Studies of the polymerization of diallyl compounds. XXVIII. Copolymerization of monoallyl phthalate with allyl benzoate and diallyl phthalate

The bulk copolymerizations of monoallyl phthalate (MAP) with allyl benzoate (ABz) and diallyl phthalate (DAP) were conducted in the presence of benzoyl peroxide as an initiator at 70°C; copolymers containing allyl alcohol unit were obtained. The copolymer composition was reasonably interpreted in terms of polymerization kinetics, including the partial elimination of phthalic anhydride (PhA) from the MAP growing chain end in its propagation reaction with another monomer. Kinetics of the copolymerization of DAP with MAP were also discussed in detail, and the gel point was additionally evaluated. DAP–MAP copolymer was homogeneously reacted with zinc acetate to produce the polymer gel carrying ionic crosslinkages.     

Studies of the polymerization of diallyl compounds. XXXVII. Copolymerizations of diallyl phthalate with dialkyl fumarates

Diallyl phthalate (DAP) was copolymerized with dialkyl fumarates, including diethyl fumarate (DEF), di-n-butyl fumarate (DBF), and di-n-octyl fumarate (DOF) by using 2,2′-azobisisobutyronitrile as an initiator at 60°C. Both rate and degree of copolymerization were quite enhanced compared with the homopolymerization of DAP and the maximum rate was found at the molar ratio of 1:1 in the monomer feed. The cyclization of DAP was almost exclusively suppressed in the Copolymerization. Gelation was promoted from 25% of the gel-point conversion for the DAP homopolymerization to 9% of the minimum one observed. Copolymerizability of DAP (M₁) with dialkyl fumarates (M₂) was quite high, with the following monomer reactivity ratios M₂, r₁, r₂: DEF, 0.01, 1.25; DBF, 0.02, 1.01; DOF, 0.02, 0.96. These results are discussed in mechanistic detail.     

Studies of the polymerization of diallyl compounds. XII. Cyclocopolymerization of dimethallyl phthalate with vinyl acetate

Dimethallyl phthalate was copolymerized with vinyl acetate at 60°C with the use of benzoyl peroxide as an initiator. The rate and degree of copolymerization increased with an increase in the mole fraction of vinyl acetate. The residual unsaturation of the copolymer was nearly constant, regardless of the feed molar ratio. The monomer reactivity ratios (MRR) were obtained on the basis of the copolymer composition equation in which the intramolecular cyclization reaction was considered: γ₁ = 1.08 (MRR of the uncyclized radical), γ₂ = 0.99 (MRR of vinyl acetate radical), γ_c = 0.73 (MRR of the cyclized radical). The difference between γ₁ and γ_c is discussed.     

Studies of the polymerization of diallyl compounds. XIX. Further discussion of the cyclocopolymerizations of diallyl phthalate with monovinyl monomers by the use of the model compounds

In the cyclocopolymerizations of diallyl phthalate (DAP) with monovinyl monomers the reactivity ratio of the cyclized radical, r_c, was smaller than that of the uncyclized radical, r₁; this was ascribed to steric hindrance in the addition reaction of the cyclized radical with DAP. In this paper, the validity of the values of r_c and r₁ is discussed on the basis of model experiments, i.e., the copolymerization of DAP in dilute solution corresponding to r_c and that of allyl propyl phthalate, to r₁. The copolymerizations of methyl allyl phthalate and allyl octyl phthalate with vinyl acetate are also presented.     

Studies of the polymerization of diallyl compounds. XI. Polymerization of styrene in the presence of diallyl compounds

Radical polymerization of styrene in the presence of various diallyl compounds was carried out at 60°C, with the use of 2,2′-azobisisobutyronitrile as an initiator. The chain transfer constant C_s of the styryl radical to diallyl compounds was determined graphically by solving the Mayo equation. The C_s values of diallyl esters are quite small compared to those of diallyl acetals. The polymerization mechanism of styrene in the presence of diallyl compounds was also discussed in connection with the results obtained previously.     

Studies of the polymerization of diallyl compounds. VII. Kinetics of the polymerization of diallyl esters of aliphatic dicarboxylic acids

Radical polymerization studies on diallyl oxalate (DAO), diallyl malonate (DAM), diallyl succinate (DASu), diallyl adipate (DAA), and diallyl sebacate (DAS) have been conducted kinetically from the standpoint of cyclopolymerization. Benzoyl peroxide was employed as the initiator. The initial overall rate of polymerization, R_p was not proportional to the square root or the first power of the initiator concentration, [I]. But R_p/[I]^1/2 and [I]^1/2 bore a linear relationship, provided the monomer concentration was kept constant. The residual unsaturation of the polymers decreased with decreasing monomer concentration. The ratio of the rate constant of the unimolecular cyclization reaction to that of the bimolecular propagation reaction of the uncyclized radical, K_c, was evaluated from the above relationship between the residual unsaturation and the monomer concentration at 60°C. The K_c values obtained were 3.6, 3.2, 2.8, 2.5, and 1.2 mole/l. for DAO, DAM, DASu, DAA, and DAS, respectively. The overall activation energies of polymerization were found to be 21.1 (DAO), 24.2 (DAM), 21.7 (DASu), 22.0 (DAA), and 22.2 (DAS) kcal/mole.     

Studies of the polymerization of diallyl compounds. XXVI. Enhanced polymerizability by the hydroxyl group in the polymerization of diallyl hydroxydicarboxylates

In order to elucidate the effect of the hydroxyl group on the polymerization of diallyl hydroxydicarboxylates, we investigated in detail the radical polymerizations of diallyl succinate (DASu), diallyl malate (DAMa), and diallyl tartrate (DATa), each of which have similar structure differing only in the number of hydroxyl groups present. The rate of polymerization (R_p) was quite enhanced in the order DASu < DAMa < DATa, in accord with the increase in the number of hydroxyl groups within a monomer unit. The enhanced ability of the allylic monomer radical to reinitiate chain growth was also in the same order, as was clear from the dependence of R_p on the initiator concentration. The dependence of the residual unsaturation of the polymer on the monomer concentration in the polymerizations of DAMa and DATa was abnormal in terms of cyclopolymerization. These results are discussed in connection with the formation of the intermolecular hydrogen bond through the hydroxyl groups.     

Studies of the polymerization of diallyl compounds. XXV. Gel point in the polymerization of diallyl esters of aromatic dicarboxylic acids

Studies on gelation in the radical polymerization of diallyl dicarboxylates have been conducted by Simpson,^9,11 Gordon,¹⁰ and Oiwa.¹³ However, the results obtained have not always been consistent and are still far from full elucidations. In this paper, the gel point in the polymerization of diallyl aromatic dicarboxylates, including diallyl phthalate (DAP), diallyl isophthalate (DAI), and diallyl terephthalate (DAT) is experimentally reexamined in detail and discussed according to Gordon's theory; the discrepancy between actual and theoretical gel point conversion was quite large and was enhanced in the order DAT > DAI > DAP. Moreover, from detailed inquiry into the primary chain length of the prepolymer it is suggested that the intramolecular chain transfer reaction plays an important role in the polymerization of diallyl ester accompanying the intramolecular cyclization reaction. The polydispersity coefficient (P _w,0/P _n,0) of the initial prepolymer of DAP is also estimated to be 2.0 from the extrapolation of P _w/P _n to zero conversion.     

Studies of the polymerization of diallyl compounds. XXVII. Copolymerization of diallyl tartrate with several vinyl monomers

The radical copolymerization of diallyl tartrate (DATa) (M₁) with diallyl succinate (DASu), diallyl phthalate (DAP), allyl benzoate (ABz), vinyl acetate (VAc), or styrene (St) was investigated in order to disclose in more detail the characteristic hydroxyl group's effect observed in the homopolymerization of DATa. In the copolymerization with DASu or DAP as a typical diallyldicarboxylate, the dependence of the rate of copolymerization on monomer composition was different for different copolymerization systems and unusual values larger than unity for the product of monomer reactivity ratios, r₁r₂, were obtained. In the copolymerization with ABz or VAc (M₂), the r₁ and r₂ values were estimated to be 1.50 and 0.64 for the DATa/ABz system and 0.76 and 2.34 for the DATa/VAc system, respectively; the product r₁r₂ for the latter copolymerization system was found again to be larger than unity. In the copolymerization with St, the largest effect due to DATa monomer of high polarity was observed. Solvent effects were tentatively examined to improve the copolymerizability of DATa. These results are discussed in terms of hydrogen-bonding ability of DATa.     

Studies of the polymerization of diallyl compounds. XLI. Discussion of substantially identical gel points among three isomeric diallyl phthalates

In the bulk polymerization of three isomeric diallyl phthalates, diallyl phthalate (DAP), diallyl isophthalate, and diallyl terephthalate (DAT), no difference in the actual gel point was substantially observed. This interesting gelation behavior is discussed in terms of the correlation between gelation and the difference in cyclization modes, and the difference in reactivity between the uncyclized and cyclized radicals for crosslinking; the nonconsecutive addition in DAT polymerization led to a delayed gelation and the cyclized radical in DAP polymerization showed an enhanced reactivity for crosslinking.     

Studies of the polymerization of diallyl compounds. XXII. Polymerization of diallyl oxalate in the evolution of carbon dioxide at elevated temperatures

The polymerization of diallyl oxalate was conducted in the presence of radical initiators at a high temperature range of 80–180°C; a large decrease in degree of polymerization, an increase in residual unsaturation of the resulting polymer, and the evolution of carbon dioxide were observed with the elevation of temperature. These findings were reasonably interpreted by considering the dismutation of the uncyclized growing radical to yield the allyl radical, carbon dioxide, and polymer carrying a terminal double bond. The kinetics of the polymerization of diallyl oxalate in the evolution of carbon dioxide at elevated temperatures were also discussed in detail.     

Bulk polymerization of diallyl benzene-dicarboxylates I. Influence of temperature on allyl group reactivity

The bulk polymerization of the three isomeric diallyl benzene-dicarboxylates was carried out in the temperature range 80–285°C. The progress of the polymerization process was examined by determination of the conversion of allyl groups double bonds. The reactivity of these groups in the polymerization increases in the following order of isomers: ortho < para < meta at 80–230°C. At temperatures above 200°C the thermal polymerization with activation energies for ortho, meta and para isomers 32, 27, and 28 kcal/mol of allyl group, respectively, has been observed. With the increase of temperature from 80 to 230°C for each of the monomers the number of allyl groups consumed when forming one C? C chain (degree of chain polymerization) decreases, but at the same time the kinetic chain length increases several times. The results have been explained by the growing role of chain transfer reactions with simultaneous increase of an ability to reinitiation by occured radicals. The mechanisms of thermal polymerization have been proposed.     

Studies on the polymerization of ethyl acrylate. III. Effect of temperature on the solvent-transfer reaction

The effect of temperature on transfer constants for different solvents in the polymerization of ethyl acrylate was observed. Activation energy differences (E_trS ? E_p) and frequency factors were computed. It is observed that high frequency factors are associated with high activation energies. Values of E_trS were calculated by an approximate method and were compared with the available data on methyl methacrylate, isobutyl methacrylate, and styrene.     

Polymerization of diallyl phthalate and gelation of poly(diallyl phthalate) by copolymerization with styrene

In the polymerization of diallyl phthalate in bulk at 60°C with azobisisobutyronitrile, extensive branching of the polymers obtained before gelation was ascertained from the enhanced broadening of the molecular weight distribution, coupled with the decrease of the residual unsaturation. Copolymerization of poly(diallyl phthalate) and styrene in bulk at 80°C with benzoyl peroxide was studied in detail with regard to the gel formation. The gel time increased with increasing fraction of styrene in feed. Both the gel yield and the conversion of styrene incorporated into the gel increased steadily with polymerization time, even after the total conversion of styrene exceeded 95%. The polystyrene recovered by saponification of the gel was found to carry hydroxyl groups, which should come from the copolymerized diallyl phthalate units. It was concluded that styrene behaved as a diluent in the early stage, and that the crosslinking after gelation of the system proceeded mainly through polymer–polymer reactions involving the occluded polystyryl radicals and poly(diallyl phthalate).     

有机磷化合物的研究 XXIV: 辛基膦酸单丁酯的合成

研究了由辛基膦酸单丁酯, 着重考察不同结构的辛基及酯丁基对皂化方法的适应性, 所报导的辛基膦酸单丁酯诺异构体均未见文献报导. 在测定化合物物化常数基础上,对它们的光谱作了研究, 对其钠盐的红外光谱特征频率也作了讨论.     

Characterization of diallyl phthalate prepolymers by gel-permeation chromatography

The polydispersity of diallyl phthalate prepolymers was determined by gel-permeation chromatography (GPC). The measurements were carried out in tetrahydrofuran and chloroform on Mexel 2000, Poragel, and Styragel polystyrene gels. The influence of the polymerization conditions, initiator, and type of transfer agent on the molecular weight distribution of the prepolymers is shown. Other correlations of interest, such as molecular weight distribution of Dapon 35 and Dapon 201, are also presented.