基于永磁恒定磁场激励的起始磁化曲线测量

现有起始磁化曲线测量系统需绕制励磁线圈和感应线圈,在线应用受限.为此,本文提出了一种基于永磁恒定磁场激励的起始磁化曲线测量原理并搭建了相应测量系统.该系统采用永磁磁化器作为激励磁源,以对称磁化方法在圆柱棒状构件上激励出随轴向位置变化的恒定磁场作为激励磁场;采用阵列霍尔探头测量构件表面不同提离下的轴向和法向磁感应强度;并基于多项式外推法和磁场高斯定理外推法,推算构件与空气分界面上的轴向和法向磁感应强度;进一步地,根据分界面上的磁感应强度获取构件的起始磁化曲线.系统测量结果表明,在永磁恒定磁场激励下,无须励磁线圈和感应线圈即可方便地获取棒状构件的起始磁化曲线,测量误差小于10%,测量误差标准差小于0.01,重复性较好.该系统可为便捷地在线测量棒状构件起始磁化曲线提供新途径.     

辅助永磁体厚度对单畴GdBCO超导体捕获磁场分布及其磁悬浮力的影响

研究了两种磁悬浮系统组态中圆台形辅助永磁体厚度对高温超导体捕获磁场和超导磁悬浮力的影响。结果表明,圆台形辅助永磁体的下表面和GdBCO超导体上表面同处在一个水平面上,磁化用圆台形辅助永磁体的厚度H从5 mm增加到45 mm时,超导体捕获磁场和磁悬浮力与圆台形辅助永磁体的厚度直接相关。（1）当圆台形辅助永磁体的北极垂直向上且用液氮冷却后移除辅助永磁体时,最大磁悬浮力从21.8 N增大到26.5 N,再减小到22.9 N;（2）当圆台形辅助永磁体的北极垂直向下且用液氮冷却后移除辅助永磁体时,最大磁悬浮力从20.5 N减小到11.9 N ,再增加到20.4 N;（3）两种磁悬浮系统组态中最大磁悬浮力不一致,与零场冷情况下的最大磁悬浮力14.6 N也不同。在超导磁悬浮应用系统设计中,只有科学选择辅助永磁体形状和尺寸,合理设计组合方式,才能获得较强的磁场强度,提高超导磁悬浮力特性,该结果对促进高温超导体的实际应用具有重要的指导作用。     

Stabilization of the Polarity of (NdSmDy)(FeCo)B Permanent Magnets for Application in Magnetic Undulators

The temperature dependences of the magnetization of polycrystalline samples of (NdSmDy)(FeCo)B sintered permanent magnets are measured in various magnetic fields by a SQUID magnetometer. Near T = 110 K, the spin-reorientation transition occurs. Bistable magnetic states with two equally possible orientations of the magnetization vector corresponding to different polarities of the permanent magnet are formed in the samples near the spin-reorientation transition. The polarity of the sintered magnets can be stabilized by a small external magnetic field of ～250 Oe. It provides new possibilities for the application of these magnets in cryomagnetic systems such as magnetic undulators.     

HL-2M中性束负离子试验源磁场位形及引出结构模拟分析

采用CST电磁工作室和粒子工作室软件对负离子试验源的会切磁场、过滤磁场、电子偏转磁场的位形及引出束流的光学进行了模拟计算。通过扫描会切磁体、过滤磁体、电子偏转磁体的表面磁场参数,确定了最佳的磁体结构和运行参数：周边6圈会切磁体,会切磁体表面磁场4kG,过滤磁体表面磁场5.5kG,电子偏转磁体表面磁场2.5kG,引出电压5~20kV,加速电压50~160kV,引出负离子束的光学性能满足NBI注入要求。     

HL-2M装置低温冷凝泵在抽气工况下的热负荷分析

采用理论计算和有限元实体模型的方法,对HL-2M装置低温冷凝泵及与其相连接的真空穿透结构进行了温度分布和液氦管热负荷分析。结果显示,低温冷凝泵中液氦管的热稳态热负荷为5.45W,粒子沉积的热负荷为75.68W,真空穿透部分的热负荷为5.04W。所得结果为后续的热应力分析、低温泵流速控制和低温系统的设计提供了参考。     

Sm_2Co_(17)型永磁合金的辐照效应研究

Sm_2Co_(17)型永磁合金大量使用在上海同步辐射光源储存环的永磁型波荡器上,在受到长期辐照后会发生磁性能损失的现象,进而影响同步辐射光的品质.为了探索其潜在的微观机理,本文首先对Sm_2Co_(17)型永磁合金所处混合辐射场的粒子及相关物理量进行了计算分析,确定引发磁性能损失的主要粒子是中子.然后采用Ar离子模拟中子辐照损伤的方法对其进行辐照,采用透射电镜对其辐照前后的微观形貌及微观结构进行了研究探讨,采用振动样品磁强计对永磁合金辐照前后的饱和磁化强度进行了分析对比,并讨论了微观结构演化与宏观磁性能变化的联系.结果表明,Ar离子辐照后Sm_2Co_(17)型永磁合金饱和磁化强度的不可逆损失与微观结构变化有直接的关系,其2:17相从单晶结构转变为非晶结构是造成其磁性能损失可能的微观机制.     

Magnetostatic interactions and forces between cylindrical permanent magnets

Permanent magnets of various shapes are often utilized in magnetic actuators, sensors or releasable magnetic fasteners. Knowledge of the magnetic force is required to control devices reliably. Here, we introduce an analytical expression for calculating the attraction force between two cylindrical permanent magnets on the assumption of uniform magnetization. Although the assumption is not fulfilled exactly in cylindrical magnets, we obtain a very good agreement between the calculated and measured forces between two identical cylindrical magnets and within an array of NdFeB cylindrical magnets.     

Field Calculations for Permanent Magnets used for Glow Discharges

If a permanent magnet has both a homogeneous polarization inside the material and a linear demagnetization characteristic in external fields, its magnetic field can be expressed using a surface pole model. For magnets satisfying these conditions and, in addition, having a rectangular shape, the fields at any given point in space can be calculated analytically. An algorithm for this calculation is presented in a form that can easily be implemented into a computer program. In our experiments we used Nd₂Fe₁₄B magnets to support low pressure glow discharges by magnetic fields. The magnets can be seen as composed of elementary magnets with rectangular shape, for which the magnetic field distribution is calculable. We present results of field calculations for various configurations of permanent magnets that we used in hollow cathode and Penning discharges.     

A permanent spherical magnet with inhomogeneous magnetization

Inhomogeneously distributed magnetization that induces a strong magnetic field in a predetermined local area is established in finite permanent magnets. The maximum possible magnetic induction in the vicinity of a magnet’s center is found analytically for a perfect spherical magnet.     

Study of the magnetic properties of the permanent magnets by Mössbauer spectroscopy

This paper presents methods that can be used in order to determine the relative remanent magnetization and uniaxial magnetic anisotropy constant of particles in powder-based permanent magnets using Mössbauer spectroscopy. The methods were verified on the permanent magnet barium ferrite.     

G波段分布作用速调管用新型周期永磁聚焦系统

提出了一种新型周期永磁（PPM）聚焦系统,其中,每半个周期的这种PPM聚焦系统由1件极靴和5块永磁体共同组成,第1、第3、第5块永磁体与第2、第4块永磁体的极化方向相反,且任何相距半个周期的2块永磁体均具有相反的极化方向。采用MTSS2018对这种新型PPM聚焦系统的磁场进行了计算,结果表明新型PPM聚焦系统的轴线上磁感应强度Bz具有显著的第3次和第5次空间谐波,在过0点后能够更快上升到峰值,整体构型十分接近具有理想矩形分布的PPM系统。采用MTSS2018对G波段分布作用速调管（EIK）所需的电子枪进行了模拟计算,并采用上面计算的Bz对该电子注进行聚焦,获得了电子注电压为22 kV,电子注电流为215 mA的电子注,电子注最大半径为0.08 mm,满足G波段EIK的应用要求。计算中的峰值磁感应强度仅为1.2$ \sqrt 2 $BB,说明新型PPM聚焦系统与传统PPM聚焦系统相比,可以在较低的峰值磁感应强度的条件下实现电子注的有效聚焦。     

Optimizing magnetization orientation of permanent magnets for maximal gradient force

The force exercised on a permanent magnet (PM) in a nonuniform field (gradient force) is dependent on the magnetization orientation of the magnet. In this paper, it is shown theoretically that the gradient force is greatest when the magnetization through the magnet, or at least at its surface, is collinear with the external field. The formulae for calculating the force between an axis-symmetric optimal magnet and a coaxial axis-symmetric coil are presented. Using the finite element method (FEM), calculations of the magnetic field distribution of an optimal cylindrical magnet and some its approximations are performed. The forces between these magnets and a pancake coil are computed and compared. For a system consisting of a magnet with a height of 1 unit and a diameter of 2 units and magnetization invariant in field and an annular pancake coil with a diameter of 2.4 units, a thickness of 0.2 units, an inner diameter of 0.4 units and a distance from the magnet of 0.2 units, the force on the optimal magnet was 1.44 times greater than the force on an axially magnetized magnet of the same size and magnetization magnitude. The optimal magnetization may be approximated by magnetization inclined at a constant angle to the axis and by a combination of axially and radially magnetized sections. With magnetization at a constant angle to the axis in the axis plane, the force was greatest when the angle was about 45°, being 1.38-fold compared to the force on an axially magnetized magnet. When the magnet was composed of an axially magnetized cylindrical core and a radially magnetized outer ring, the force was greatest when the volume of the core was approximately equal to the volume of the ring, being 1.26-fold compared to the force on an axially magnetized magnet. The optimal magnet and its approximations also provided a reduced stray field. A short review of methods of the fabrication of permanent magnets (PMs) with a continuous variation of the magnetization orientation and with radial magnetization orientation is given.The results of this study can be used to design linear electromagnetic (micro)actuators.     

The origin of graduated demagnetization curves of NdFeB magnets

We present an analysis of the magnetization process of NdFeB-type magnets which exhibit a constriction or a shoulder of the demagnetization curve near the remanence point B_r. This constriction which drastically reduces the maximum energy product of the permanent magnet is discussed in terms of i) a siperposition of a soft and a hard magnetic phase, ii) an oxidation process of surface layers, iii) and the spin reorientation which changes the magnetic structure from easy c-axis to easy cone below 135 K. We demonstrate that the effect of surface oxidation and of a soft magnetic phase are of considerable influence over the entire temperature range while the influence of the spin reorientation is dominant below 150 K. The appearance of the cone structure prevents the application of NdFeB magnets in a magnetic circuit below 150 K.     

Enhanced nucleation fields due to dipolar interactions in nanocomposite magnets

One approach to construct powerful permanent magnets while using less rare-earth elements is to combine a hard magnetic material having a high coercive field with a soft magnetic material having a high saturation magnetization at the nanometer scale and create so-called nanocomposite magnets. If both materials are strongly coupled, exchange forces will form a stable magnet. We use finite element micromagnetics simulations to investigate the changing hysteresis properties for varying arrays of soft magnetic spherical inclusions in a hard magnetic body. We show that the anisotropy arising from dipolar interactions between soft magnetic particles in a hard magnetic matrix can enhance the nucleation field by more than 10% and strongly depends on the arrangement of the inclusions.     

永磁体辅助下单畴GdBCO超导体和永磁体之间的磁悬浮力研究

通过对永磁体辅助下单畴GdBCO超导体和圆柱形永磁体在液氮温度、零场冷、轴对称情况下磁悬浮力的测量,研究了两种不同组态下辅助永磁体对超导体磁悬浮力特性的影响.实验结果表明,当长方体辅助永磁体水平磁化、且磁极N指向超导体时,超导体的最大磁悬浮力从没有引入辅助永磁体的29.8 N增加到61.5 N,增加为没有引入辅助永磁体时的206%.当长方体辅助永磁体的N极与圆柱形永磁体的N极反平行时,超导体的最大磁悬浮力从没有引入辅助永磁体的29.8 N减小到19.6 N,减小为无辅助永磁体时的65.8%.这些研究结果说明,通过科学合理地设计超导体和永磁体的组合方式,能有效地提高超导体的磁悬浮力.该研究结果对促进超导体的应用具有重要的指导意义. 关键词： 单畴GdBCO 永磁体 磁悬浮力     

Analysis of Distribution of the Surface Magnetic-Field Gradient in (PrDy)(FeCo)B Rare-Earth Magnets

The main parameters of the domain structure of a (PrDy)(FeCo)B sintered permanent magnet are determined using magnetic force microscopy analysis of the magnetic-gradient distribution near the magnet surface. It is shown that the domain wall energy and width are not sensitive to the replacement of Nd with Pr and Dy in the studied RE-TM-B alloy. The anisotropy and exchange interaction constants are obtained. Two competitive processes of magnetization reversal (pinning and nucleation) are defined in sintered permanent magnets (PrDy)(FeCo)B.     

Phase distribution and computed magnetic properties of high-remanent composite magnets

Numerical micromagnetic calculations using finite-element techniques allow a quantitative treatment of the correlation between the microstructure and the basic magnetic properties of two-phase permanent magnets such as the remanence, the coercive field and the maximum energy product. For the investigation of (A) the role of the amount of the soft magnetic phase, and (B) the effect of grain shape, realistic three-dimensional grain arrangements have been used. The numerical results show that both short-range exchange and long-range magnetostatic interactions determine the magnetic properties. The optimal microstructure of an isotropic nanocrystalline permanent magnet was found to consist of soft magnetic particles with a large spontaneous magnetization embedded between hard magnetic grains. Exchange interactions than enhance the remanence of isotropic, composite magnets of Nd₂Fe₁₄B and -Fe by about 60%. Because of exchange hardening the soft magnetic phase can be increased up to 50% without a significant loss of coercivity. A uniform grain structure suppresses strong demagnetizing fields and this increases coercivity by 30% as compared with irregular shaped particles.     

Invariance of electromagnetic radiation spectra in undulators based on plane magnets

Radiation of relativistic particles in a plane magnetic field (for example, in an undulator) is studied. The magnetic system is assumed to be plane and composed of permanent magnets. It is shown that there is a class of special continuous rotations of the magnetization vector for magnetic substances providing changes in the magnetic field of the system without changing the spectrum of spontaneous radiation of relativistic particles. This property of electromagnetic radiation can be used in developing new models for undulators.     

Kalibrieren von dauermagnet-messgeräten mit nickel

Pure Ni is proposed as a standard for magnetic flux and field intensity measuring instruments. The calibration of a B(H)-hysteresisgraph for permanent magnets is given, using published values of saturation magnetization of Ni, including the influence of impurities and temperature.     

铁镓Janus-Helmholtz换能器非线性驱动

利用磁路法理论分析了磁阻对铁镓驱动磁场的影响,结果表明磁路中无永磁体时铁镓驱动磁场是有永磁体时的5倍以上,结合铁镓材料近似线性区小的特点,提出了一种无偏场非线性驱动方式。首先利用帕德逼近方法近似铁镓材料的磁化过程,得到磁场强度与磁致伸缩应变的关系,进而得到驱动电信号表达式,在此基础上提出了铁镓换能器的非线性驱动模型。设计研制了无偏场铁镓Janus-Helmholtz换能器样机,通过振动特性实验分析验证非线性驱动模型的可行性,最后在水中测试了换能器的发射性能。测试结果表明,采用无偏场非线性驱动的换能器在驱动电流为9.4 A时,声源级可达到198.2 dB,相对于永磁偏置磁场的换能器,声源级高了4 dB,发射性能得到了明显的提升。