范德瓦耳斯气液状态方程纵横谈

首先强调了范氏方程是气液系统的状态方程,范氏方程可以很好地说明物质气态和液态的相互转变．分析了焦-汤效应,简述了气体的液化与低温的获得．     

A new approach to the evaluation of Casimir and van der Waals forces in the transition region

This paper studies the incorporation of Casimir and van der Waals forces applied to a nanostructure with parallel configuration. The focus of this study is in a transition region in which Casimir force gradually transforms into van der Waals force. It is proposed that in the transition region, a proportion of both Casimir and van der Waals forces, as the interacting nanoscale forces, can be considered based on the separation distance between upper structure and substrate during deflection. Moreover, as the separation distance descends during deflection, the nanoscale forces could transform from Casimir to a proportion of both Casimir and van der Waals forces and so as to van der Waals. This is also extended to the entire surface of the nanostructure in such a way that any point of the structure may be subjected to Casimir, van der Waals or a proportion of both of them about its separation distance from the substrate. Therefore, a mathematical model is presented which calculate the incorporation of Casimir and van der Waals forces considering transition region and their own domination area. The mechanical behavior of a circular nano-plate has been investigated as a case study to illustrate how different approaches to nanoscale forces lead to different results. For this purpose, the pull-in phenomena and frequency response in terms of magnitude have been studied based on Eringen nonlocal elasticity theory. The results are presented using different values of the nonlocal parameter and indicated in comparison with those of the classical theory. These results also amplify the idea of studying the mechanical behavior of nanostructures using the nonlocal elasticity theory.     

范德瓦耳斯气体体积修正的新计算方法

范德瓦耳斯方程能够较好地描述实际气体的热力学过程,方程中的参数b是因实际气体分子的体积而引入的修正量.本文通过考察分子之间的相互碰撞事件,计算得到了范德瓦耳斯气体体积的修正值,约等于1 mol气体所有分子体积总和的4倍,结果与其他方法得到的结果一致.这是一种新的计算思路和方法.     

Study of the critical line and its double point in the intermediate model

I show that it is possible to generalise the van Laar calculation for the critical double point for the intermediate model, i.e. a model intermediate between the lattice gas and the van der Waals equation for binary mixtures. The calculation was done to investigate whether the double point is also a tricritical point, as is found both in the case of the lattice gas and in the case of the van der Waals case. Although the double point coordinates and their corresponding potential parameters can be determined, one cannot prove, by analytical means, that the point is also tricritical. Most likely the geometric-mean condition is too stringent in this case.     

Harmonic dynamical behaviour of thallous halides

Harmonic dynamical behaviour of thallous halides (TlCl and TlBr) have been studied using the new van der Waals three-body force shell model (VTSM), which incorporates the effects of the van der Waals interaction along with long-range Coulomb interactions, three-body interactions and short-range second neighbour interactions in the framework of rigid shell model (RSM). Phonon dispersion curves (PDC), variations of Debye temperature with absolute temperature and phonon density of state (PDS) curves have been reported for thallous halides using VTSM. Comparison of experimental values with those of VTSM and TSM are also reported in the paper and a good agreement between experimental and VTSM values has been found, from which it may be inferred that the incorporation of van der Waals interactions is essential for the complete harmonic dynamical behaviour of thallous halides.     

流体的塔阱状态方程及其对迁移性质的推算

流体的塔阱状态方程及其对迁移性质的推算曾向东，严家（哈尔滨工业大学能源科学与工程学院哈尔滨１５０００６）牛文科，韩立中（哈尔滨船舶锅炉涡轮机研究所哈尔滨）关键词势能模型，配分函数，状态方程，平衡性质，迁移性质１流体的塔阱状态方程Ｐｒｉｇｏｇｉｎｅ认为...     

范德瓦尔斯气体的气压公式

将大气近似为范德瓦尔斯气体,用多方过程取代等温过程,推导出范德瓦尔斯气体处于多方过程时的气压公式,该式是对理想气体恒温气压公式的一种很好的修正.     

Dynamic scanning force microscopy at low temperatures on a van der Waals surface: graphite (0001)

The (0001) surface of highly oriented pyrolytic graphite is studied by scanning force microscopy in both contact and dynamic mode. Low temperatures were necessary for the dynamic mode measurements in order to achieve the required signal to noise ratio. At 22 K, atomic scale structures with 2.46 Å periodicity and trigonal symmetry of the individual maxima were obtained in both modes. Since graphite exhibits a van der Waals surface in good approximation, this result shows that comparatively weak forces of van der Waals type are sufficient for successful imaging in the dynamic mode on the atomic scale. However, since the positions of the observed maxima correspond to the ones found by scanning tunneling microscopy and contact scanning force microscopy, but not to the positions of the carbon atoms, it also opens new questions on the imaging mechanism in the dynamic mode.     

Interaction of rare gas atoms with metal surfaces: A pseudopotential approach

The pseudopotential formulation of the helium-metal surface interaction due to Harris and Liebsch has been generalized to treat the heavier rare gases. The atom-surface repulsion is calculated to first-order in the pseudopotential and is combined with a damped van der Waals interaction to produce the total physisorption potential. Reasonable results are obtained for all the rare gases considered, with a systematically increasing potential-well depth through the rare gas sequence. A single surface-atom model is also considered and its limitations discussed.     

A mechanical approach to one-dimensional interacting gas

Derivations of the van der Waals equation typically use standard recipes involving ensemble averages of statistical mechanics. In this work, we study a box of weakly interacting gas particles in one-dimension by explicitly incorporating the mechanical point of view. This has the merit that it not only reproduces the van der Waals equation but also tells us some extra interesting physics not immediately clear from a pure statistical mechanical approach. For example, we show that the traditional handwaving argument leading to van der Waals equation requires closer scrutiny if it is to get things right.     

Analysis of the critical line network for the van der Waals equation at the van Laar point

The density-density plot of the critical lines of the van der Waals equation at the van Laar point is analyzed through its algebraic properties. It is shown that this curve is an irreducible expression of the fifth degree of genus one. In addition, we show the topology of the second branch, i.e., theT=0 solution, which will interact with the first branch as soon as the energy parameters are slightly different from the van Laar values. Finally, we analyze the behavior of the van der Waals equation near the point at which liquid-liquid separation takes place.     

Influence of the chain length of long molecules on the equation of state in binary gas-liquid mixtures

The simple Flory-Huggins model can be combined with the lattice gas as was done by Tompa and others. Here the same method is used to obtain the van der Waals equation of state for a binary gas-liquid system containing a solute consisting of segmented molecules. The simplified equation of state developed here is useful for the study of the critical properties of such systems, in particular, the dependence of the various parameters on the chain length of the molecules.     

A Simple Kinetic Model for the Phase Transition of the van der Waals Fluid

A simple kinetic model, which is presumably minimum, for the phase transition of the van der Waals fluid is presented. In the model, intermolecular collisions for a dense gas has not been treated faithfully. Instead, the expected interactions as the non-ideal gas effect are confined in a self-consistent force term. Collision term plays just a role of thermal bath. Accordingly, it conserves neither momentum nor energy, even globally. It is demonstrated that (i) by a natural separation of the mean-field self-consistent potential, the potential for the non-ideal gas effect is determined from the equation of state for the van der Waals fluid, with the aid of the balance equation of momentum, (ii) a functional which monotonically decreases in time is identified by the H theorem and is found to have a close relation to the Helmholtz free energy in thermodynamics, and (iii) the Cahn–Hilliard type equation is obtained in the continuum limit of the present kinetic model. Numerical simulations based on the Cahn–Hilliard type equation are also performed.     

二维材料及其异质结的声子物理研究

声子是固体最重要的元激发之一,是理解材料摩尔热容、德拜温度以及热膨胀系数等热力学性质的基础,同时电声子相互作用也决定了固体的电导和超导等特性。拉曼光谱是表征固体声子物理的重要实验手段,不仅能表征材料的结构和质量,还能提供材料声子性质、电子能带结构、电声耦合等信息。文章将拉曼光谱应用于二维材料及其范德瓦尔斯异质结的声子物理研究。先简单介绍二维材料的层间振动声子模式和层内振动声子模式,其中层间振动声子模式的频率可用线性链模型来计算,而强度则可用层间键极化率模型来解释;同类层内振动声子模式的Davydov劈裂峰之间的频率差异可用范德瓦尔斯模型拟合。随后,将这些模型推广到二维范德瓦尔斯异质结中,以转角多层石墨烯、MoS₂/石墨烯和hBN/WS₂为例介绍了范德瓦尔斯异质结的声子谱,阐述如何应用线性链模型和经典键极化率模型计算层间振动模的频率和强度,并由此给出二维范德瓦尔斯异质结的界面耦合强度和各层间呼吸模的电声耦合强度等重要参数。     

Statistical mechanics of interfaces

On the basis of van der Waals theory for interfaces we evaluate explicitly the small-wavevector behavior of the pair correlation function along an interface. A correction to the density profile is also found. The results obtained are in full accord with capillary wave theory when wave amplitudes are regarded as small.     

Effect of the attractive forces on the density change melting of 2D LJ fluids

The Weeks-Chandler-Andersen perturbation theory of fluids can be considered as a modern version of van der Waals'. Whereas in the old van der Waals theory the effect of the attractive forces on the thermodynamic properties is introduced through a constant, a, in Weeks-Chandler-Andersen theory this constant is replaced by a function of temperature and density α(β, ϱ). This function has been determined by means of Molecular Dynamics simulation of a two-dimensional Lennard-Jones fluid, and here is used to analyse the effect of attractive forces on the density change in melting. The influence is found to be slightly greater than the predictions of van der Waals theory.     

Roe Linearization for the van der Waals Gas

An extension of the Roe linearization method to nonideal gases is described and applied to the particular case of the van der Waals gas. A supplementary relation connecting the thermodynamic variables is introduced to decouple the evaluation of the intermediate velocity and total specific enthalpy from the determination of the intermediate density, needed in the Jacobian matrix of the linearization due to the general thermodynamic character of the gas. The density value is obtained by solving the supplementary equation, which involves the Roe average of velocity and enthalpy, and that in the case of the polytropic van der Waals gas is a third-order algebraic equation. Numerical results are shown including classical and nonclassical behaviour in one-dimensional shock tube problems.     

Nonlinear vibration and stability analysis of a double-walled carbon nanotube under electrostatic actuation

In this paper, forced vibrations of a double-walled clamped–clamped carbon nanotube (DWNT) are studied. Two Euler–Bernoulli beams are used to model the inner and outer layers of the DWNT. An electrostatic actuation, which is comprised of DC and AC voltages is applied between the nanotubes and the electrode. In the system model, the nonlinear form of the interlayer van der Waals (vdW) force, and also, the mid-plane stretching are considered. The obtained equations are solved through Galerkin and multiple scales methods for primary and secondary resonances. The frequency response of the system is obtained as a function of some of the system parameters. A stability analysis of the response is conducted and bifurcation points are determined. The results demonstrate that the DWNT shows different behavior by changing the value of DC voltage. It is also observed that both layers of the DWNT vibrate with the same frequency under the primary and secondary resonance conditions.     

Pressure broadening and shift of argon emission lines

Resonance and van der Waals broadening coefficients, as well as width to shift ratios, have been obtained by scanning argon emission lines produced in a high-pressure (～ 1 atm) glow discharge at a temperature of 1130°K. The resonance broadening coefficients yield absolute oscillator strengths of 0·283 ± 0·024 and 0·076 ± 0·008 for the two resonance lines at 1048 Å and 1067 Å. These oscillator strengths are in good agreement with previous measurements. The importance of higher-order terms in the van der Waals potential expansion is demonstrated by the measured coefficients.