Equidistribution of signs for modular eigenforms of half integral weight

Let f be a cusp form of weight k + 1/2 and at most quadratic nebentype character whose Fourier coefficients a(n) are all real. We study an equidistribution conjecture of Bruinier and Kohnen for the signs of a(n). We prove this conjecture for certain subfamilies of coefficients that are accessible via the Shimura lift by using the Sato–Tate equidistribution theorem for integral weight modular forms. Firstly, an unconditional proof is given for the family {a(tp ²)} _p , where t is a squarefree number and p runs through the primes. In this case, the result is in terms of natural density. To prove it for the family {a(tn ²)} _n where t is a squarefree number and n runs through all natural numbers, we assume the existence of a suitable error term for the convergence of the Sato–Tate distribution, which is weaker than one conjectured by Akiyama and Tanigawa. In this case, the results are in terms of Dedekind–Dirichlet density.     

A uniform coprimality result for some arithmetic functions

Using analytic methods, an asymptotic formula, which holds uniformly for squarefree positive integers d in a suitable range, is obtained for the number of positive integers n ≤ x such that (d,f(n)) = 1, where f is an integer-valued multiplicative function such that f(p) is a polynomial in p for p prime, and where d has no prime divisor from a certain finite exceptional set. Examples of such functions f are Euler's function φ and the divisor functions σ_ν (ν = 1,2,…), which case d is assumed to be odd.     

Fourier coefficients of GL(N) automorphic forms in arithmetic progressions

We show that the multiple divisor functions of integers in invertible residue classes modulo a prime number, as well as the Fourier coefficients of GL(N) Maass cusp forms for all \({N \geq 2}\) , satisfy a central limit theorem in a suitable range, generalizing the case N = 2 treated by Fouvry et al. (Commentarii Math Helvetici, 2014). Such universal Gaussian behaviour relies on a deep equidistribution result of products of hyper-Kloosterman sums.     

Coefficients of half-integral weight modular forms

In this paper, we study the distribution of the coefficients a(n) of half-integral weight modular forms modulo odd integers M. As a consequence, we obtain improvements of indivisibility results for the central critical values of quadratic twists of L-functions associated with integral weight newforms established in Ono and Skinner (Fourier coefficients of half-integral weight modular forms modulo ?, Ann. of Math. 147 (1998) 453-470). Moreover, we find a simple criterion for proving cases of Newman's conjecture for the partition function.     

A necessary and sufficient condition for the existence of a spanning tree with specified vertices having large degrees

Let G be a connected simple graph, let X?V (^G) and let f be a mapping from X to the set of integers. When X is an independent set, Frank and Gyárfás, and independently, Kaneko and Yoshimoto gave a necessary and sufficient condition for the existence of spanning tree T in G such that d _T (x) for all x ∈ X, where d _T (x) is the degree of x and T. In this paper, we extend this result to the case where the subgraph induced by X has no induced path of order four, and prove that there exists a spanning tree T in G such that d _T (x) ≥ f(x) for all x ∈ X if and only if for any nonempty subset S ? X, |N _G (S) ? S| ? f(S) + 2|S| ? ω _G (S) ≥, where ω _G (S) is the number of components of the subgraph induced by S.     

Universally bad integers and the 2-adics

In his 1964 paper, de Bruijn (Math. Comp. 18 (1964) 537) called a pair (a,b) of positive odd integers good, if , where is the set of nonnegative integers whose 4-adic expansion has only 0's and 1's, otherwise he called the pair (a,b) bad. Using the 2-adic integers we obtain a characterization of all bad pairs. A positive odd integer u is universally bad if (ua,b) is bad for all pairs of positive odd integers a and b. De Bruijn showed that all positive integers of the form u=2^k+1 are universally bad. We apply our characterization of bad pairs to give another proof of this result of de Bruijn, and to show that all integers of the form u=φ_p^k(4) are universally bad, where p is prime and φ_n(x) is the nth cyclotomic polynomial. We consider a new class of integers we call de Bruijn universally bad integers and obtain a characterization of such positive integers. We apply this characterization to show that the universally bad integers u=φ_p^k(4) are in fact de Bruijn universally bad for all primes p>2. Furthermore, we show that the universally bad integers φ_2^k(4), and more generally, those of the form 4^k+1, are not de Bruijn universally bad.     

On Saito-Kurokawa descent for congruence subgroups

The conjecture made by H. Saito and N. Kurokawa states the existence of a “lifting” from the space of elliptic modular forms of weight 2k?2 (for the full modular group) to the subspace of the space of Siegel modular forms of weightk (for the full Siegel modular group) which is compatible with the action of Hecke operators. (The subspace is the so called “Maaß spezialschar” defined by certain identities among Fourier coefficients). This conjecture was proved (in parts) by H. Maaß, A.N. Andrianov and D. Zagier. The purpose of this paper is to prove a generalised version of the conjecture for cusp forms of odd squarefree level.     

A kernel for automorphic L-functions

The full multiple Dirichlet series of an automorphic cusp form is defined, in classical language, as a Dirichlet series of several complex variables over all the Fourier coefficients of the cusp form. It is different from the L-function of Godement and Jacquet, which is defined as a Dirichlet series in one complex variable over a one-dimensional array of the Fourier coefficients. In GL(2) and GL(3), the two notions are simply related. In this paper, we construct a kernel function that gives the full multiple Dirichlet series of automorphic cusp forms on GL(n,R). The kernel function is a new Poincaré series. Specifically, the inner product of a cusp form with this Poincaré series is the product of the full multiple Dirichlet series of the form times a function that is essentially the Mellin transform of Jacquet's Whittaker function. In the proof, the full multiple Dirichlet series is produced by applying the Lipschitz summation formula several times and by an integral which collapses the sum over SL(n−1,Z) in the Fourier expansion of the cusp form.     

Density of sets of natural numbers and the Lévy group

Let N denote the set of positive integers. The asymptotic density of the set A⊆N is d(A)=limn→∞|A∩[1,n]|/n, if this limit exists. Let AD denote the set of all sets of positive integers that have asymptotic density, and let SN denote the set of all permutations of the positive integers N. The group L^? consists of all permutations f∈SN such that A∈AD if and only if f(A)∈AD, and the group L^* consists of all permutations f∈L^? such that d(f(A))=d(A) for all A∈AD. Let be a one-to-one function such that d(f(N))=1 and, if A∈AD, then f(A)∈AD. It is proved that f must also preserve density, that is, d(f(A))=d(A) for all A∈AD. Thus, the groups L^? and L^* coincide.     

Transformation formulae for Dirichlet polynomials

Formulae of Voronoi-Atkinson type are proved for Dirichlet polynomials related to the Dirichlet series ζ²(s) = Σd(n)n^?s or ?(s) = Σa(n)n^?s, where the a(n) are the Fourier coefficients of a cusp form, a typical example being a(n) = τ(n), the Ramanujan function. Applications are given to a formula of Atkinson (Acta Math.81 (1949), 353–376) for the mean square of $\text{|ζ(}\text{1}\text{2}\text{+ it)|}$ and to the differences between consecutive zeros of ?(s) on the critical line in the case when all the a(n) are real.     

Effective equidistribution of eigenvalues of Hecke operators

In 1997, Serre proved an equidistribution theorem for eigenvalues of Hecke operators on the space S(N,k) of cusp forms of weight k and level N. In this paper, we derive an effective version of Serre's theorem. As a consequence, we estimate, for a given d and prime p coprime to N, the number of eigenvalues of the pth Hecke operator Tp acting on S(N,k) of degree less than or equal to d. This allows us to determine an effectively computable constant Bd such that if J₀(N) is isogenous to a product of Q-simple abelian varieties of dimensions less than or equal to d, then N?Bd. We also study the effective equidistribution of eigenvalues of Frobenius acting on a family of curves over a fixed finite field as well as the eigenvalue distribution of adjacency matrices of families of regular graphs. These results are derived from a general “all-purpose” equidistribution theorem.     

Above the Glauberman correspondence

Let S be a finite solvable group, and suppose S acts on the finite group N, and they have coprime orders. Then, the celebrated Glauberman correspondence provides a natural bijection from the set IrrS(N) of irreducible characters of N which are invariant under the action of S to the set Irr(CN(S)) of all irreducible characters of the centralizer of S in N. Suppose, further, that the semidirect product SN is a normal subgroup of a finite group G. Let θ∈IrrS(N), and let ψ∈Irr(CN(S)) be its Glauberman correspondent. We prove that there is a bijection with good compatibility properties from the set Irr(G,θ) of the irreducible characters of G above θ to Irr(NG(S),ψ) such that, in the case when S is a p-group for some prime p, it preserves fields of values and Schur indices over Qp, the field of p-adic numbers. Using this result, we also prove a strengthening of the McKay Conjecture for all p-solvable groups.     

Partitions of natural numbers with the same representation functions

For a set A of nonnegative integers the representation functions R₂(A,n), R₃(A,n) are defined as the number of solutions of the equation n=a+a^′,a,a^′∈A with a<a^′, a?a^′, respectively. Let D(0)=0 and let D(a) denote the number of ones in the binary representation of a. Let A₀ be the set of all nonnegative integers a with even D(a) and A₁ be the set of all nonnegative integers a with odd D(a). In this paper we show that (a) if R₂(A,n)=R₂(N?A,n) for all n?2N−1, then R₂(A,n)=R₂(N?A,n)?1 for all n?12N²−10N−2 except for A=A₀ or A=A₁; (b) if R₃(A,n)=R₃(N?A,n) for all n?2N−1, then R₃(A,n)=R₃(N?A,n)?1 for all n?12N²+2N. Several problems are posed in this paper.     

A proof of the S-genus identities for ternary quadratic forms

In this paper we prove the main conjectures of Berkovich and Jagy about weighted averages of representation numbers over an S-genus of ternary lattices (defined below) for any odd squarefree S∈?. We do this by reformulating them in terms of local quantities using the Siegel–Weil and Conway–Sloane formulas, and then proving the necessary local identities. We conclude by conjecturing generalized formulas valid over certain totally real number fields as a direction for future work.     

Delaunay graphs are almost as good as complete graphs

LetS be any set ofN points in the plane and let DT(S) be the graph of the Delaunay triangulation ofS. For all pointsa andb ofS, letd(a, b) be the Euclidean distance froma tob and let DT(a, b) be the length of the shortest path in DT(S) froma tob. We show that there is a constantc (≤((1+√5)/2) π≈5.08) independent ofS andN such that $$\frac{{DT(a,b)}}{{d(a,b)}}< c.$$      

The probability of choosing primitive sets

We generalize a theorem of Nymann that the density of points in Zd that are visible from the origin is 1/ζ(d), where ζ(a) is the Riemann zeta function . A subset S⊂Zd is called primitive if it is a Z-basis for the lattice Zd∩spanR(S), or, equivalently, if S can be completed to a Z-basis of Zd. We prove that if m points in Zd are chosen uniformly and independently at random from a large box, then as the size of the box goes to infinity, the probability that the points form a primitive set approaches 1/(ζ(d)ζ(d−1)?ζ(d−m+1)).     

Distance graphs with maximum chromatic number

The distance graph G(D) has the set of integers as vertices and two vertices are adjacent in G(D) if their difference is contained in the set D⊂Z. A conjecture of Zhu states that if the chromatic number of G(D) achieves its maximum value |D|+1 then the graph has a triangle. The conjecture is proven to be true if |D|?3. We prove that the chromatic number of a distance graph with D={a,b,c,d} is five only if either D={1,2,3,4k} or D={a,b,a+b,b-a}. This confirms a stronger version of Zhu's conjecture for |D|=4, namely, if the chromatic number achieves its maximum value then the graph contains K₄.     

The mean square of Dirichlet series associated with automorphic forms

Letf be a non-holomorphic automorphic form of real weight and eigenvalue λ=1/4?ρ ², ?ρ≥0, which is defined with respect to a Fuchsian group of the first kind. Assume that ∞ is a cusp of this group and denote bya _∞,n,a _∞,n ,n ∈ ?, the Fourier coefficients off at ∞. Following Hecke and Maas we prove that under suitable assumptions the associated Dirichlet seriesL ⁺ (f, s) = ∑ _{n > 0} a _∞,n (n + μ_221E;)^?s andL ^? (f, s) = ∑ _{n < 0} a _∞,n |n + μ_221E;|^?s have meromorphic continuation in the entire complex plane and statisfy a certain functional equation (μ_∞ denotes the cusp parameter of the cusp ∞). We are interested in mean square estimates of these functions. Iff is not a cusp form we prove $$\int_0^T {|L^ \pm (f,\Re _\rho + it)|^2 dt = T(\log T)^a (B^ \pm + o(1)),}$$ wherea is either 1, 2 or 4, andB ^± is a constant. A similar result is true iff is a cusp form. In case of a congruence group the termo(1) can be replaced byO ((logT)^?1).     

Trace formulas for Hecke operators, Gaussian hypergeometric functions, and the modularity of a threefold

We present simple trace formulas for Hecke operators Tk(p) for all p>3 on Sk(Γ₀(3)) and Sk(Γ₀(9)), the spaces of cusp forms of weight k and levels 3 and 9. These formulas can be expressed in terms of special values of Gaussian hypergeometric series and lend themselves to recursive expressions in terms of traces of Hecke operators on spaces of lower weight. Along the way, we show how to express the traces of Frobenius of a family of elliptic curves equipped with a 3-torsion point as special values of a Gaussian hypergeometric series over Fq, when . As an application, we use these formulas to provide a simple expression for the Fourier coefficients of η⁸(3z), the unique normalized cusp form of weight 4 and level 9, and then show that the number of points on a certain threefold is expressible in terms of these coefficients.     

Lower bounds for numbers of ABC-hits

By an ABC-hit, we mean a triple (a,b,c) of relatively prime positive integers such that a+b=c and rad(abc)<c. Denote by N(X) the number of ABC-hits (a,b,c) with c?X. In this paper we discuss lower bounds for N(X). In particular we prove that for every ?>0 and X large enough N(X)?exp((logX)^1/2−?).