土壤-植物系统的铜污染及其生态健康效应

土壤—植物系统的铜污染已十分严重。铜污染对土壤微生物数量与区系、土壤酶活性和植物生长等都有明显的抑制作用。土壤—植物系统中过量的铜进入人体主要有两条途径：一是由土壤—植物系统经过径流和淋失进入水体，再通过饮用水直接进入人体；二是通过食物链进入人体。人体暴露于过量的铜会引起一系列病变，如肾功能障碍、心血管疾病、高血压、肺气肿及癌症等。就农业土壤而言，减少含铜农药及含铜有机废弃物的使用对控制土壤—植物系统的铜污染最为重要。     

计算机图象识别辅助菌种筛选及对甾体激素微生物酶反应的研究

将分形理论和计算机图象纹理分析技术移植到微生物发酵研究中，对菌落和菌丝本形态的定量描述了探讨，并利用菌种的分维特征作为筛选高产菌株的直观指标，有效地提高了菌种筛选工作的效率与准确度，探讨了沃氏底物霉菌转化的工艺过程，并以生物全息观念与分形理论为依托，在分形尺度上对生物体形态及其发育过程进行了描述，建立起菌体生长的形态动力学模型，并与生长（浓度）动力学模型相结合，设计出可判别理论最佳投料点的酶活描述     

微生物腈水合酶的研究进展

腈水合酶 ( Nitrile Hydratase E C4.2 .1 .84,简称 NHase)是一种微生物酶 ,它可催化多种腈化合物水解生成酰胺[1] ,酰胺在酰胺酶 ( Amidase)的作用下 ,进一步转化生成羧酸及氨气 .这与腈水解酶( Nitrilase)催化腈水解一步生成羧酸的途径有所不同 .微生物 NHase可广泛地应用于氨基酸、酰胺、羧酸及其衍生物的合成 . 1 980年 ,Asano等人[2 ] 首次发现微生物 Rhodocococcus sp. N- 774NHase可降解有毒的乙腈 ,不久即被成功地应用于工业生产丙烯酰胺 .近来 ,NHase也被用于制备手性药物 ,如 Gilligan 等 [3 ]成功地用 Rhodocococcus equ…     

双核铜酶的化学模拟

本文综述了双核铜酶,特别是酪氨酸酶、血蓝蛋白的结构,键合氧、活化氧的性能及有关仿酶模型的研究进展。     

Schiff碱铜配合物模拟过氧化物酶的研究

两种Schiff碱铜配合物首次作为过氧化物酶的模拟物用于催化过氧化氢氧化苯酚的反应;分析了配合物的特征光谱;研究了Schiff碱铜配合物的催化氧化机理,建立了催化氧化反应动力学数学模型;讨论了过氧化氢／催化剂摩尔比、体系温度、体系pH和胶束微环境对催化反应速率的影响．结果表明：这两种Schiff碱铜配合物在不同的反应条件下均表现出过氧化物酶催化的特征．     

蛋氨酸铜对西门塔尔牛血液指标的影响

选用16头平均体质量420 kg、年龄2.5岁中国西门塔尔牛阉牛,采用随机区组设计分为4组,以混合精料和风干玉米秸秆为基础日粮,以蛋氨酸铜为铜源,在基础日粮中分别添加铜0、8、16和24 mg/kg,研究了蛋氨酸铜对西门塔尔牛血液指标的影响。结果表明,血清TG、GLU、TC、ALB和TP含量显著增加(P<0.05)。24 mg/kg组SUN明显低于对照组(P<0.05)。血清GOT、GPT、AKP、ACP、LDH差异均不显著(P>0.05)。血清Cp逐渐增加(P<0.05);SOD和GSH-px活性呈上升趋势,显著提高(P<0.05);MDA呈下降趋势(P<0.05)。16 mg/kg和24mg/kg组血清铜含量显著高于对照和8 mg/kg组(P<0.05)。根据试验结果,蛋氨酸铜添加量以8~16 mg/kg为宜。     

水相分光光度法测定土壤中有效铜

开发了一种铜试剂(二乙基二硫代氨基甲酸钠,DDTC)水相分光光度法测定土壤有效铜的方法。利用阿拉伯树胶做增溶剂,柠檬酸-EDTA溶液做干扰掩蔽剂,DDTC能够与铜离子形成稳定的黄色络合物,可直接在水溶液中进行分光光度法测定。络合物的最大吸收波长为454 nm,摩尔吸光系数为1.02×104L·mol-1·cm-1,铜含量在0~4μg/mL范围内符合比尔定律,线性相关系数r=0.9996,方法检出限为0.031μg/mL,平均回收率104.8%,RSD为3.2%。本法对红壤加铜培养实验的测定结果表明,土壤有效铜含量与土壤加铜水平呈线性相关,与电感耦合等离子发射光谱法(ICP-AES)相比,有效铜含量和相对标准差均无显著差异。     

贵州凤冈县宜茶区土壤重金属含量状况及污染评价

对贵州凤冈县14个乡镇的宜茶土壤中汞、镉、铅、砷、铬、铜6种重金属含量进行统计分析,根据NY/T 5020-2001《无公害食品茶叶产地环境条件》、NY 5199-2002《有机茶产地环境条件》、NY/T 5295-2004《无公害食品产地环境评价准则》进行评价,为凤冈县茶园建设规划提供理论依据。     

土壤重金属污染评价指标的研究进展

土壤重金属污染评价指标主要有：土壤重金属总含量，有效含量，土壤酶活性以及植物中毒临界含量等。由于受重金属污染的土壤中往往伴有多种重金属元素以及元素之间的交互作用，使得临界值的确定更为复杂，目前评价土壤重金属复合污染的方法主要是综合指数法。     

AAS法测定土壤中铜的新型进样装置

研制了一种新的进样装置，装置既可常规进样又可以脉冲进样，可用于土壤中铜元素的测定。并对两种进样的方法的分析性能进行了对比。     

地积累指数法及生态危害指数评价法在土壤重金属污染中的应用及探讨

将近年常用于重金属污染的地积累指数法及生态危害指数评价法进行了对比分析,并对西南某铅锌矿矿区表层土壤中重金属(Zn、Pb、Cd、Cu)污染情况进行了评价。结果表明,该区Cd为极严重污染,Pb为中等污染,Zn和Cu为轻微污染。地积累指数评价法和生态危害指数评价法两者各有侧重点,对于重金属污染的系统评价各具合理性;但两种方法都是基于沉积学理论提出,在对土壤重金属污染进行评价时,有其局限性,建议在对其参数修正后综合应用。     

添加有机肥和葡萄糖对铜毒害旱地红壤微生物生物量的影响

在预培红壤中加入定量的有机肥和葡萄糖及不同浓度的Cu,25℃培养14d，测定了土壤微生物生物量C（Cmic),N(Nmic)。结果表明，存在有机肥和葡萄糖时，土壤中Cmic和Nmic随着Cu浓度的增加而降低；Cmic/Nmic随着Cu浓度的增加而增大。施加有机肥和葡萄糖的土壤中，在所有Cu处理浓度下，土壤中Cmic和Nmic均比未加有机物质处理高，特别是有机肥处理中土壤Cmic和Nmic均比其它处理高得多，说明有机肥可明显减轻Cu对土壤微生物生物量的毒性，同时也说明有机肥可提供微生物N源。不含Cu时，加入有机肥和葡萄糖导致土壤中Cmic和Nmic增加，其中有机肥明显。     

Effects of Tebuconazole Application on Soil Microbiota and Enzymes

Identification of pesticide impact on the soil microbiome is of the utmost significance today. Diagnosing the response of bacteria to tebuconazole, used for plant protection, may help isolate the most active bacteria applicable in the bioaugmentation of soils contaminated with this preparation. Bearing in mind the above, a study was undertaken to test the effect of tebuconazole on the diversity of bacteria at all taxonomic levels and on the activity of soil enzymes. It was conducted by means of standard and metagenomic methods. Its results showed that tebuconazole applied in doses falling within the ranges of good agricultural practice did not significantly disturb the biological homeostasis of soil and did not diminish its fertility. Tebuconazole was found to stimulate the proliferation of organotrophic bacteria and fungi, and also the activities of soil enzymes responsible for phosphorus, sulfur, and carbon metabolism. It did not impair the activity of urease responsible for urea hydrolysis, or cause any significant changes in the structure of bacterial communities. All analyzed soil samples were mainly populated by bacteria from the phylum Proteobacteria, Actinobacteria, Firmicutes, Gemmatimonadetes, Acidobacteria, Planctomycetes, and Chloroflexi. Bacteria from the genera Kaistobacter, Arthrobacter, and Streptomyces predominated in the soils contaminated with tebuconazole, whereas these from the Gemmata genus were inactivated by this preparation.     

碳酸岩矿化菌诱导碳酸钙晶体形成机理研究

选用碳酸盐矿化菌(芽孢杆菌系), 分别研究了不同浓度细菌液、细菌体及其分泌物对碳酸钙晶体形成的影响. 研究表明, 细菌液浓度越高, 控制碳酸钙晶体形貌作用越显著; 细菌体为碳酸钙结晶提供异相成核点而对形貌并没有实质影响; 细菌分泌物可诱导出球形、纺锤形等多种形态亚稳态球霰石; 在微生物环境的长期作用下可形成有机-无机复合碳酸钙硬质膜. 通过对电导率测定结果和碳酸钙红外图谱分析得出, 生物有机质分子链的极性基团(COOH, C＝O等)与Ca^2＋产生静电、配位等一系列作用, 调控晶体的生长. 本研究对于微生物诱导碳酸钙的工程性应用, 如混凝土微裂缝修复、古建筑表面防护处理、微纳米碳酸钙颗粒制备等具有一定指导意义.     

化学发光法测定土壤中有效铜

用Zn-EDTA为掩蔽剂与稳定剂条件下,以鲁米诺-氰化钾体系化学发光测定土壤中有效铜,有稳定性好、选择性高的特点,试验确定了最佳稳定条件．铜的检出限为1×10^-11g／mL,方法的线性范围为5×10^-10～5×10^-7g／mL,变异系数最大为4．4％．     

Microbiological Study in Petrol-Spiked Soil

The pollution of arable lands and water with petroleum-derived products is still a valid problem, mainly due the extensive works aimed to improve their production technology to reduce fuel consumption and protect engines. An example of the upgraded fuels is the BP 98 unleaded petrol with Active technology. A pot experiment was carried out in which Eutric Cambisol soil was polluted with petrol to determine its effect on the microbiological and biochemical properties of this soil. Analyses were carried out to determine soil microbiome composition—with the incubation and metagenomic methods, the activity of seven enzymes, and cocksfoot effect on hydrocarbon degradation. The following indices were determined: colony development index (CD); ecophysiological diversity index (EP); index of cocksfoot effect on soil microorganisms and enzymes (IF_G); index of petrol effect on soil microorganisms and enzymes (IF_P); index of the resistance of microorganisms, enzymes, and cocksfoot to soil pollution with petrol (RS); Shannon–Weaver’s index of bacterial taxa diversity (H); and Shannon–Weaver’s index of hydrocarbon degradation (ID_H). The soil pollution with petrol was found to increase population numbers of bacteria and fungi, and Protebacteria phylum abundance as well as to decrease the abundance of Actinobacteria and Acidobacteria phyla. The cultivation of cocksfoot on the petrol-polluted soil had an especially beneficial effect mainly on the bacteria belonging to the Ramlibacter, Pseudoxanthomonas, Mycoplana, and Sphingobium genera. The least susceptible to the soil pollution with petrol and cocksfoot cultivation were the bacteria of the following genera: Kaistobacter, Rhodoplanes, Bacillus, Streptomyces, Paenibacillus, Phenylobacterium, and Terracoccus. Cocksfoot proved effective in the phytoremediation of petrol-polluted soil, as it accelerated hydrocarbon degradation and increased the genetic diversity of bacteria. It additionally enhanced the activities of soil enzymes.     

Sequential Production of Amylolytic and Lipolytic Enzymes by Bacterium Strain Isolated from Petroleum Contaminated Soil

Amylases and lipases are highly demanded industrial enzymes in various sectors such as food, pharmaceuticals, textiles, and detergents. Amylases are of ubiquitous occurrence and hold the maximum market share of enzyme sales. Lipases are the most versatile biocatalyst and bring about a range of bioconversion reactions such as hydrolysis, inter-esterification, esterification, alcoholysis, acidolysis, and aminolysis. The objective of this work was to study the feasibility for amylolitic and lipolytic production using a bacterium strain isolated from petroleum contaminated soil in the same submerged fermentation. This was a sequential process based on starch and vegetable oils feedstocks. Run were performed in batchwise using 2% starch supplemented with suitable nutrients and different vegetable oils as a lipase inducers. Fermentation conditions were pH 5.0; 30 degrees C, and stirred speed (200 rpm). Maxima activities for amyloglucosidase and lipase were, respectively, 0.18 and 1,150 U/ml. These results showed a promising methodology to obtain both enzymes using industrial waste resources containing vegetable oils.     

菜园土壤中的铜及其与土壤有机碳的关系

通过野外调查与室内分析相结合的方法研究了杭州市郊主要菜园土壤中铜的状况,并对其与土壤有机碳的关系作了探讨.取样分析结果表明,调查区域菜园土壤全铜含量在4.3×10-6～205.5×10-6之间,平均为(43.6±36.7)×10-6,有效铜含量在0.17×10-6～6.18×10-6之间,平均为(2.70±1.46)×10-6.同时还发现,菜园土壤有效铜含量与全铜含量呈极显著正相关,相关系数为0.717**(n=45,P=0.01,下同),据此认为菜园土壤有效铜的供给是以全铜量为基础的.相关分析还得出,全铜含量与总有机碳和易氧化碳含量均呈极显著正相关,相关系数分别为0.695**和0.594**;有效铜含量也与总有机碳和易化有机碳含量呈极显著正相关,相关系数分别为0.666**和0.557**,这表明施用有机肥料可能是菜园土壤铜营养的重要来源之一.另外,菜园土壤铜的有效性也有随土壤总有机碳和易氧化有机碳含量的提高而增大的趋势,这对一般情况下提高土壤的供铜强度是有益的.但是,倘若土壤中已积累了过量的铜,则有可能加剧铜的毒害,蔬菜生产和菜园土壤管理中都应予以足够的重视.     

成都市农业土壤重金属污染特征初步研究

对成都市农业土壤中七种重金属元素Pb、Hg、Cr、As、Cu、Zn和Cd进行了测定和研究,并进行了潜在生态风险评价。结果表明,成都市农业土壤重金属元素含量分别为:Pb 77.27mg/kg,Hg 0.31 mg/kg,Cr 59.50 mg/kg,As 11.27 mg/kg,Cu 42.52 mg/kg,Zn 227.00 mg/kg,Cd0.36 mg/kg;重金属潜在的生态危害因子表明,Hg和Cd达到中等生态危害程度,Pb、As、Cu、Zn、Cr达到轻微生态危害;多种重金属的生态系统的潜在生态风险指数(RI)表明,成都市农业土壤生态危害级别为中等生态危害。