水溶性两性纤维素衍生物──Ⅰ.羧甲基纤维素的季铵化

以羧甲基纤维素(CMC)为原料、3-氯-2-羟两基三甲基氯化铵(CHPAC)为季铵化剂,合成了一系列水溶性两性纤维素衍生物.研究了CMC季镇化反应的主要影响因素,发现不同的原料羧甲基取代度、反应用碱量、CHPAC用量及反应介质组成对CMC季铵取代度和CMC季铵化反应效率均有不同的影响,同时对原料CMC及其产物的IR、X光衍射和DSC谱图与溶液粘性行为进行了研究.     

丙烯酰胺与二(烯丙基)十二胺在羧甲基纤维素上的接枝共聚物合成与表征

以十二胺与 3 氯丙烯的反应物二 (烯丙基 )十二胺 (DALA)、丙烯酰胺 (AM)和羧甲基纤维素 (CMC)为原料 ,合成了疏水化水溶性两性纤维素接枝共聚物 (CGAL) .利用FTIR、1 H NMR、MS和元素分析 (EA)等方法确证了DALA的结构 .考察了CMC的取代度与浓度 ,AM、DALA与引发剂浓度 ,温度及pH等因素对接枝共聚的影响 .通过FTIR对CGAL进行了分析 .借助比色滴定、EA和GPC等手段测定了CGAL的组成与分子量 .TG分析和粘度法研究了CGAL及其溶液的热稳定性 .纤维素酶降解试验说明CGAL具有生物降解性     

羧甲基纤维素-壳聚糖水凝胶球的制备及性能

采用物理交联法制备了羧甲基纤维素(CMC)-壳聚糖(CS)共混水凝胶球;研究了共混球的耐酸碱性、溶胀性及对亚甲基蓝的吸附性能.结果表明,水凝胶球在弱酸和弱碱中具有一定的稳定性;随着羧甲基纤维素与壳聚糖质量比的增大,水凝胶的吸水溶胀率增加.在CMC与CS质量比为1∶4时制备的水凝胶呈规则球状.     

改性壳聚糖膜用于醇水混合液分离的研究(Ⅱ)─壳聚糖－羧甲基纤维素共混物膜

制备了壳聚糖(CS)─羧甲基纤维素(CMC)共混物膜(I-2),对其成膜反应、溶胀度、交联度及拉伸强度进行了研究,结果表明,壳聚糖与羧甲基纤维素共混物在成膜的同时还发生交联反应;当CS/CMC=1时,交联度最大,此时共混物膜不溶于稀醋酸水溶液。首次将此共混物膜用于乙醇/水混合液的分离,该膜具有优良的醇水分离性能,当CS/CMC=1时,渗透通量和分离因子皆达到最大值[J=0.9kg/(m²·h),a=800,90wt%乙醇,45℃],且该膜的分离因子基本上不随温度变化,醇水透过I-2膜的表现活化能△E为32.6kJ/mol.对CS/CMC2+2+2+2+次序递增,分离因子变化次序则刚好相反。     

锂离子电池高比容量负极用粘结剂

随着锂离子电池向高比能量方向发展,传统的石墨负极材料将逐渐被合金、金属氧化物等高比容量负极材料所取代。高比容量负极材料在循环过程中易产生较大的体积变化,从而导致电极循环性能衰退,限制了其实际应用。除从材料本身入手外,变换粘结剂是改善高比容量负极材料电化学性能的有效途径。本文对近十年来锂离子电池高比容量负极用粘结剂的发展进行了总结。对聚偏氟乙烯(PVDF)粘结剂进行改性处理,提高其黏弹性,可以显著改善电极的电化学性能。与PVDF相比,水性羧甲基纤维素(CMC)粘结剂可以明显提高Si基电极的电化学性能。CMC用作高比容量负极材料粘结剂明显优于PVDF的原因包括其利于电极浆料分散、与电解液不反应以及能够与活性物质之间形成化学键(共价键或氢键)等。同时,CMC本身的结构参数(分子量、取代度、阳离子)、CMC加入量、浆料pH值及电极孔隙率均对CMC电极的性能具有重要影响。聚丙烯酸(PAA)及海藻酸钠粘结剂由于含有更多的羧基(—COOH)基团,对高比容量负极材料具有更好的效果。其他新型粘结剂在高比容量负极性能的提升方面也具有较大潜力。     

交联CMC控制释放除草剂的研究

本文报道以交联羧甲基纤维素囊化除草剂2，4，5－T、2，4－D和麦草畏二甲基胺盐所制成的控制释放体系的释放性能。研究了交联方法。制品形态、CMC取代度、交联剂用量和载药量等制备工艺条件对控释性能的影响。结果表明，以低取代度的CMC，经较大量甲醛交联制得的粒状制品，具有较好的控制释放性能。     

羧甲基纤维素基复合水凝胶的研究及应用进展

羧甲基纤维素(CMC)水凝胶是一种具有亲水性的天然三维聚合物材料,具有高吸水性,因此以羧甲基纤维素钠制备的水凝胶安全无毒可生物降解,被广泛应用于医药、食品、农业和环境等领域,作为保鲜材料、抗菌材料、生物传感器、药物输送系统和去除重金属的吸附剂。本文按CMC复合水凝胶材料来源的不同,分类综述了大分子/CMC水凝胶、单体/CMC水凝胶和无机物/CMC水凝胶的研究进展、功能特性以及应用领域,为羧甲基纤维素复合水凝胶的研究提供一定的思路和理论依据。总结此方向研究中不同材料对羧甲基纤维素复合水凝胶性能的提升情况,同时对羧甲基纤维素水凝胶的应用前景进行了展望。     

无探针荧光光谱法测定十二烷基硫酸钠的临界胶束浓度

建立了无探针荧光光谱法测定表面活性剂临界胶束浓度(CMC)的新方法,测定了典型阴离子表面活性剂十二烷基硫酸钠(SDS)在水溶液中的CMC,并与表面张力法和电导率法的测定结果进行了对比。结果表明,荧光光谱法样品用量少,测定的SDS的CMC与传统方法一致,说明采用无探针荧光光谱法能够测定一些物质的临界浓度。     

辐射交联制备改性CMC水凝胶的溶胀行为研究

利用丙烯酰胺 (AAm)接枝改性纤维素 ,然后进行羧甲基化反应得到高取代度的丙烯酰胺 羧甲基纤维素钠 (AAm CMC Na) .对该材料进行γ射线辐照制备出新型改性CMC水凝胶 .研究了这种水凝胶的溶胀动力学、交联动力学以及温度、pH值和无机盐浓度对水凝胶溶胀行为的影响 ,并与CMC Na水凝胶进行了比较 .结果表明 ,该水凝胶和CMC Na水凝胶相比 ,优点在于辐照交联所用的剂量下降 ,而且所需的CMC浓度减少 .AAm CMC Na水凝胶的溶胀度随温度升高而增大 ,在pH为 6～ 8范围内达到最大值 ,并随无机盐浓度与吸收剂量增加而下降 ,表现出较好的温度敏感性和pH敏感性 ,可望作为吸水材料和水保持剂     

羧甲基纤维素系列高分子表面活性剂的嵌段结构对其形态和性能的影响

采用超声波辐照聚合的羧甲基纤维素 (CMC)系列高分子表面活性剂是由CMC嵌段和含有等长双亲性支链的嵌段构成的共聚物 ,研究结果表明 ,CMC链段保证了共聚物的增粘性能 ,双亲性嵌段提供了共聚物优良的表面活性 ;CMC增粘嵌段与表面活性嵌段作为共聚物的两个嵌段 ,各发挥其作用 ,得到既有增粘性能又有高表面活性的双亲性共聚物 .     

Homogenous Carboxymethylation of Cellulose in the New Alkaline Solvent LiOH/Urea Aqueous Solution

In this work, the carboxymethylation of cellulose in a new alkaline cellulose solvent, LiOH/urea aqueous solution, was investigated. Carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) samples were characterized with FT-IR, NMR, HPLC, and viscosity measurements. Water-soluble CMC with DS = 0.36∼0.65 was prepared, from both Avicel cellulose and cotton linters in the LiOH/urea system. The total DS of CMC could be controlled by varying the molar ratio of reagents and the reaction temperature. The results from structure analysis by HPLC after complete depolymerization showed that the mole fractions of the different carboxymethylated repeating units as well as those of unmodified glucose follow a simple statistic pattern. A distribution of the carboxymethyl groups of the AGU was determined to be in the order O-6 > O-2 > O-3 position at the level.     

在苯-乙醇介质中生成的羧甲基纤维素取代基分布的研究

以三组份两相液体苯 乙醇 水为介质合成羧甲基纤维素（ＣＭＣ），应用１Ｈ ＮＭＲ谱图分析了ＣＭＣ中羧甲基在葡萄糖单元（ＡＧＵ）的Ｃ２、Ｃ３及Ｃ６位上对羟基的取代分布．结果表明，取代基的分布顺序是Ｃ６＞Ｃ２＞Ｃ３；当取代度（ＤＳ）低于１０时，Ｃ２∶Ｃ３∶Ｃ６近似于１４５∶１∶２１５；ＤＳ高于１０以后，分布趋于相同，通过对ＣＭＣ的Ｘ 衍射分析解释了取代基分布规律．同时研究了苯的影响，证实相同取代度下，在苯 乙醇 水中生成的ＣＭＣ试样，其Ｃ６位取代基分布多于在乙醇 水中生成的试样．     

Synthesis and characterization of carboxymethylcelluloses (CMC) from non-wood fibers I.Accessibility of cellulose fibers and CMC synthesis

This paper explores the production of carboxymethylcellulose (CMC) fromseveral bleached cellulose pulps obtained from non-wood species. The chemicalcomposition (-cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin content), the degreeofswelling, viscosity, solubility in concentrated NaOH and crystallinity ofsoda/AQ cellulose pulps from abaca, jute, sisal, linen and Miscanthussinensis were determined. The pulps were carboxymethylated by one andtwo successive reaction steps in aqueous medium under identical conditions. Thedegree of substitution (DS) of CMC was found to be dependent upon the source ofthe cellulose pulp, but generally it was close to 1 with one etherificationtreatment and around 2 after the second. The molar mass of CMC was found to bedependent on the initial intrinsic viscosity of the cellulose pulp. The weightaverage molar mass of our CMCs ranged from 1.5×10⁵ to2.8×10⁵. Increasing the DS up to 2 improved the CMC solubility, butviscosity slightly decreased due to a slight degradation of the polymer.     

Preparation and Evaluation of Sodium Carboxymethylcellulose from Sugarcane Bagasse for Applications in Coal-Water Slurry

A study on the feasibility of preparing cellulose from sugarcane bagasse, by means of chemical procedures including acid hydrolysis and alkaline treatment was conducted. The extracted purified cellulose was further used to prepare a cost-effective additive via alkalization and etherification for Coal-water slurry (CWS). The degree of substitute (DS) and intrinsic viscosity of the prepared sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (SCMC1) were determined and its structure was also characterized by means of FT-IR and TGA, with another sample of SCMC2 produced from microcrystalline cellulose and a commercial SCMC3 as references. Results showed SCMC1 had a DS of 0.857 which was 32.7% and 44.7% higher than SCMC2 and SCMC3, respectively. The higher intrinsic viscosity of SCMC1 indicated it had a higher molecular mass. The SCMC samples were used as additives to prepare CWS of which the rheological behavior and static stability were measured to evaluate their applied performances. The data showed that CWS with SCMC1 had a lower apparent viscosity and higher static stability than others, which was due to the higher DS and higher molecular mass of SCMC1. For SCMC1 could provide stronger electrostatic repulsive forces and steric repulsive forces between the coal particles via adsorption.     

Homogenous synthesis of hydroxyethylcellulose in NaOH/urea aqueous solution

Hydroxyethylcellulose (HEC) was synthesized by a fully homogenous method from cellulose in 7.5 wt.-% NaOH/11 wt.-% urea aqueous solutions under mild conditions. HEC samples were characterized with NMR, SEC-LLS, solubility, and viscosity measurements. The MS and DS values of the obtained HEC samples are in the range from 0.54 to 1.44 and 0.45 to 1.14, respectively, and the relative DS values at C-2 and C-6 hydroxyl groups are slightly higher than those at C-3 hydroxyl groups. HEC samples are soluble in water starting from a MS of 0.57 and DS of 0.49, which display high viscosity in aqueous solutions. Moreover, a NaOH/urea aqueous solution is a stable system for cellulose etherification. In this way, we could provide a simple, pollution-free, and homogeneous aqueous solution system for synthesizing cellulose ethers.     

淤浆法碱化试剂选择对PAC分子结构及其泥浆滤失性能影响

采用XRD和显微镜分析技术研究了高浴比淤浆法制备聚阴离子纤维素过程中, NaOH、KOH及其混合碱化体系对纤维素润胀度及结晶度的影响, 借助1H NMR方法分析了产物的取代度及取代基在葡萄糖环基C2、C3和C6位分布的均匀性. 通过泥浆实验研究了产品在高电解质含量中的高温滤失性能. 结果表明, 在相同摩尔浓度条件下, 棉纤维润胀度变化规律是: NaOH/KOH(摩尔比, 9∶1)>NaOH>NaOH/KOH(摩尔比, 1∶1)>NaOH/KOH(摩尔比, 1∶9)>KOH, 结晶度的顺序相反. 1H NMR测试结果表明, 含少量的K+时, 羧甲基在葡萄糖单元环内分布更均匀, 产品具有优良的耐酸、耐盐性和抗高温滤失性能; 当体系KOH成为主要碱化试剂时, 在酸碱介质中出现分层, 抗滤失性能急剧变差.     

Studies on the molecular flexibility of novel dendronized carboxymethyl cellulose derivatives

Water-soluble deoxy-azido cellulose derivatives were synthesized by heterogeneous carboxymethylation, applying 2-propanol/aqueous NaOH as slurry medium. The novel, carboxymethyl deoxy-azido cellulose provides a convenient starting material for the selective dendronization of cellulose via the copper-catalyzed Huisgen reaction yielding water-soluble carboxymethyl 6-deoxy-(1-N-[1,2,3-triazolo]-4-polyamidoamine) cellulose derivatives of first (degree of substitution, DS 0.51), second (DS 0.44) and third generation (DS 0.39). The novel biopolymer derivatives were characterized by FT-IR and NMR spectroscopy, intrinsic viscosity, sedimentation coefficient and weight average molar mass. Solution conformation and flexibility were estimated qualitatively using conformation zoning and quantitatively (persistence length) using the combined global method. Sedimentation conformation zoning showed a semi-flexible coil conformation and the global method applied to each carboxymethyl deoxy-azido cellulose and carboxymethyl 6-deoxy-(1-N-[1,2,3-triazolo]-4-polyamidoamine) cellulose derivative yielded persistence length all within the range of 2.8-4.0 nm with no evidence of any change in flexibility with dendronization.     

Sample preparation effects in matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionisation time-of-flight mass spectrometry of partially depolymerised carboxymethyl cellulose

Sample preparation effects in matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionisation time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOFMS) of partially depolymerised carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) have been investigated. The depolymerisation was either enzymatic or acidic. Fractions of enzymatically depolymerised CMC were collected from size-exclusion chromatography (SEC) and further investigated by MALDI-TOFMS. 2,5-Dihydroxybenzoic acid was used as matrix, dissolved in H(2)O due to the poor solubility of CMC in suitable organic solvents. The samples were dried by two methods, in ambient atmosphere and at reduced pressure. Under reduced pressure the sample spot homogeneity increased. This drying method, however, produced additional adduct peaks in the mass spectra originating from ion exchange on the CMC oligomers. Analysis of CMC could be performed in both negative and positive ion modes. Mass discrimination and variation in ionisation efficiency were demonstrated by comparing mass spectra with SEC data. Measurements of the degree of substitution (DS) were performed on three CMCs with different DS values, which were depolymerised in trifluoroacetic acid. The three CMCs were easily distinguished from one another, but the obtained DS values deviated from the values supplied by the manufacturer.     

Synthesis and characterization of carboxymethylcelluloses from non-wood pulps II. Rheological behavior of CMC in aqueous solution

This paper concerns the rheological behavior of carboxymethylcelulloses(CMC) derived after one and two successive steps from different non-woodbleached cellulose pulps. CMC rheological characterization was achieved in0.1M NaCl solution, as a function of polymer concentration. Theevidence of a critical concentration (C* < 1 g/L) is discussedfromsteady shear and dynamic experiments. Rheological properties of the CMC werefound to depend on the cellulose source reactivity and on their degree ofsubstitution (DS). Higher molecular weight of initial cellulose was accompaniedby higher apparent intrinsic viscosity of the CMC produced. Depending on theCMCconcentration and on the degree of etherification, the system behaves as asolution or as a gel. In the case of abaca CMC sample, it is shown that afteronly one step of chemical modification and above a polymer concentration of20 g/L, the system behaves as a gel. The gel behavior was studied asafunction of temperature. In the temperature range from 25 to 45°C, the rheological behavior was found to remain almostconstant due to the existence of dispersed swollen aggregates. This unusualcharacteristic represents an advantage for applications such as oil recovery inthe petroleum industry, where viscosity of the recovered fluid should not diminishwith temperature.