Dynamically tunable optical properties in graphene-based plasmon-induced transparency metamaterials

A graphene-based metamaterial for THz plasmon induced transparency(PIT) is presented and numerically studied in this paper, which consists of two horizontal graphene strips attached to a continuous vertical wire separately. The calculated surface current distributions demonstrate that the distinct PIT window results from the near-field coupling of two bright modes. To explore the physical mechanism of PIT effect, we employ the coupled Lorentz oscillator model. The transmission spectra obtained with this model fits well with the simulation results. The performance of the PIT system can be controlled through the geometry parameters of graphene strips. Moreover, the transparency window can be dynamically tuned by varying the Fermi energy and the carrier mobility of the graphene strips. The slow light effect is also explored in our proposed structure and it can achieve 1.25 ps when Fermi energy is 1.3 eV. Finally, the position of the transmission window with the variation of the nearby medium refractive index is examined. Such a proposed graphene-based PIT system may have great potential applications in photonic devices.     

Terahertz photonic states in semiconductor-graphene cylinder structures

We propose a semiconductor-graphene cylinder that can serve as a terahertz (THz) photonic crystal. In such a structure, graphene plays a role in achieving a strong mismatch of the dielectric constant at the semiconductor-graphene interface due to its two-dimensional nature and relatively low value of the dielectric constant. We find that when the radius of the outer semiconductor layer is about ρ(1)~100 μm, the frequencies of the photonic modes are within the THz bandwidth and they can be efficiently tuned via varying ρ(1). Furthermore, the dispersion relation of the photonic modes shows that a semiconductor-graphene cylinder is of excellent light transport properties, which can be utilized for the THz waveguide. This study is pertinent to the application of graphene as THz photonic devices.     

GaP波导型发射器产生频率可调谐太赫兹脉冲

报道了利用脉宽可调的光子晶体光纤飞秒激光放大器抽运矩形波导结构的GaP晶体太赫兹(THz) 发射器产生频率可调谐的超快THz脉冲.非线性晶体中光整流过程产生的THz辐射频率随抽运光脉冲宽度而 变化. GaP波导THz发射器可通过波导的几何尺寸来控制色散,以达到增加有效作用长度和提高输出功率的目的. 不同横截面尺寸的波导型发射器的THz辐射峰值频率随相位匹配条件的改变而改变,加以脉宽调节技术, 可以在大频谱范围获得频谱精细可调的THz脉冲.实验中在1 mm×0.7 mm的波导型THz发射器中获得了 频率可调谐的THz脉冲.提出实现THz辐射频率大范围调谐的GaP波导型阵列发射器的实施方案.     

On transmittance and localization of the electromagnetic wave in two-dimensional graphene-based photonic crystals

Two-dimensional graphene-based photonic crystal (GPC) formed by a periodic array of the homogeneous dielectric cylinders etched in the alternating graphene and dielectric layers and its inverse counterpart are considered. The transmittance of the photonic crystal is obtained. The waveguide due to the localization of the electromagnetic wave on the lattice defect that breaks the translational symmetry of the GPC of two different topologies is studied. The different topologies of GPC are characterized by different photonic band structures with different widths of photonic band gaps (PBG) and provide different frequencies for the localized electromagnetic wave due to the defect. The frequencies of the localized mode for both type of the GPC, located inside the lowest PBG, are in the range of THz or tens of THz depending on the topology of the GPC. It is shown that the photonic band gap always can be tuned by changing the chemical potential of graphene to provide formation of the localized photonic mode due to the defect. The technological advantages of the GPC, as well as the opportunity to tune the PBG and the frequency of the localized electromagnetic wave in the terahertz region of spectrum for the GPC are discussed.     

Dynamically tunable multiband plasmon-induced transparency effect based on graphene nanoribbon waveguide coupled with rectangle cavities system

A dynamically tunable multiband plasmon-induced transparency (PIT) effect in a series of rectangle cavities coupled with a graphene nanoribbon waveguide system is investigated theoretically and numerically by tuning the Fermi level of the graphene rectangle cavity. A single-PIT effect is realized using two different methods: one is the direct destructive interference between bright and dark modes, and the other is the indirect coupling through a graphene nanoribbon waveguide. Moreover, dual-PIT effect is obtained by three rectangle cavities side-coupled with a graphene nanoribbon waveguide. Results show that the magnitude of the dual-PIT window can be controlled between 0.21 and 0.74, and the corresponding group index is controlled between 143.2 and 108.6. Furthermore, the triple-PIT effect is achieved by the combination of bright-dark mode coupling and the cavities side-coupled with waveguide mechanism. Thus, sharp PIT windows can be formed, a high transmission is maintained between 0.51 and 0.74, and the corresponding group index is controlled between 161.4 and 115.8. Compared with previously proposed graphene-based PIT effects, the size of the introduced structure is less than 0.5 μm². Particularly, the slow light effect is crucial in the current research. Therefore, a novel approach is introduced toward the realization of optical sensors, optical filters, and slow light and light storage devices with ultra-compact, multiband, and dynamic tunable.     

Trapping of surface plasmon polaritons in a multiple-teeth-shaped waveguide at visible wavelengths

We numerically and theoretically demonstrate that a metal–insulator–metal (MIM) waveguide with multiple-teeth-shaped graded depths can strongly slow light as the propagation velocities of surface plasmon polaritons (SPPs) are reduced over a large frequency bandwidth at visible wavelengths domain. Since the wavelength of the trough of transmission is dependent on the depth of the tooth-shaped dielectric in the MIM waveguide, the guided SPPs at different frequencies can be localized at different spatial positions of the multiple-teeth-shaped graded depths MIM waveguide, which can be proved by the scattering matrix method. The separation between trapped waves can be tuned by changing the grade of the tooth-shaped depths and the lifetime of SPPs in the waveguide may be long enough for some meaningful nano-photonic applications.     

0.22 THz折叠波导行波管初步实验研究

探索性试验了多种微加工技术加工设计频率0.22 THz的折叠波导慢波结构,最终选择了微铣削工艺进行加工,并测试了微铣削工艺加工的WR4标准直波导的损耗特性,得到了0.22 THz电磁波在无氧铜中传播时材料的相对电导率约为3.2107 S/m。以此为基础设计和制得了国内第一支0.22 THz折叠波导行波管,经过测试和标定得到输出功率大于100 mW,带宽3.5 GHz的初步实验结果。     

High-sensitive refractive index sensing and excellent slow light based on tunable triple plasmon-induced transparency in monolayer graphene based metamaterial

A patterned monolayer graphene metamaterial structure consisting of six graphene blocks and two graphene strips is proposed to generate triple plasmon-induced transparency(PIT).TriplePIT can be effectively modulated by Fermi levels of graphene.The theoretically calculated results by coupled mode theory show a high matching degree with the numerically simulated results by finite-difference time-domain.Intriguingly,the high-sensitive refractive index sensing and excellent slow-light performance ca...     

太赫兹折叠波导慢波结构S参数特性

理论上分析了计算周期数对0.22 THz折叠波导慢波结构S参数的影响,讨论了折叠波导慢波结构各个尺寸参数对损耗特性的影响,研究了粗糙度与损耗特性之间的关系。通过实验验证了0.22 THz标准矩形直波导的损耗特性。对实际加工的0.22 THz折叠波导慢波结构进行了测试,得到了实际的太赫兹波折叠波导慢波结构传输与损耗特性。     

Dynamic control of the terahertz rainbow trapping effect based on a silicon-filled graded grating

We theoretically propose a scheme to realize the dynamic control of the properties of the terahertz(THz) rainbow trapping effect(RTE) based on a silicon-filled graded grating(SFGG) in a relatively broad band via optical pumping.Through the theoretical analysis and finite-element method simulations, it is conceptually demonstrated that the band of the RTE can be dynamically tuned in a range of ~0.06 THz. Furthermore, the SFGG can also be optically switched between a device for the RTE and a waveguide for releasing the trapped waves. The results obtained here may imply applications for the tunable THz plasmonic devices, such as on-chip optical buffers, broad band slow-light systems, and integrated optical filters.     

基于光子晶体马赫-曾德尔干涉仪的太赫兹开关及强度调制器

通过对二维正方晶格光子晶体线缺陷模色散曲线慢光特性的研究, 利用外电场对液晶分子取向的调控作用, 在填充液晶的正方晶格波导的马赫-曾德尔干涉仪结构中实现了开关和强度调制等功能. 利用平面波展开法计算了光子晶体波导的线缺陷模, 分析了液晶折射率的变化对缺陷模的影响. 计算表明, 液晶折射率仅改变了0.1, 线缺陷模有效折射率改变达0.168, 该特性可以更为有效地实现对相位的控制, 进而实现高消光比开关和强度调制功能, 这种高效的相位调节器件在集成光系统中将有很好的应用前景.     

基于倏逝场耦合的石墨烯波导光传输相位特性仿真与实验研究

石墨烯材料应用到各种光波导器件中正成为新一代光子器件的重要发展方向之一,目前基于石墨烯的光纤和集成光子器件研究越来越受到国内外的重视. 本文建立了一种由微纳光纤耦合光倏逝场,并在石墨烯薄膜中传输的模型. 通过有限元分析法,研究了光在这种石墨烯波导中传输光场的强度分布和相位特性,并通过实验进行了验证. 结果表明,沿着微纳光纤-石墨烯光波导传播的倏逝场的强度分布和相位均受石墨烯材料作用,石墨烯材料能有效聚集和导行波导中传输的高阶模,在单位传输长度上具有更密集的等相位面. 本文提出了一种利用微纳光纤耦合光倏逝场研究石墨烯相位响应特性的新方法,对基于石墨烯波导的新型调制器、滤波器、激光器和传感器等光子器件的设计和应用具有一定的参考意义. 关键词： 石墨烯平面光波导 倏逝波 光场强度 相位     

石墨烯基双曲色散特异材料的负折射与体等离子体性质

基于有效介质理论研究了石墨烯/介质周期结构的电磁性质, 研究发现这种复合结构的等频面在太赫兹和远红外波段为双曲线, 可用来实现石墨烯基双曲色散特异材料. 通过改变石墨烯的费米能级、介质层厚度和单元结构中石墨烯的层数, 可很容易地调节双曲色散存在的频段. 由于等频面的双曲色散特性, 石墨烯基双曲色散特异材料在远低于截止频率的范围内, 对斜入射的电磁波具有负的能量折射率和正的相位折射率, 并支持局域体等离子体模式. 基于衰减全反射结构, 研究了体等离子体的激发, 探索了体等离子体在可调的光学反射调制器中的应用.     

0.8 THz再生反馈振荡器的仿真模拟研究

随着太赫兹技术的发展,高频率、大功率的太赫兹辐射源一直是国内外研究的热点。再生反馈振荡器作为一种新型太赫兹源器件,具有可行性高、功率大的优点。基于0.8 THz太赫兹波成像系统的需求,采用折叠波导慢波结构,对再生反馈振荡器进行设计与研究。首先对0.8 THz折叠波导慢波结构进行设计并使用CST微波工作室中的本征模求解器进行参数优化,再通过CST粒子工作室中的PIC仿真模块对整管进行热特性仿真,验证了方案的可行性,仿真结果显示,最终可产生60 mW的稳定输出信号。     

0.14 THz瓦量级折叠波导行波管设计

在本课题组此前采用显式方法设计0.14 THz宽带折叠波导慢波结构的基础上,设计了一种0.14 THz瓦量级输出折叠波导行波管。通过CST MWS软件分析结构尺寸对冷测特性的影响规律来确定一组慢波结构参数,然后对电子枪、永磁聚焦系统、输入输出结构、衰减结构及收集极系统进行设计,最后经过CST PS软件进行整管热测特性仿真模拟。此过程不断迭代,最终找到一组结构参数满足频率在0.14 THz、输入功率为20 mW时,折叠波导行波管输出功率大于6 W。为了验证设计的电子光学系统的正确性,加工装配了一根流通管,并进行了流通率测试,测得流通率大于80%。     

Terahertz-radiation-enhanced broadband terahertz generation from large aperture photoconductive antenna

A technique of enhancing and broadening terahertz (THz) wave radiation from large aperture photoconductive (PC) antenna is presented in this paper. In this technique, the PC antenna is excited by both the optical and previously generated THz pulses by a laser-induced air plasma created in front of PC antenna and an enhanced and broadened THz wave signal is obtained. The theoretical and experimental investigation shows that the superposition is the main mechanism for this enhancement. The technique shown in this paper can be very useful for THz imaging and spectroscopy.     

Ultrafast control of slow light in THz electromagnetically induced transparency metasurfaces

In this paper,we experimentally demonstrate ultrafast optical control of slow light in the terahertz(THz) range by combining the electromagnetically induced transparency(EIT) metasurfaces with the cut wire made of P~+-implanted silicon with short carrier lifetime.Employing the optical-pump THz-probe spectroscopy,we observed that the device transited from a state with a slow light effect to a state without a slow light effect in an ultrafast time of 5 ps and recovered within 200 ps.A coupled oscillator model is utilized to explain the origin of controllability.The experimental results agree very well with the simulated and theoretical results.These EIT metasurfaces have the potential to be used as an ultrafast THz optical delay device.     

Tunable Transmissive Metastructure for Precise or Broadband Polarization Conversion Modulation Based on Graphene

Based on the principle of Fabry–Perot (F–P) cavity resonance and the selective permeability of gratings to specific electromagnetic waves, a graphene-based metastructure (MS) is proposed for transmissive polarization conversion (PC). Using the full-wave numerical simulation, it is found that by varying the Fermi energy of graphene, the effective resonance range of the suggested MS can be dynamically adjusted from 0.47 to 0.348–0.714 THz, achieving the target of precise to ultra-broadband polarization modulation. In this paper, the plausibility of the structure is verified from multiple perspectives, and the correlation analyses of the electric and magnetic fields are the supporting illustrations. Additionally, the triggering mechanism of PC is visually illustrated in the study of the surface currents distributions. Simulation results reveal that the MS is superior in performance, functionality, and principle, and it is foreseen to hold excellent promise for integrated equipment in the terahertz (THz) band.     

Propagation characteristics of two-dimensional photonic crystals in the terahertz range

Based on the plane wave expansion method, the complete band gaps of two-dimensional terahertz photonic crystals with typical structures are optimized through varying structural parameters. During our calculation, two kinds of lattice structures that are very promising for the materials of terahertz components are found and some interesting phenomena that were not reported in the former papers are also presented. Using the finite difference time domain method, we simulated the electromagnetic field distribution of THz waves in a PC splitter. And by the plane wave expansion method, we achieved the dispersion relation and defect modes in a rotated PC waveguide. These results provide a useful guide and a theoretical basis for the developments of THz functional components. PACS 42.72.Ai; 42.70.Qs     

高性能85mm短腔光学参变振荡器的THz电磁波输出特性分析

报道了以MgO∶LiNbO3为非线性光学介质,采用85 mm长的法布里珀罗单谐振腔结构形式的光学参变振荡器,产生THz电磁波的实验结果。使用波长为1064 nm的Nd∶YAGQ开关脉冲激光器作为抽运光源,通过改变入射角度使参变振荡器的相位匹配条件发生变化。采用Si真空量热器,并利用THz波干涉测量仪;或通过测量闲频光的频率对产生的THz波频率进行了测量。实验表明该参变振荡器输出频率调谐范围为0.9~3.0 THz。在抽运光能量为20 mJ/pulse,脉冲宽度16 ns,重复频率50 Hz条件下得到输出峰值位于1.2 THz,能量为102.5 PJ/pulse的THz波输出。通过引入Si棱镜阵列减小了THz波在晶体中的全反射,从而提高THz波的能量输出。使用金属缝隙探测器,对辐射的THz波的波束水平方向空间分布进行了测量,分析了Si棱镜阵列的衍射效应对THz波束空间分布的影响。