矿化剂浓度对水热法合成氧化锌晶体的影响

In this paper different shapes of ZnO crystals were synthesized by hydrothermal method when different con-centrations of mineralizer were used. When KOH was less than 2mol·L^-1 and the fill factor was approximately 35% at 350℃, ZnO crystals were synthesized with size of several hundred nanometer or several micron. The shapes of crystals were hexagonal cones. When 3mol·L^-1 KOH was used as mineralize at 350℃ and the fill factor was approximately 35%, the crystals with many different sizes were synthesized, the size of maximal crystal was over 100 micron, the small-size crystals were only several micron. When mineralizer KOH was less than 1mol·L^-1 and the fill factor was approximately 35% at 430℃, ZnO crystals were synthesized with size of several hundred nanometer or several micron. The shapes of crystals were hexagonal cones. When 1.5mol·L^-1 KOH or 2mol·L^-1 KOH was used as mineralize at 430℃ and the fill factor was approximately 35%, the high quality and hexagonal prism crystals were synthesized with many different sizes, the size of maximal crystal was over 100 mi-cron, the small-size crystal was only several micron. Especially when 3mol·L^-1 KOH was used as mineralize at 430℃ and the fill factor was approximately 35%, the high quality and hexagonal prism crystals were synthesized with size of 1mm along c axis. The exposed faces were hexagonal faces m{1010}, hexagonal cone faces p{1011}, negative polar faces O{0001}. In addition, many crystals with the shape of hexagonal cone and in several micron to 50 μm of size were present. The exposed faces were hexagonal cone faces p{1011}, negative polar faces {0001}.     

特殊形貌的ZnO晶体：水热法生长及光催化性能

采用水热法制得了微米棒状的ZnO结构,并通过改变降温冷却方式得到了锥形管状的ZnO结构。以染料甲基橙的光催化降解为模型评价了ZnO的光催化活性。利用XRD和SEM表征了ZnO的晶体结构和微观形貌。结果表明,所得的ZnO晶体在高压汞灯照射下表现出良好的光催化性能,且ZnO锥形管的光催化活性优于微米棒。ZnO晶体光催化降解甲基橙的反应符合一级反应动力学规律。探讨了ZnO锥形管的形成机理以及光催化降解甲基橙的作用机理。     

Dark Color ZnO Quasi-One-Dimensional Nanostructures Grown by Hydrothermal Method and Modulation of their Optical Properties

Zinc oxide has a large energy gap and thus it has potential application in the field of solar cells by tuning the absorption of sunlight. In order to enhance its absorption of sunlight, dark color zinc oxides have been prepared by traditional hydrothermal method directly using a zinc foil as both source and substrate. We found that we could tune the optical properties of ZnO samples by changing the temperature. In particular, increasing temperature could significantly reduce the reflectivity of solar energy in the visible range. We speculate that the phenomenon is relevant to the sharp cone morphology of the ZnO nanorods grown on the surface of Zn foils, which furthermore enhance refraction and reflection of light in the nanorods. The capacity to improve the light absorption of ZnO may have a bright application in raising the efficiency of solar cells.     

水热法生长方式对ZnO纳米棒阵列结构和性能的影响

本文系统地比较了三种方式制备的ZnO纳米棒阵列的结构和性能的异同.根据水热法生长液中碱来源的不同,ZnO纳米棒阵列的生长方式分为三种:N方式(氨水)、H方式(六次甲基四胺)和NH方式(两次N方式和一次H方式).通过扫描电子显微镜,对这三种方式生长的ZnO纳米棒阵列形貌进行了表征.此外,利用X射线衍射仪、透射电子显微镜和激光拉曼光谱对ZnO的结晶性能进行比较.结果表明,ZnO纳米棒阵列的取向性N≈NH>H,ZnO的晶体质量H>NH>N.NH方式综合N方式和H方式的优势,得到了取向性和晶体质量优良的ZnO纳米棒阵列.这将为在进一步应用中有效地选择ZnO纳米棒阵列的制备方式提供重要信息.     

Hydrothermal Synthesis and Optical Properties of ZnO Nanostructured Films Directly Grown from/on Zinc Substrates

Uniform ZnO nanorods arrays are grown directly from and on Zn foils in pure water under hydrothermal conditions at a relatively low temperature. The nanorods are 80–200 nm in diameter and ∼ 1 μm in length, which grow on the Zn foil along the [001] direction. By changing the pure water to a urea solution, a Zn compound ([Zn₅(OH)₆(CO₃)₂], a precursor of ZnO nanoflowers film, is created by self-assembly. The ZnO nanoflowers film can be easily obtained by heating the [Zn₅(OH)₆(CO₃)₂] compound in N₂ at 350∘C for 5–6 hours. Possible growth processes of the ZnO nanorods arrays and the [Zn₅(OH)₆(CO₃)₂] nanoflowers are discussed. Photoluminescence properties of the as-prepared ZnO nanostructures have been measured. The ZnO nanorods array synthesized using our method has minimal defects so that only band-gap emission is observed. However, the ZnO nanoflowers film, obtained by heating the [Zn₅(OH)₆(CO₃)₂] nanoflower precursor in N₂, is polycrystalline and displays strong defect-related emission.     

回流水热合成均分散纳米α-Fe2O3单晶粒子

系统地研究了以Fe(NO₃)₃为原料，回流水热合成均分散α-Fe₂O₃纳米粒子。实验结果显示:当pH=1时，随着水热时间的增加，由透射电镜测试可知，多孔性纺锤形α-Fe₂O₃单晶转变成粒径在45 nm左右的均分散菱形单晶;而Fe(NO₃)₃用氨水中和形成Fe(OH)₃凝胶后，随着初始pH值的增加，完全转变成α-Fe₂O₃所需的时间增加、粒径减小，但产物的结构更为完整。另外通过实验发现，反应体系中存在的电解质对α-Fe₂O₃晶体的生成有促进作用。同时对初始pH值及电解质对α-Fe₂O₃生成速率的影响机理进行了分析。     

Hydrothermal synthesis of 2D ordered macroporous ZnO films

The ZnO films with two-dimensional ordered macroporous structure were successfully fabricated through hydrothermal crystal growth of ZnO on the ZnO substrate covered with a monolayer of polystyrene (PS) spheres as template. The precursor solution of hydrothermal crystal growth of ZnO were prepared by equimolar solution of Zn(NO₃)₂·6H₂O and hexamethylenetramine (HMT). The confinement effect of the PS spheres template on the growth of ZnO nanorods and the influence of sodium citrate on the crystal growth of ZnO had been studied. The film surface morphology and the preferential growth of ZnO crystal were investigated by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD), respectively. Also, the photoluminescence spectrum of ZnO films had been measured, and the corresponding mechanism was discussed. __________ Translated from Chemistry, 2007, 70 (8): 587–592 [译自: 化学通报]     

水热合成新型硼磷酸盐化合物的研究进展

作为潜在的新型功能材料，硼磷酸盐近几年得到了科学家的极大重视。本文从结构化学角度对水热合成硼磷酸盐化合物进行了总结，并着重对过渡金属、P区主族元素和含有机模板硼磷酸盐化合物所具有的典型结构进行了描述和归类，同时还讨论了硼磷酸盐的最新研究进展及其发展方向。     

晶种面织构对溶液化学法生长ZnO纳米棒的影响

采用化学沉积法，在ZnO晶种面上研究了纳米棒于70 ℃过饱和硝酸锌/氢氧化钠溶液中的定向生长。通过sol-gel法在玻璃基底上引入了ZnO的晶种面，通过热处理温度、冷却方式和拉膜速度改变其织构，重点考察其对ZnO纳米棒生长形态的影响。采用XRD和SEM分析了不同晶种面以及相应棒晶的生长形态。结果表明，随热处理温度的提高，晶种长大，相应的棒晶直径从25 nm增加到50 nm，1.5 h的生长棒长达约800 nm。300～400 ℃热处理、急冷或低的拉膜速度条件下制备的晶种面具有更高的晶体取向和较少的表面缺陷。从而导致生长面高的成核密度，使得ZnO纳米棒能够在垂直于基底的方向上择优生长。     

不同形貌氧化锌的微波水热法制备及其光催化性能

采用微波水热法在乙二醇的辅助下,制备出一系列不同形貌的氧化锌(Zn O)纳米/微米颗粒。扫描电子显微镜测试结果表明,乙二醇的加入量对样品的形貌有着非常显著的影响,通过控制乙二醇的加入量,可以得到不规则片状、六方棱柱孪晶、梭子形和球形等形貌的Zn O纳米/微米颗粒。从微波反应器检测压力结果可以看出,乙二醇的加入量对反应体系的压力影响非常显著,这起到了调控纳米晶生长速度的效果进而得到不同形貌的样品。在此基础上,系统测试了样品在氙灯照射下光催化降解罗丹明B的能力,结果表明,乙二醇加入量大于12 m L时的球状样品光催化效率要远高于其他样品,在50 min内能完成对罗丹明B的降解。     

EDTA辅助水热法合成硫化铋晶体

以Bi(NO3)3·5H2O和Na2S2O3·5H2O为原料,用乙二胺四乙酸(EDTA)辅助水热法合成了纳米或微米级的Bi2S3晶体(1),其结构、形貌和光谱性能经XRD,FE-SEM和UV-Vis表征。结果表明:溶液的pH对1的形貌有显著的影响,随着pH的增大,1由纳米棒组成的微米球逐渐转变为微米级片状结构;1出现蓝移。     

一种多钒氧酸有机铵盐的水热合成、晶体结构及催化性质研究

本文采用水热技术合成了一种多钒氧酸盐[NH3(CH2)4NH3][H2pip]2[V10O28].6H2O(1,pip=哌嗪),并且通过元素分析、红外、热重、单晶X-射线衍射对化合物1进行了表征。化合物1为单斜晶系,空间群为P21/n,晶胞参数为a=1.229 85(10)nm,b=1.075 10(9)nm,c=1.496 71(12)nm,β=93.947 0(10)°,V=1.974 3(3)nm3,Z=2。晶体结构分析表明,化合物1是由[V10O28]6-阴离子簇、质子化的1,4-丁二胺和哌嗪阳离子以及结晶水构成。有机阳离子和结晶水通过O-H…O和N-H…O氢键相互作用将阴离子连接形成三维结构。     

NaKV_2O_6的水热合成与结构

以水热法合成偏钒酸的复盐ＮａＫＶ２Ｏ６并测定晶体结构。ＮａＫＶ２Ｏ６晶体属单斜晶系，Ｃ２空间群，ａ＝１０．５６８（３），ｂ＝１０．０８２（２），ｃ＝５．８１０（２）Ａ，β＝１０３．８７（２）°，Ｖ＝６０１．０（３）Ａ３，Ｍｒ＝２５９．９７，Ｆ（０００）＝４９６，μ＝３７．３８ｃｍ（－１），Ｚ＝４，Ｄｃ＝２．８７ｇ·ｃｍ－３，Ｄｏ＝２．８５ｇ·ｃｍ（－３）。结构由重原子法解出，全矩阵最小二乘法修正至Ｒ＝０．０２９，Ｒω＝０．０４３。无水偏钒酸盐骨架为链状结构，其阴离子骨架由ＶＯ４四面体共顶点氧形成ＶＯ－３无限链，链间为平衡电荷的阳离子，阳离子与链之间靠静电引力结合在一起。     

Dislocation Analysis for Large-sized Sapphire Single Crystal Grown by SAPMAC Method

In this paper,large-sized sapphire (230×210 mm,27.5 kg) was grown by SAPMAC method (sapphire growth technique with micro-pulling and shoulder-expanding at the cooled center). Dislocation peculiarity in large sapphire boule (0001) basal plane was investigated by chemical etching,scanning electron microscopy and X-ray topography method. The triangular dislocation etch pit measured is 7.6×101～8.0×102 cm-2,in which relative high-density dislocations were generated at both initial and final stages of crystal growth. The analysis of single-crystal X-ray topography shows that there are no apparent sub-grain boundaries; the dislocation lines are isolated and straight. Finally,the origins of low-density dislocation in sapphire crystal are discussed by numerical analysis method.     

从晶体取向特点探讨ZnO薄膜的晶体不完整性

用MOCVD法在蓝宝石衬底上得到了ZnO(0002)膜, 并用XRD和SEM进行了表征. 结果表明， 薄膜中沿［0001］择优取向生长的柱状晶垂直于衬底表面, 晶柱之间存在着边界和间隙. X射线Ф扫描实验结果表明, 晶柱之间的取向偏差在3°~30°之间. X射线ω摇摆曲线和谱线宽度分析结果表明, 薄膜中的晶柱是由多个晶粒堆叠而成, 且晶粒之间的平均取向偏差也在2.6°以上. 实验结果表明, ZnO大失配度异质外延膜是c轴［0001］取向柱状多晶体, ZnO薄膜的结晶不完整性主要是由其柱状晶结构造成的.     

Rapid Synthesis and Photoluminescence Properties of Eu-doped ZnO Nanoneedles via Facile Hydrothermal Method

Eu-doped ZnO nanoneedles with different doping concentrations were prepared via the facile hydrothermal method.The crystal structure,morphology and photoluminescence property of the ZnO nanoneedles were characterized by X-ray diffraction（XRD）,scanning electron microscopy（SEM）,X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy（XPS）,photoluminescence spectroscopy（PL） and Raman spectroscopy.The results show that the europium ions are incorporated into the crystal lattice of ZnO matrix in trivalent ions.The nanoneedles are 2-3 μm in length and 100 nm in the tip diameter.PL and Raman measurements indicate that higher Eu^3＋ doping concentration may destroy the crystallization of the nanoneedles and decrease the ratio of IUV/IDLE,which is mainly due to the more defects in the doped ZnO nanoneedles.And the characteristic red emissions of Eu^3＋ ions are found by the PL spectroscopy with the Eu^3＋doping concentration increasing,which are attributed to the ^5D0→^7F0,^5D0→^7F1 and ^5D0→^7F2 transitions.     

液相法制备取向ZnO纳米线阵列的场发射特性(英文)

采用水热合成工艺,在不同条件下制备了不同的一维取向ZnO纳米线阵列样品.用X射线衍射仪(XRD)、扫描电镜(SEM)及透射电镜(TEM)对样品的晶体结构和形貌等进行了表征,对样品的场发射特性进行了分析和比较,并用Fowler-Nordheim方程对影响ZnO纳米线场发射的因素进行了研究.结果表明,具有较低生长密度分布、较高的长径比和较尖锐生长端的ZnO纳米线阵列样品具有较好的场发射特性.     

溶胶凝胶辅助水热可控合成ZnO不同形貌分级结构光催化剂

以Zn(NO3)2·6H2O、柠檬酸和Na OH为原料,采用溶胶凝胶(sol-gel)辅助水热法,仅通过改变水热时间,就可得到片花、棒花及梭状3种不同形貌ZnO分级结构。利用XRD、SEM、UV-Vis DRS、光致发光光谱(PL)和氮低温吸附-脱附等手段对合成的ZnO样品进行了表征。推测了合成条件下不同形貌ZnO分级结构形成的机理。以活性翠兰(KGL)为模拟印染废水,考察了其光催化活性。结果表明,虽然所合成的不同形貌的ZnO样品在光照120 min后均能使KGL降解78%以上,但其中水热4 h得到的片花状ZnO光催化性能最好,可降解99%的KGL,这与其片花状的形貌、较大的比表面积、较多的表面氧缺陷和极性面有关。     

溶胶凝胶辅助水热可控合成ZnO不同形貌分级结构光催化剂

以Zn(NO₃)₂·6H₂O、柠檬酸和NaOH为原料,采用溶胶凝胶(sol-gel)辅助水热法,仅通过改变水热时间,就可得到片花、棒花及梭状3种不同形貌ZnO分级结构。利用XRD、SEM、UV-Vis DRS、光致发光光谱(PL)和氮低温吸附-脱附等手段对合成的ZnO样品进行了表征。推测了合成条件下不同形貌ZnO分级结构形成的机理。以活性翠兰(KGL)为模拟印染废水,考察了其光催化活性。结果表明,虽然所合成的不同形貌的ZnO样品在光照120 min后均能使KGL降解78%以上,但其中水热4 h得到的片花状ZnO光催化性能最好,可降解99%的KGL,这与其片花状的形貌、较大的比表面积、较多的表面氧缺陷和极性面有关。     

无导向剂直接水热合成小粒径的NaY分子筛

以铝酸钠和硅溶胶作为主要原料,在没有引入晶种或有机添加剂的情况下,通过控制合成体系的水含量以及水热合成条件(凝胶摩尔组成:5.1 Na2O.Al2O3.10 SiO2.(140~220)H2O,室温陈化1~3 d及100℃晶化9 h),可获得粒径为0.30~0.35μm的小晶粒NaY分子筛.借助于XRD,SEM,XRF和DLS等分析手段对分子筛进行了表征,表明所合成的小晶粒NaY分子筛具有粒度均匀、分散性好的特点.对比了两种不同粒径的La/Y催化剂对1-丁烯脉冲芳构化反应的催化性能和反应过程中催化剂的积炭行为,表明粒径较小的催化剂具有较好的稳定性,其容炭能力和抗积炭能力较强.