Estimation of trace elements in some anti-epileptic medicinal plants by PIXE

Trace elemental analysis was carried out in various parts of 10 anti-epileptic medicinal plants using PIXE technique. A 3?MeV proton beam was used to excite the samples and spectra were recorded using a Si(Li) detector. Data analysis was done using Gupix Software. The elements Cl, K, Ca, Ti, Mn, Fe, Ni, Cu, Zn, Br and Sr were identified and their concentrations estimated. The presence of some of these trace elements is correlated with the anti-epileptic curative property of these plants.     

Application of nondestructive X-ray fluorescence analysis to determine the element composition of medicinal plants

A nondestructive X-ray fluorescence technique has been developed to determine Na, Mg, Al, Si, P, S, Cl, K, Ca, Ti, Cr, Mn, Fe, Ni, Cu, Zn, Br, Rb, Sr, Ba, and Pb in plants. The line element intensities were measured by an S4 Pioneer X-ray sequence spectrometer (Bruker AXS, Germany). The inversely proportional relationship was obtained between the analyte line intensity and mass of the plant, pressed on boric acid backing, for elements with an atomic number 11 < Z < 20. It was found that reduction of plant mass from 6 to 1 g leads to an increase in element determination sensitivity. The detection limits for 1 g of pressed plant were evaluated as μg/g: 5–20 (Na, Mg, Al); 1–4 (Si, P, S, Cl, K, Ca, Ti, Ba, Pb); 0.4-0.8 (Cr, Mn, Fe, Ni, Br, Cu, Zn, Rb and Sr). This technique was applied to determine the element composition of violets of Violaceae family, which are used in medicine.     

Trace elements in Malaysian medicinal plants

Elemental content of twenty medicinal plants used as tonic and for treatment of diabetes and simusitis were determined by INAA and XRF. Elemental determination was carried out in the raw samples, residues after boiling and the water soluble fractions. Samples were irradiated in TRIGA MkII reactor and counted using HPGe detector coupled to Personal Computer Analyzer (PCA) system. Bowen's Kale, NBS Pine Needles, NBS Citrus Leaves SRM were analysed to check the accuracy of the techniques used. Twenty elements were determined by both NAA and XRF. Arsenic was only detected inLabisia pothoina andDracontomelon dao with a concentrations of 0.40 mg/kg and 0.60 mg/kg respectively. Antimony was found in eleven samples with a concentration of <0.20 mg/kg. Al, Br, Ca, Cl, K, Mn, Na and Rb were detected in all samples whereas Mg and Zn were present in all samples exceptCinnamomum sp. Highest concentration of Br (190 mg/kg), Cl (11805 mg/kg), Co (0.50 mg/kg), Fe (1642 mg/kg), K (36788 mg/kg), Mn (325 mg/kg), Na (126 mg/kg), Rb (197 mg/kg), Sc (0.18 mg/kg) and Zn (3551 mg/kg) were observed in the tuber ofLasia aculeata. Less than 70% and 50% of the elements contained inCallicarpa longifolia andEurycoma longifolia were obtained respectively from water by boiling.     

Proton-induced x-ray emission analysis of tea leaves

Proton-induced X-ray emission (PIXE) spectroscopy has been used for the determination of the concentration of 12 elements in tea leaves of four different brands. The elements are: Cl, K, Ca, Ti, Mn, Fe, Ni, Cu, Zn, Br, Rb and Sr. The transference ratio of the elements into solution, when tea is leached by percolation is reported. It was found that some elements are totally transferred into solution and some are partially retained by the leaves. The significance of some of the elements found in the samples is discussed.     

Multielement determination in river-water of Sepetiba Bay tributaries (Brazil) by total reflection X-ray fluorescence using synchrotron radiation

Summary Trace elements were determined in the surface waters of tributaries of the Sepetiba Bay, Brazil (Piraquê, Itá, S?o Francisco, Guarda, Guandu Mirim, Vala do Sangue and Engenho Novo rivers) by total reflection X-ray fluorescence using synchrotron radiation (SRTXRF). Eighteen trace elements could be determined in the dissolved and the suspended particulate phases: Al, Si, P, S, Cl, K, Ca, Ti, Cr, Mn, Fe, Ni, Cu, Zn, Br, Rb, Sr and Pb. The elemental concentration values were compared to the values recommended by the Brazilian legislation.     

Assessment of atmospheric deposition of metals in Ha Noi using the moss bio-monitoring technique and proton induced X-ray emission

Journal of Radioanalytical and Nuclear Chemistry - The concentration of 22 metal elements including Mg, Al, Si, P, S, Cl, K, Ca, Ti, Cr, Mn, Fe, Ni, Cu, Zn, As, Br, Rb, Sr, Zr, Ba and Pb in Barbula...     

Egyptian and foreign cigarettes

The concentration of 27 elements has been measured using neutron activation analysis in a cigarette brand commercially manufactured in Egypt and in three foreign brands available on the Egyptian market. The cigarette components examined were cigarette tobacco, cigarette wrapping paper and cigarette ash. All results are expressed in absolute values per cigarette. The concentration of Al, As, Ba, Br, Cl, Cs, Eu, Fe, Mn, Na, Ni, Rb, Sb, Sc, Sr, Th, Ti and V in the Egyptian cigarette were above the range determined for the foreign brands examined; however, Ce, Co, Cr, Hf, K, La, Mg, Se and Zn were within that range. Except for K, Mn, Ni and Ti, the above conclusions was the same for elements determined in the ash. The wrapping paper used for the Egyptian cigarette contains the lowest quantity of Cl and Mn.     

Elemental concentrations of some Ayurvedic drugs using energy dispersive XRF

Summary Elemental concentration of nineteen Ayurvedic drugs have been measured using energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence analysis. Concentrations of nineteen elements: Si, P, S, Cl, K, Ca, Ti, Cr, Mn, Fe Ni, Cu, Zn, As, Br, Rb, Sr, Zr and Hg have been determined using emission transmission method with Mo target. K, Ca and Fe were detected in all samples and their concentrations ranged from 0.35-2.88%, 0.346-8.65% and 0.007-36.7%, respectively. Maximum concentration measured in other elements ranged from 0.006% to 40.7%. The multi element and non-destructive nature of the method offers a simple way to establish the quality of the drugs that contain heavy metals in considerable concentration.     

Determination of trace elements of some Egyptian crops by instrumental neutron activation,inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectrometric and flameless atomic absorption spectrophotometric analysis

Instrumental neutron activation analysis was used for the determination of Al, Br, Ca, Ce, Cl, Co, Cr, Cs, Eu, Fe, K, La, Mg, Mn, Na, Rb, Sb, Sc, Se, Ti, Th, V and Zn, ICP-AES for the determination Al, Ag, Ba, Be, Ca, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Ga, K, Li, Mg, Mn, Na, Ni, P, Sc, Sr, Ti, V and Zn and flameless AAS for the determination of Cd, Hg and Pb in egg plant, potatoes, green pepper (Leguminosae), vegetable marrow (Cucurbitaceae), pears, apple (Rosaceae), castor oil plant (Euphorbiaceae), lettuce (compositae), dill, parsley, coriander (Umbelliferae), and in some soil samples collected from Aswan province.     

Evolution of anthropogenic aerosols in the coastal town of Salina Cruz,Mexico: part III size-segregated elemental composition analysed by total-reflection X-ray fluorescence spectrometry

Heavy metals in various size modes of the atmospheric aerosol are a concern for human health. Their and other elements’ concentrations are indicative for anthropogenic and natural aerosol sources. Si, Cl, K, Ca, Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, As, Se, Br, Rb, Sr, Hg, and Pb were determined as a complementary contribution to a study on aerosol cycling during the wet season, June 2004, in a humid, subtropical climate, i.e. in the city of Salina Cruz, situated on the Pacific coast of the Isthmus of Tehuantepec (16.2°N, 95.2°W), Mexico. For mass (gravimetry) and elemental analyses, particles were collected by a Berner low-pressure round nozzle cascade impactor using four stages corresponding to 0.1–0.25, 0.25–1.0, 1.0–4.0, and 4–16?µm of aerodynamic particle size. The impaction plates were modified such that approx. 1/6 consisted of a plastic support (Persplex®) for total reflection X-ray fluorescence spectrometry (TXRF). The elements’ total content was determined by TXRF without any further sample pretreatment. Limits of quantification (LOQ) for elemental content in individual impactor stages corresponded to 25–60?ng?m^?3 for Si; 0.8–4?ng?m^?3 for Cl, K, Ca, Ti, and V; 3–20?pg?m^?3 for Cr, Mn, Fe, Cu, Ni, and Zn; and 7–50?pg?m^?3 for As, Se, Br, Rb, Sr, Hg, and Pb. In some samples, however, high blank values for the supports gave an LOQ?=?6–19?ng?m^?3 for Cl; 3--7?ng?m^?3 for Ca; 3–7?ng?m^?3 for Fe, Ni, Cu, and Zn; and 60–70?ng?m^?3 for Pb. The influence of local natural, industrial, and vehicle traffic sources for heavy-metal mobilization was obvious. Heavy-metal abundances did not coincide with regionally distributed pollutants. V and Ni were found at particularly elevated levels advected with the sea breeze, which points to ships as sources. Br and Pb were found at particularly low levels. The concentrations of Br, Rb, Sr, and Pb were found below LOQ at least in some, As, Co, Se, and Hg in all of the samples. The elements’ characteristic differences in mass size distributions were obvious despite the coarse size resolution. During the cycling of air masses from land to sea and back again, enrichment of super-micrometre particles in the near ground aerosol was observed under dry weather conditions. Rain preferentially removed the large particles with which heavy metals have been associated.     

Investigation on major,minor and trace elements in some medicinal plants using Particle Induced X-ray Emission

Journal of Radioanalytical and Nuclear Chemistry - Elemental concentrations namely P, S, Cl, K, Ca, Sc, Ti, Mn, Fe, Cu, Zn, Rb, Br and Sr were determined using Particle Induced X-ray Emission...     

Solid-state vibrational spectroscopy: Part 11. An infrared and raman vibrational spectroscopic study of metal(II) halide aniline complexes

Infrared (4000?200 cm^?1) and Raman (3500?50 cm^?1) spectra are reported for metal(II) halide aniline complexes of the following stoichiometries: (MX₂an₂) (M  Co, Ni or Hg, X  Cl; M  Mn, X  Cl or Br; M  Zn or Cd, X  Cl, Br or I); (MX₂an₃) (M  Mn, X  Cl or Br; M  Ni, X  Cl); (CdCl₂an) and an assignment is proposed for all the observed bands. Low-temperature (83 K) IR spectra are also reported and it is noted that whilst the aniline ring and CH mode values are virtually insensitive to temperature, the NH₂ rocking and metal-ligand stretching mode values increase with decreasing temperature, whilst the NH₂ stretching mode values decrease with decreasing temperature.     

Quantifying the Interdependence of Metal–Ligand Covalency and Bond Distance Using Ligand K‐edge XAS

Bond distance is a common structural metric used to assess changes in metal–ligand bonds, but it is not clear how sensitive changes in bond distances are with respect to changes in metal–ligand covalency. Here we report ligand K‐edge XAS studies on Ni and Pd complexes containing different phosphorus(III) ligands. Despite the large number of electronic and structural permutations, P K‐edge pre‐edge peak intensities reveal a remarkable correlation that spectroscopically quantifies the linear interdependence of covalent M?P σ bonding and bond distance. Cl K‐edge studies conducted on many of the same Ni and Pd compounds revealed a poor correlation between M?Cl bond distance and covalency, but a strong correlation was established by analyzing Cl K‐edge data for Ti complexes with a wider range of Ti?Cl bond distances. Together these results establish a quantitative framework to begin making more accurate assessments of metal–ligand covalency using bond distances from readily‐available crystallographic data.     

Investigation of different types of filters for atmospheric trace elements analysis by three analytical techniques

Different atmospheric aerosol samples were collected on three types of filters. Disks of both loaded and clean areas of each kind of filter were investigated by XRF, PIXE and Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) methods. The blank concentration values of the elements Al, Si, P, S, Cl, K, Ca, Sc, Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, As, Br and Pb in the three types of fiters are discussed. It is found that for trace elemental analysis, the Nuclepore membrane filters are the most suitable for sampling. These have much lower blank element concentration values than the glass fibres and ash free filters. It was found also that the PIXE method is a more reliable analytical technique for atmospheric aerosol particles than the other methods.     

Evaluation of concentrations of major and trace elements in human lung using INAA and PIXE

The elemental concentrations of Br, Ca, Ce, Cl, Co, Cr, Cs, F, Fe, Hf, K, Mg, Mn, Na, O, Rb, Sb, Sc, Se, V and Zn in 15 human lung autopsy samples, taken from subjects aged more than fifty years old, were determined by instrumental neutron activation analysis (INAA) using reactor neutrons in conjunction with a high resolution detection system. Two modes of irradiation and counting were applied; namely cyclic neutron activation analysis (CNAA) and conventional neutron activation analysis. Proton induced X-ray emission (PIXE) analysis, using a proton beam emerging from a 2 MV Van de Graff accelerator, was additionally employed and Ge, Ni, P and Ti were also identified in the lung tissue. Detection of the X-ray spectra was performed using a high resolution Si(Li) semiconductor. The relevance of these results, including a comparison between the concentrations of elements measured in a pig's lung using CNAA and those found in the human lung is discussed.     

Comparison of different types of filters for atmospheric trace element analysis by three analytical methods

Different atmospheric aerosol samples were collected on three types of filters. From both of the loaded and clean areas of each kind of filter, different disks were cut and investigated by XRF, PIXE and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The blank concentration values of the elements Al, Si, P, S, Cl, K, Ca, Sc, Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, As, Br and Pb in the three types of filter are discussed. It is found that for trace elemental analysis, the Nuclepore membrane filters are the most suitable for sampling. These filters have much lower blank element concentrations than the glass fiber and ash free filters. It was found also that PIXE is a more reliable analytical technique for atmospheric aerosol particles than the other methods used.     

四卤合金属酸十六铵的光电子能谱研究

用ＡｌＫａ（ｈ＝１４８６．６ｅＶ）Ｘ－射线测量１５种四卤合金属酸十六铵的光电子能谱。讨论了这些化合物的Ｚｎ２ｐ、Ｃｏ２ｐ、Ｍｎ２ｐ、Ｃｄ３ｄ、Ｃｌ２ｐ、Ｂｒ３ｄ、Ｉ３ｄ、Ｎ１ｓ的芯能级结合能的化学位移。根据Ｐａｕｌｉｎｇ电负性讨论了这些数据和计算电荷的关系。     

Multielemental evaluation of garbage bags by EDXRF

Garbage bags have been broadly used for collecting household waste in Brazil and worldwide. Many of these bags are made from recycled polymers, and the presence of harmful elements is a matter of concern. In this study, an energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence (EDXRF) approach for direct analysis of garbage bags is proposed. The concentrations of K, Ca, Ti, Cr, Mn, Fe, Ni, Cu, Zn, Br, Rb, Sr and Pb were determined in 14 garbage bags of different brands purchased from local markets in Piracicaba, São Paulo State, Brazil. The EDXRF technique proved to be an effective technique for multielemental, environmentally friendly and direct garbage bag monitoring. For most samples, Ca and Ti presented at minor concentration ranges and K, Cr, Mn, Fe, Ni, Cu, Zn and Pb at minor and trace levels. The EDXRF limits of quantification were K: 220; Ca: 112; Ti: 42; Cr: 19; Mn: 13; Fe: 9.2; Ni: 5.7; Cu: 5.3; Zn: 5.2; Br: 12; Rb: 20; Sr: 28 and Pb:17 μg g^–1. The samples had variable thicknesses, with a superficial density variation of 1.5 to 23% among the triplicates. The trueness of the method was checked by analysing the National Institute of Standards and Technology standard reference material SRM2783.     

Egyptian and foreign cigarettes

Neutron activation analysis has been employed to determine the concentration of 27 elements in an Egyptian cigarette filter before and after smoking. The filter of three foreign cigarette brands are also analyzed and compared to the Egyptian brand. The elements determined are Al, As, Ba, Br, Ce, Cl, Co, Cr, Cs, Eu, Fe, Hf, K, La, Mg, Mn, Na, Ni, Rb, Sb, Sc, Se, Sr, Th, Ti, V and Zn. It is observed that the concentration of the measured elements in the Egyptian brand are within the concentration range of foreign brands, and that the concentration of As, Br, Cl, K, Na and Se in the filters are increased after smoking regardless the brand examined.