probability measure m\mu on X such that the value of¶¶ ò\limit _X f(x,y)dm(y)\int\limit _X f(x,y)d\mu (y) is independent of the choice of x in X if and only if the following assertion holds: For each positive integer n and for all (not necessarily distinct) x₁,x₂,...,x_n,y₁,y₂,...,y_n in X, there exists an x in X such that¶¶ ?_i=1ⁿ f(x_i,x)=?_i=1ⁿ f(y_i,x).\sum\limits _{i=1}^n f(x_i,x)=\sum\limits _{i=1}^n f(y_i,x).     

The Spectral Mapping Theorem for Evlution Semigroups on L p Associated with Strongly Continuous Cocycles

In this note we prove the spectral mapping theorem for certain evolution semigroups. Specifically, we study the evolution semigroup on L^p(Theta,mu;X), 1≤p相似文献   

Reduction of variance for Gaussian densities via restriction to convex sets

Let X be a random vector with values in $\text{R}$ⁿ and a Gaussian density f. Let Y be a random vector whose density can be factored as k · f, where k is a logarithmically concave function on $\text{R}$ⁿ. We prove that the covariance matrix of X dominates the covariance matrix of Y by a positive semidefinite matrix. When k is the indicator function of a compact convex set A of positive measure the difference is positive definite. If A and X are both symmetric Var(a · X) is bounded above by an expression which is always strictly less than Var(a · X) for every a ∈ $\text{R}$ⁿ. Finally some counterexamples are given to show that these results cannot be extended to the general case where f is any logarithmically concave density.     

The Theorem of the k-1 Happy Divorces

Given a binary relation R between the elements of two sets X and Y and a natural number k, it is shown that there exist k injective maps f₁, f₂,...,f_k: X \hookrightarrow Y X \hookrightarrow Y with # {f₁(x), f₂(x),...,f_k(x)}=k    and    (x,f₁(x)), (x, f₂(x)),...,(x, f_k(x)) ? R \# \{f_1(x), f_2(x),...,f_k(x)\}=k \quad{\rm and}\quad (x,f_1(x)), (x, f_2(x)),...,(x, f_k(x)) \in R for all x ? X x \in X if and only if the inequality k ·# A ￡ ?_{y ? Y} min(k, #{a ? A | (a,y) ? R}) k \cdot \# A \leq \sum_{y \in Y} min(k, \#\{a \in A \mid (a,y) \in R\}) holds for every finite subset A of X, provided {y ? Y | (x,y) ? R} \{y \in Y \mid (x,y) \in R\} is finite for all x ? X x \in X .¶Clearly, as suggested by this paper's title, this implies that, in the context of the celebrated Marriage Theorem, the elements x in X can (simultaneously) marry, get divorced, and remarry again a partner from their favourite list as recorded by R, for altogether k times whenever (a) the list of favoured partners is finite for every x ? X x \in X and (b) the above inequalities all hold.¶In the course of the argument, a straightforward common generalization of Bernstein's Theorem and the Marriage Theorem will also be presented while applications regarding (i) bases in infinite dimensional vector spaces and (ii) incidence relations in finite geometry (inspired by Conway's double sum proof of the de Bruijn-Erdös Theorem) will conclude the paper.     

Bounded solutions of the Golab—Schinzel equation

Summary. Let \Bbb K {\Bbb K} be either the field of reals or the field of complex numbers, X be an F-space (i.e. a Fréchet space) over \Bbb K {\Bbb K} n be a positive integer, and f : X ? \Bbb K f : X \to {\Bbb K} be a solution of the functional equation¶¶f(x + f(x)ⁿ y) = f(x) f(y) f(x + f(x)^n y) = f(x) f(y) .¶We prove that, if there is a real positive a such that the set { x ? X : |f(x)| ? (0, a)} \{ x \in X : |f(x)| \in (0, a)\} contains a subset of second category and with the Baire property, then f is continuous or { x ? X : |f(x)| ? (0, a)} \{ x \in X : |f(x)| \in (0, a)\} for every x ? X x \in X . As a consequence of this we obtain the following fact: Every Baire measurable solution f : X ? \Bbb K f : X \to {\Bbb K} of the equation is continuous or equal zero almost everywhere (i.e., there is a first category set A ì X A \subset X with f(X \A) = { 0 }) f(X \backslash A) = \{ 0 \}) .     

Boundedness and convergence of martingales in rearrangement-invariant function spaces

Let (W, F, P)(\Omega, \cal F, P) be a complete nonatomic probability space. We shall give a characterization of rearrangement-invariant spaces X over W\Omega with the property that every martingale f = (f_n)_{n \geqq 0}f = (f_n)_{n \geqq 0} bounded in X converges with respect to the norm topology of X. Using the results, we shall consider the summability of martingales by Toeplitz matrices.     

Some Maximal Function Fields and Additive Polynomials

We derive explicit equations for the maximal function fields F over 𝔽 _{q ²ⁿ} given by F = 𝔽 _{q ²ⁿ} (X, Y) with the relation A(Y) = f(X), where A(Y) and f(X) are polynomials with coefficients in the finite field 𝔽 _{q ²ⁿ} , and where A(Y) is q-additive and deg(f) = q ⁿ  + 1. We prove in particular that such maximal function fields F are Galois subfields of the Hermitian function field H over 𝔽 _{q ²ⁿ} (i.e., the extension H/F is Galois).     

Some Pólya-Type Irreducibility Criteria for Multivariate Polynomials

We provide irreducibility criteria for multivariate polynomials with coefficients in an arbitrary field that extend a classical result of Pólya for polynomials with integer coefficients. In particular, we provide irreducibility conditions for polynomials of the form f(X)(Y ? f ₁(X))…(Y ? f _n (X)) + g(X), with f, f ₁, ?, f _n , g univariate polynomials over an arbitrary field.     

Wilson's functional equation on P3-groups

Summary. Consider Wilson's functional equation¶¶f(xy) + f(xy^-1) = 2f(f)g(y) f(xy) + f(xy^{-1}) = 2f(f)g(y) , for f,g : G ? K f,g : G \to K ¶where G is a group and K a field with char K 1 2 {\rm char}\, K\ne 2 .¶Aczél, Chung and Ng in 1989 have solved Wilson's equation, assuming that the function g satisfies Kannappan's condition g(xyz) = g(xzy) and f(xy) = f(yx) for all x,y,z ? G x,y,z\in G .¶In the present paper we obtain the general solution of Wilson's equation when G is a P₃-group and we show that there exist solutions different of those obtained by Aczél, Chung and Ng.¶A group G is said to be a P₃-group if the commutator subgroup G' of G, generated by all commutators [x,y] := x^-1y^-1xy, has the order one or two.     

The 2-Pebbling Property and a Conjecture of Graham's

The pebbling number of a graph G, f(G), is the least m such that, however m pebbles are placed on the vertices of G, we can move a pebble to any vertex by a sequence of moves, each move taking two pebbles off one vertex and placing one on an adjacent vertex. It is conjectured that for all graphs G and H, f(G 2H)hf(G)f(H).¶Let C_m and C_n be cycles. We prove that f(C_m 2C_n)hf(C_m) f(C_n) for all but a finite number of possible cases. We also prove that f(G2T)hf(G) f(T) when G has the 2-pebbling property and T is any tree.     

Cyclic codes and the Frobenius automorphism

Using the theory of cyclic codes the following problem of K. Burde' on characterizing finite fields GF (qⁿ) is solved:¶ Consider GF (qⁿ) as a vector space over GF (q). For which GF (qⁿ) exists for any k = 0, . . . ,n exactly one subspace C of dimension k and which is invariant under the Frobenius automorphism?     

Adapting Some Ideas from Stochastic Control Theory to Studying the Heat Equation in Closed Smooth Domains

Sufficient conditions on bounded domains D ² R ^d={(t,x)} of class C⁴ are given under which solutions of the heat equation u_t=j u+f in D have continuous second-order derivatives with respect to (t,x) in D^- . The equation is supplemented with C⁴ boundary data and it is assumed that f] C² .     

Vietoris-Rips complexes of metric spaces near a closed Riemannian manifold

We show that for every closed Riemannian manifold X there exists a positive number¶ $ \varepsilon_0 > 0 $ \varepsilon_0 > 0 such that for all 0< e\leqq e₀ \varepsilon \leqq \varepsilon_0 there exists some¶ $ \delta > 0 $ \delta > 0 such that for every metric space Y with Gromov-Hausdorff distance to X less than¶ d \delta the geometric e \varepsilon -complex |Y_e| |Y_\varepsilon| is homotopy equivalent to X.¶ In particular, this gives a positive answer to a question of Hausmann [4].     

Analytic Fourier integral operators, Monge-Ampère equation and holomorphic factorization

We will show that the factorization condition for the Fourier integral operators I_r ^m (X,Y;L )I_\rho ^\mu (X,Y;\it\Lambda ) leads to a parametrized parabolic Monge-Ampère equation. For an analytic operator, the fibration by the kernels of the Hessian of phase function is shown to be analytic in a number of cases, by considering a more general continuation problem for the level sets of a holomorphic mapping. The results are applied to obtain L^p-continuity for translation invariant operators in \Bbb Rⁿ{\Bbb R}^n with n ￡ 4n\leq 4 and for arbitrary \Bbb Rⁿ{\Bbb R}^n with dp_X×Y|_L ￡ n+2d\pi _{X\times Y}|_\Lambda \leq n+2.     

The Problem of Freeness for Euler Monoids and Möbius Groups

The Euler monoid E_n = {(a,b,t) epsilon Z³ : a² + b² = tⁿ, n S 1, is free if and only if n is odd (Theorem 1). We extend the results of Lyndon and Ullman, and Beardon concerning the set of those rational numbers mu epsilon (-2,2) for which the matrix Möbius group G_mu generated by A= and B = is not free (Theorems 2, 3, 4).