球形集声器在生物组织中形成的组织损伤

球形集声器可在亚波长焦域内形成高强度声压,在高强度聚焦超声治疗中具有潜在应用前景.本文结合非线性声传播理论及生物传热学理论,研究球形集声器在生物组织中形成的组织损伤.实验中采用430 kHz,内径为240 mm的球形集声器对肝组织作用,结果表明:集声器表面声压为53 kPa时作用2 s,可以形成小于波长尺度的组织损伤.理论计算结果与实验结果符合得较好,并且理论模型可优化球形集声器的开口孔径.研究结果表明,球形集声器可应用于肿瘤的精细超声治疗.     

Stabilization and acoustic spectra of a cavitation cluster in an ultrasonic spherical cavity

The dynamics, stabilization, and acoustic spectra of a bubble cluster in different liquids are investigated under the condition of ultrasonic cavitation. Experimental data for the dynamics of a spherical ultrasonic cluster near the end face of a rod, capillary, or pressure sensor placed in the antinode of a pressure standing wave at the center of a single-wave spherical piezoelectric concentrator (piezoelectric sphere) are presented. The variation of the cluster size with the parameters of the ultrasonic field and properties of the liquid is studied. It is found that the shape, collapse dynamics, and stability of the cavitation cluster have a significant influence on the acoustocapillary effect. It is shown that the maximal acoustocapillary effect and sonoluminescence are observed when a stable cluster with spherically symmetric collapse dynamics is provided at the end of a capillary in a 50% solution of glycerol. Using a small-size piezotransducer placed at the center of the sphere, the acoustic pressure is measured and acoustic spectra are studied for different voltages across the piezosphere and during the formation of variously shaped cavitation clusters. In the case of fully developed cavitation and a spherical cluster, the acoustic spectra contain subharmonic components, the cavitation noise factor rises to 35%, and the maximum of the noise envelope shifts toward higher frequencies.     

Bistability of a compliant cavity induced by acoustic radiation pressure

We report on the first observation of multiple-order bistability due to acoustic radiation pressure in a compliant acoustic cavity formed between a spherical ultrasonic transducer immersed in water and the free liquid surface located at its focus. The hysteretic behavior of the cavity length, observed both with amplitude ramps and frequency sweeps, is accurately described using a one-dimensional model of a compliant Fabry-Pérot resonator assuming the acoustic radiation pressure to be the only coupling between the cavity and the acoustic field.     

Interaction of a spherical acoustic wave with an elastic spherical shell

The interaction of a spherical acoustic wave with an elastic spherical shell is treated analytically. The solution includes the coupling between the acoustic sound field and vibration of the shell with any degree of fluid loading. The formulation for the far-field acoustic pressure is derived in terms of natural spherical wave functions, the properties of the acoustic medium, and the material constants of the shell. The far acoustic field is computed for a thin aluminum shell and several sound source locations over a large range of ka, where k is the wavenumber, and a is the shell radius. It is shown that the acoustic pressure depends significantly on whether the shell is in air or is submerged in water, particularly when the sound source is very near the surface. In air, the sound field of the shell is nearly identical to that of a rigid sphere but, in water, the shell is more compliant, which results in a damped radiation field that is characterized by vibrational resonances throughout the range of frequencies considered. As the sound sources is moved further away from the surface, however, this resonance response decreases very rapidly, and the sound field corresponds more closely to that of the shell in air.     

球形腔聚焦换能器的非线性声场建模

球形腔聚焦换能器是一种特殊形式的聚焦换能器。为理论证实球形腔聚焦换能器能突破传统超声聚焦在聚焦精度和聚焦增益上的限制,采用Westervelt非线性方程并结合时域有限差分法,建立了球形腔聚焦换能器的非线性声场的数值模型。数值计算了直径为120 mm的0.6 MHz球形腔聚焦换能器的非线性声场,并与传统球壳形聚焦换能器进行了对比。当激励声压为100 kPa时,球形腔聚焦换能器与同尺寸壳形聚焦换能器相比,焦点正声压增益提高约8.5倍,且焦域精度更高,-6 dB聚焦区域在z方向减小约20倍,达到次波长尺度。研究表明球形腔聚焦换能器在高强度聚焦超声精细治疗上具有潜在的应用前景。     

Observation of nonlinearity and heating-induced frequency shifts in cavity magnonics

When there is a certain amount of field inhomogeneity, the biased ferrimagnetic crystal can exhibit the higher-order magnetostatic (HMS) mode in addition to the uniform-precession Kittel mode. In cavity magnonics, we show the nonlinearity and heating-induced frequency shifts of the Kittel mode and HMS mode in a yttrium-iron-garnet (YIG) sphere. When the Kittel mode is driven to generate a certain number of excitations, the temperature of the whole YIG sample rises and the HMS mode can display an induced frequency shift, and vice versa. This cross effect provides a new method to study the magnetization dynamics and paves a way for novel cavity magnonic devices by including the heating effect as an operational degree of freedom.     

Origin of the acoustic phonon frequency shifts in semiconducting nanoparticles

The surface and size effects on the acoustic phonon properties of semiconducting nanoparticles, such as ZnO, are studied using the s-d model and a Green's function technique. We have shown that the electron-phonon and anharmonic phonon-phonon interactions play an important role in ZnO nanoparticles and must be taken into account in order to explain the experimental data. Due to surface and size effects on the electron-phonon constants, the acoustic phonon frequency and their damping increase with decreasing of particle size.     

A spherical cavity in an Einstein Universe

Suitable metric forms for the regions inside and outside a spherical cavity in an Einstein universe are derived by means of perturbation. It is shown that for low proper pressure, the cavity behaves like negative Schwarzschild mass. Finally, the possibility of carrying over to the exact theory a proposed definition of the gravitational field in matter is examined.     

Non-linear acoustic radiation by an underwater vibrating spherical shell

I.IntroductionMostofthepublishedstudiesontheacousticwaveradiationfromelasticbodyconcen-tratedon1ineartheory.However,iftheamplitudeislargeandthefrequencyishigh,theresultingsoundwavepropagatinginthemediumwillgenerateconsiderablenonlineardistor-tion.Sothest.di.s[1]inthisfieldarelimited.Inthispaperwetreatedasphericalshell.Itconsistsoftwoaspects:oneisthestructuralresponseofasphericalshellinacousticfield.Becausethenonlineareffectofacousticwavecumulateswithpropagatingdistance,itisnegligibleonthesph…     

固体中多孔媒质球的声共振散射特性

利用Flax等提出的声共振散射模型,以铁中多孔石墨为例数值上研究了平面声纵波入射时固体中多孔媒质球体背向散射纵波和散射横波的频谱以及不同阶分波的共振散射谱,并由此研究了铁中多孔球形石墨不同模式的共振频率随石墨孔隙率的变化。结果表明,球形石墨的背向散射谱及各阶分波中的共振频率均随孔隙率的增加向低频移动,其形态也发生变化。因此,如果用实验测定球墨铸铁样品的超声背向散射谱或各阶分波中共振频率,有可能确定多孔石墨的孔隙率。     

Pressure induced phonon frequency shifts in KBr measured by inelastic neutron scattering

Measurements of seven microscopic Grüneisen parameters in KBr by inelastic neutron scattering are reported and compared with several theoretical predictions.     

Suppression of an acoustic mode by an elastic mode of a liquid-filled spherical shell resonator

The purpose of this paper is to report on the suppression of an approximately radial (radially symmetric) acoustic mode by an elastic mode of a water-filled, spherical shell resonator. The resonator, which has a 1-in. wall thickness and a 9.5-in. outer diameter, was externally driven by a small transducer bolted to the external wall. Experiments showed that for the range of drive frequencies (19.7-20.6 kHz) and sound speeds in water (1520-1570 m/s) considered in this paper, a nonradial (radially nonsymmetric) mode was also excited, in addition to the radial mode. Furthermore, as the sound speed in the liquid was changed, the resonance frequency of the nonradial mode crossed with that of the radial one and the amplitude of the latter was greatly reduced near the crossing point. The crossing of the eigenfrequency curves of these two modes was also predicted theoretically. Further calculations demonstrated that while the radial mode is an acoustic one associated with the interior fluid, the nonradial mode is an elastic one associated with the shell. Thus, the suppression of the radial acoustic mode is apparently caused by the overlapping with the nonradial elastic mode near the crossing point.     

Pressure induced frequency shifts in the atomic iodine laser

The frequency of oscillation of an iodine photodissociation laser has been measured for argon buffer gas pressures up to 7 atmospheres. The variation in frequency of the 1.315 μm transition can be explained solely by the overlapping of the hyperfine split transitions at high pressures, and no evidence is obtained for a collisional frequency shift. A pressure broadening parameter of 4.5 MHz/torr for argon-iodine collisions is deduced from the observed frequency shifts.     

Eigenoscillations of an acoustic cavity with a local membrane

On the basis of Strutt’s approach, the problem of eigenoscillations of a gas in a cylindrical cavity with an internal membrane in the presence of a coaxial circular aperture in it (A.N. Fock’s problem) is analyzed. By an adequate numerical?analytical procedure, a high-precision solution is constructed to a boundary value problem for the eigenfrequencies and forms of lower order oscillation modes for various relative values of the aperture radius. A (qualitative and quantitative) correspondence is established to the results known in acoustics as applied to the concept of the “associated mass of an aperture.” New physical effects are obtained on the dependence of the frequencies and forms of long-wavelength oscillations of a gas on the geometric parameters of the system.     

A spherical acoustic source in an ideal waveguide

The acoustic field of a spherical source in an ideal waveguide is considered with allowance for the diffraction by the source. The consideration uses the previously obtained results on the diffraction by a spherical source in a halfspace with ideal boundaries. The resultant field is shown to be representable as an infinite sum of the fields of some equivalent sources. The errors that appear when the number of these sources is limited are estimated. The field produced by the sphere in an ideal waveguide is calculated with and without allowance made for the scattering.     

On acoustic radiation by a rigid object in a fluid flow

A problem of sound radiation by an absolutely rigid object, moving with respect to the surrounding fluid, is considered on the basis of the Lighthill's equation for aerodynamic sound. An integral representation of the radiated acoustic field is utilized, where the field is characterized as the sum of three fields, generated by a volume distribution of monopoles and by distributions of monopoles and dipoles on the surface of the rigid object. It is shown that, due to a discontinuity of Lighthill's stress tensor on the rigid boundary, a layer of surface divergence of hydrodynamic stresses on the boundary must be taken into account when evaluating the volume integral over Lighthill's quadrupole sources. When the contribution of the surface divergence is included in the solution of Lighthill's equation, amplitudes of the monopole and dipole sound radiated by the rigid object are shown to depend on the potential components of the normal velocity and the pressure on the rigid surface. The obtained solution is compared with Curle's solution for this problem, which establishes that the sound radiation by a rigid object is determined by the force exerted by the object upon the fluid. Both solutions are applied to two known problems of sound scattering and radiation by a rigid sphere in variable pressure and velocity fields. It is shown that predictions based on the obtained solution are equivalent to the results known from literature, whereas Curle's solution gives predictions contradicting the known results. It is also shown that the Ffowcs Williams and Hawkings equation, which coincides with Curle's equation for an immoveable rigid object, does not lead to the correct predictions as well.     

Resonant cavity vircator driven by a thermionic cathode electronbeam gun

A resonant cavity vircator (virtual cathode oscillator) driven by an electron beam emitted from a broad-area thermionic cathode is tested. Narrow-bandwidth (1.0 MHz at the -3 dB level) excitation of the TM₀₂₃ mode of a cylindrical resonant cavity is observed at a frequency of 986 MHz with a pulselength of 1.2 μs. The single-cavity-mode excitation is attributed to the constant-voltage and -current electron beam emitted from the thermionic cathode     

Analytical regularization based analysis of a spherical reflector symmetrically illuminated by an acoustic beam

A mathematically accurate and numerically efficient method of analysis of a spherical reflector, fed by a scalar beam produced by a complex source-point feed, is presented. Two cases, soft and hard reflector surface, are considered. In each case the solution of the full-wave integral equation is reduced to dual series equations and then further to a regularized infinite-matrix equation. The latter procedure is based on the analytical inversion of the static part of the problem. Sample numerical results for 50-lambda reflectors demonstrate features that escape a high-frequency asymptotic analysis.     

Transient response of an acoustic medium by an excited submerged spherical shell.

An exact closed-form solution is obtained for the transient response of an acoustic fluid due to an excited submerged spherical shell. Step axisymmetric stress acting on the inner surface of the shell is expanded into modal Fourier components in which for each modal stress systematic exact expressions for modal radial displacement of the shell, fluid pressure, fluid particle velocity and displacement are presented. The superiority of the formulations herein is its applicability to any time and spatial distance in the fluid as well as on the shell. The formulation also does not require additional numerical computations associated with other methods.