Interference patterns of two non-diffracting beams

The interference field of two non-diffracting beams is derived analytically. We arrange the experiments with an axicon illuminated by two monochromatic oblique beams. Based on the diffraction properties of an axicon in the case of oblique illumination, the intensity distribution of interference pattern was calculated, and it was demonstrated to be the superposition of zero-order Bessel functions. The locus of interference fringes is also analyzed to be hyperbola according to the zero formula of zero-order Bessel function. The experimental results are verified the numerical simulation.     

Axial radiation force exerted by general non-diffracting beams

The axial radiation force exerted by a general non-diffracting beam on an object of arbitrary shape in lossless medium is analyzed. The object may be on or off the beam's axis. The analysis is based on the plane-wave representation of the beam using an azimuthal function and conical angle. The analytical expression relates the force to axial projections of the extracted and scattered momentum. Using an extended optical theorem, the extinction is related to the scattering at the forward direction of the beam's plane wave components. The axial force is expressed using the scattering amplitude and known angular functions.     

被动方式产生近似无衍射贝塞尔光技术

无衍射光束具有中心光斑小且不随传播距离变化、自再现、产生局域空心光等特点,由于这些特殊的光束特性而在许多领域,如计量学,经典光学,非线性光学和生命科学等领域中得到广泛的应用。无衍射光束的产生与变换是目前的一个研究热点。通过衍射理论、干涉理论和几何光学方法可对无衍射光进行描述。实现无衍射贝塞尔光束的方法可分为主动式和被动式。本文主要综述地介绍了几种被动式产生近似无衍射贝塞尔光束的最新技术,通过分析其优缺点,给出了这些技术的适用范围。     

无衍射贝塞尔光束非球面透镜设计

提出一种可产生无衍射贝塞尔光束的非球面透镜-贝塞尔透镜,该透镜由球面和非球面组成,呈旋转对称结构。利用光学设计软件ZEMAX通过光线追迹法对贝塞尔透镜进行设计,在设计和优化过程中,将出射光线与光轴的夹角作为边界条件,二次曲线参量和高次项系数作为变量。结果表明:利用标准二次曲线加上第一个高次项就可以得到比较理想的优化结果,设计的非球面贝塞尔透镜可以产生具有贝塞尔光束特性的无衍射光束。     

Generating intense beams of low-energy molecules

A method for obtaining intense pulsed beams of molecules possessing low kinetic energies is proposed. The method is based on the formation of a cold pressure shock (shock wave) in an intense pulsed molecular beam interacting with a solid surface, which serves as a source of the secondary beam of low-energy molecules. The proposed method was successfully used to obtain intense beams of H₂, He, CH₄, and Kr molecules with kinetic energies not exceeding 10 meV, and H₂/Kr and He/Kr beams with kinetic energies of H₂ and He molecules below 1 meV.     

Propagation of flat-topped beams

The propagation of flat-topped beams passing through paraxial ABCD optical system is investigated based on the propagation formulas of Gaussian beam. The focal shift of focused coherent flat-topped beam is also studied in detail. Analytical expressions of the M² factor and the far-field intensity distribution for flat-topped beams are derived on the basis of second-order moments.     

非高斯光束的传输

提出一种能处理非高斯非轴对称光束传输的张量方法,引入三个表征任意分布光束的特征张量,运用非对称光学系统的惠更斯衍射积分公式导出了它们的变换规律.讨论了任意光束的质量因子.作为一个实例,分析了高阶厄米-高斯光束通过柱面透镜的变换.     

Space charge effects of intense particle beams

The analytical solutions for the potentials and electrical fields are derived, assuming bunches of spherical shape with homogeneous and parabolic particle distributions to estimate space charge effects of intense particle beams. The trajectories of electrons created within bunches by residual gas ionization have been calculated taking into account the typical parameters of the RF accelerators.     

Electrostatic focusing of intense charged particle beams

Methods of forming solutions of the Maxwell equations for an electric field concerning the problem of focusing intensive charged particle beams are considered.     

厄米-余弦-高斯光束的传输特性

 从广义惠更斯-菲涅耳衍射积分出发对厄米-余弦-高斯光束的传输特性作了研究，给出了厄米-余弦-高斯光束通过近轴ABCD光学系统的解析传输公式，以厄米-余弦-高斯光束通过自由空间和薄透镜系统为例做了数值计算和分析，结果表明厄米-余弦-高斯光束在自由空间传输时不能保持其形状不变。厄米-双曲余弦-高斯光束、余弦-高斯光束、厄米-高斯光束的传输公式可作为厄米-余弦-高斯光束的特例得出。     

Generation of intense pulsed low-kinetic-energy molecular beams

A method for the generation of intense pulsed low-kinetic-energy molecular beams is described. The method is based on the formation of a cold (≈77 K) pressure shock as a result of interaction between an intense pulsed gas-dynamically cooled molecular beam with a solid surface. The pressure shock is used as a source of a secondary beam for generating low-energy molecules. The suggested method was used to obtain intense molecular beams of H₂, He, CH₄, N₂, and Kr with kinetic energies lower than or equal to 10 meV and H₂/Kr and He/Kr molecular beams with kinetic energies of H₂ and He molecules lower than 1 meV. The energy (velocity) of molecules in low-energy beams can be controlled by varying the intensity of the initial beam or temperature in the pressure shock.     

Fast ignition by intense laser-accelerated proton beams

The concept of fast ignition with inertial confinement fusion (ICF) is a way to reduce the energy required for ignition and burn and to maximize the gain produced by a single implosion. Based on recent experimental findings at the PETAWATT laser at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, an intense proton beam to achieve fast ignition is proposed. It is produced by direct laser acceleration and focused onto the pellet from the rear side of an irradiated target and can be integrated into a hohlraum for indirect drive ICF.     

Transport of intense beams of highly charged ions

The new generation of ion sources delivers beams with intensities of several mA. This requires a careful design of the analysing system and the low-energy beam transport (LEBT) from the source to the subsequent systems. At INFN-LNS, high intensity proton sources (TRIPS [L. Celona, G. Ciavola, S. Gammino et al., Rev. Sci. Instrum. 75(5) 1423 (2004)], PM-TRIPS [G. Ciavola, L. Celona, S. Gammino et al., Rev. Sci. Instrum. 75(5) 1453 (2004)]) as well as ECR ion sources for the production of highly charged high-intensity heavy ion beams are developed (SERSE [S. Gammino, G. Ciavola, L. Celona et al., Rev. Sci. Instrum. 72(11) 4090 (2001), and references therein], GyroSERSE [S. Gammino et al., Rev. Sci. Instrum. 75(5) 1637 (2004)], MS-ECRIS [G. Ciavola et al., (2005), 11th Int. Conf. on Ion Sources, Caen, (in press)]).

In this paper, we present ion-optical design studies of various LEBT systems for ion-sources devoted to the production of intense beams. Calculations were performed using the computer codes GIOS [H. Wollnik, J. Brezina and M. Berz, NIM A 258 (1987)], GICO [M. Berz, H.C. Hoffmann, and H. Wollnik, NIM A 258 (1987)], and TRANSPORT [K.L. Brown, F. Rothacker and D.C. Carey, SLAC-R-95-462, Fermilab-Pub-95/069, UC-414 (1995)]. Simulations take into account the expected phase space growth of the beam emittance due to space-charge effects and image aberrations introduced by the magnetic elements.     

Sub-shot-noise phase quadrature measurement of intense light beams

We present a setup for performing sub-shot-noise measurements of the phase quadrature of intense pulsed light without the use of a separate local oscillator. A Mach-Zehnder interferometer with an unbalanced arm length is used to detect the fluctuations of the phase quadrature at a single sideband frequency. With this setup, the nonseparability of a pair of quadrature-entangled beams is demonstrated experimentally.     

Resonant self-trapping and absorption of intense bessel beams

We report the observation of resonant self-trapping and enhanced laser-plasma heating resulting from propagation of high intensity Bessel beams in neutral gas. The enhancement in absorption and plasma heating is directly correlated to the spatial trapping of laser radiation.     

Experiments with intense secondary beams of radioactive ions

Electromagnetic mass separation applied on-line to accelerators and nuclear reactors is now a standard technique for producing preselected isotopic beams (A, Z selection) of nuclear reaction products. The development, performance and anatomy of a large on-line isotope separator facility, the CERN-ISOLDE, is discussed. As a result of recent technical developments it is now possible to study individual nuclei of about 40 elements, in many cases out to where the limits of nucleon binding are approached and half-lives become as short as 10 ms. It is shown that the nuclear reaction processes induced with the high-intensity several hundred MeV proton beam can provide secondary radioactive beams in almost all regions of the nuclidic chart with intensities which are not matched by any other method. The intense beams of 10⁸–10¹¹ atoms/s have opened up a number of new experimental possibilities like laser spectroscopy on radioactive atoms, radioactive targets for nuclear reaction spectroscopy, and precision X-ray shift measurements.     

Propagation properties of vector Mathieu-Gauss beams

The vector Helmholtz-Gauss (vHzG) beam is known as a general family of localized vector beam solutions of the Maxwell equations in the paraxial limit and the vector Mathieu-Gauss beam constitutes its version in elliptic cylindrical coordinates system. In this work, starting from the expansion of the scalar Mathieu-Gauss beam in term of Bessel-Gauss beams, we give a general expression of vector Mathieu-Gauss beams in cylindrical coordinates. Within the frame work of the Collins diffraction integral formula we derive the analytical expressions of transverse vector Mathieu-Gauss beams through an axisymmetric ABCD optical system. Some numerical calculations are performed to illustrate the propagation of the vector Mathieu-Gauss beam in free space and through a simple lens system. The results are analyzed and discussed.     

非傍轴高斯光束传输特性的研究

基于非傍轴矢量光束横截面上光强的严格定义〈S_z〉,采用桶中功率定义光束的束宽、远场发散角以及M²因子. 以非傍轴矢量高斯光束为例,对光束的传输特性进行了详细的理论分析和数值计算,并与非傍轴标量理论的结果进行了比较分析. 研究表明,光源半宽ω₀/Λ<1时,传输特性的矢量描述与非傍轴标量描述有显著差别,随着ω₀/Λ的增大,两者趋于一致,并逐步过渡到 关键词： 非傍轴高斯光束 桶中功率 束宽 发散角