Heterocyclic synthesis using nitrile imines. 6. Synthesis of some new substituted 4,5-dihydro-1H-1,2,4-triazoles

A new series of substituted 1,2,4-triazoles was synthesized from the cycloaddition reaction of alkanal and cycloalkanal hydrazones containing electron-withdrawing groups (MeCO, PhCO, and MeOCO) with appropriate hydrazonoyl halides. __________ Translated from Khimiya Geterotsiklicheskikh Soedinenii, No. 3, pp. 392–398, March, 2007.     

Synthesis of sulphur containing fused ring heterocycles by intramolecular 1,3-dipolar-cycloadditions

Sulfur containing fused triazoles and pyrazoles are synthesized through intramolecular cycloadditions of properly functionalized azides and nitrileimines, respectively.     

Synthesis of 1,2,4-triazoles and 1,2,4-oxadiazoles

Monothiodiacylamines reacted regiosepecifically with hydrazines and hydroxylamine to give substituted 1,2,4-triazoles and 1,2,4-oxadiazoles in excellent yields.     

Synthesis of isoxazolobenzoxepanes via Michael addition of indoles to nitroalkenes and sequential intramolecular nitrile oxide cycloaddition

Nitroalkenes derived from O-propargyl salicylaldehyde undergo facile Michael addition with indoles leading to indole-derived Michael adducts. Intramolecular nitrile oxide cycloaddition (INOC) of the Michael adducts results in isoxazolobenzoxepanes in good to excellent yields.     

Synthesis of cyclopentano[c]-s -triazoles by the intramolecular ring transformation of 1,3,4-oxadiazoles

Cyclopentano[c]-s-triazoles were synthesized by intramolecular ring transformation starting from y-keto-l,3,4-oxadiazoles 5 and 9. The required functionality for this intramolecular reaction was established by (i) the reaction of lithiated 2-methyl-l,3,4-oxadiazole 4 with the methyl enol ether of α-bromo ketones followed by hydrolysis; (ii) reductive amination of γ-ketones 5 and 9 to further reorganized hydrazide 7 and y-amino-l,3,4-oxadiazole 9 with NaBH₃CN; and (iii) pyrolysis of 7 and γ at 280° (5 mmHg) to the cyclopentano[c]-s-triazoles 8 and 11. By the same treatment, the S-connected analogue 2 afforded the desired fused s-triazole 17.     

An efficient 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition between aromatic selenoaldehydes and nitrile oxides or nitrile imines: an easy access to selenium-containing five-membered heterocyclic ring system

1,3-Dipolar cycloaddition between aromatic selenoaldehydes, generated by thermal retro Diels-Alder reaction of anthracene cycloadducts, and nitrile oxides or nitrile imines proceeded efficiently to give the corresponding [3+2] cycloadducts as a single isomer in good yields, being 1,4,2-oxaselenazoles or 1,3,4-selenadiazoles, respectively.     

1,3-Dipolar cycloaddition reactions of nitrile oxides and nitrile imines with 2-methoxyvinyl phenyl ketone

Nitrile oxides react regioselectively with 2-methoxyvinyl phenyl ketone 1 to give 4-benzoylisoxazoles 4 via elimination of methanol from the primary cycloadducts 3 . After heating with an excess of nitrile oxide bis-cycloadducts 5 were also formed. Reactions of nitrile imines with 1 are less regioselective yielding both 4-benzoylpyrazoles 9 and 5-benzoytpyrazoles 10 , whereas no bis-cycloadducts were isolated.     

Synthesis of fused bicyclic pyridines with microwave-assisted intramolecular hetero-Diels-Alder cycloaddition of acetylenic pyrimidines

A series of acetylenic pyrimidines was synthesized and subjected to microwave irradiation. In contrast to conventional heating, the microwave irradiations generally gave clean conversion to fused bicyclic pyridines for all substrates reported with shorter reaction time. This method has been successfully applied to the synthesis of both fused lactones and lactams.     

Synthesis and intramolecular nitrile oxide cycloaddition of 3,5'-ether-linked pseudooligosaccharide derivatives: an approach to chiral macrooxacycles

3,5'-ether-linked pseudooligopentose derivatives were synthesized for the first time from readily available carbohydrate precursors. The 1,2-isopropylidene-protected ether-linked oligopentoses are potentially important as precursors of novel RNA analogues. Intramolecular cycloaddition of the nitrile oxides prepared from these derivatives led to the diastereoselective formation of chiral isoxazolines fused to 10-16-membered oxacycles. The stereochemistry of some of these isoxazolines was established by X-ray diffraction and NOESY analysis.     

Synthesis of fused hydantoins by intramolecular amidoalkylation

Several 1-(2-arylcthyl)hydantoins 2 have been cyclized through their 5-bromo derivatives. The hydantoins 2a and 2b , unsubstituted in the 5-posilion, require stannic chloride catalysis of the cyclization to 3a and 3b , respectively. However, the 5-phenyl analog 2c (n = 2) cyclizes spontaneously and essentially quantitatively to 5 during bromination. This reaction is limited to the formation of a 6-membered ring.     

Synthesis of 3-carbamoyl-1,2,4-triazoles

3-Carbamoyl-1,2,4-triazoles were synthesized by the reaction of monothiooxamides with acid hydrazides Published inIzvestiya Akademii Nauk. Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 8, pp. 1487–1488, August, 2000.     

Synthesis of amino-1,2,4-triazoles by reductive ANRORC rearrangements of 1,2,4-oxadiazoles

The reaction of various 1,2,4-oxadiazoles with an excess of hydrazine in DMF has been investigated. 3-Amino-1,2,4-triazoles are produced through a reductive ANRORC pathway consisting of the addition of hydrazine to the 1,2,4-oxadiazole followed by ring-opening, ring-closure, and final reduction of the 3-hydroxylamino-1,2,4-triazole intermediate. The general applicability of 1,2,4-oxadiazoles ANRORC reactivity is demonstrated also in the absence of C(5)-linked electron-withdrawing groups.     

Synthesis of isoxazoles by hypervalent iodine-induced cycloaddition of nitrile oxides to alkynes

Treatment of oximes with hypervalent iodine leads to substituted isoxazoles via rapid formation of nitrile oxides. Reaction with terminal alkynes led to a series of 3,5-disubstituted isoxazoles with complete regioselectivity and high yield, in a procedure mild enough to prepare a range of nucleoside and peptide conjugates. Exceptionally high reaction rates were found for the formation of 3,4,5-trisubstituted isoxazoles from a cyclic alkyne.     

The intramolecular nitrile oxide-olefin [3+2] cycloaddition route to the maytansinoids

The macrocyclization of the olefinic nitrile oxide 24 to the ansa-macrolide skeleton 26, a model for a novel approach to the maytansinoids, is described.     

Synthesis of naphthoquinone antibiotics by intramolecular alkyne cycloaddition to carbene-chromium complexes

The reaction of carbene-chromium complexes with alkynes provides a direct route to naphthoquinone derivatives and is the key step in a new approach to the isochromanone antibiotics exemplified by deoxyfrenolicin (1) and nanaomycin A (2). While the regioselectivity of intermolecular addition of the appropriate unsymmetrical disubstituted alkyne is unfavourable, two successful approaches have been developed. Allylacetylene reacts with methoxy-(o-methoxyphenyl)methylidene-Cr(CO)₅ with high regioselectivity. Bromination, lithiation, and reaction with acetaldehyde produced the desired precursor. Alkoxypalladation led to pyran ring formation and introduction of the acetate side chain. Following earlier procedures, nanaomycin A (2) was produced. A more convergent alternative involved intramolecular cycloaddition of an alkyne with the alkylidene-chromium unit. A series of model cyclizations established the feasibility and an alkyne with an ethylene glycol side chain was prepared. The ethylene glycol unit serves as the tether to hold the alkyne in place for cyclization and allows easy removal at a later stage. Deoxyfrenolicin (1) was produced in a highly convergent and efficient process.     

Total synthesis of (+)-epilupinine via an intramolecular nitrile oxide-alkene cycloaddition

Total synthesis of (+)-epilupinine was accomplished in nine steps and in 48% overall yield, in which INOC was used as the key step for the construction of the quinolizidine skeleton. We found that it was an extremely difficult task to prepare the key intermediates (R)-N-(3-nitropropyl)-2-vinylpiperidine or (R)-(2-vinylpiperid-1-yl)propanal by routine methods. Thus, by using Fukuyama's oxime synthesis, a general method was developed for highly efficient conversion of 3-(N,N-dialkylamino)propanols into 3-(N,N-dialkylamino)propanal oximes without using the corresponding aldehydes.