柠檬酸钾对尿石患者和正常人尿液凝胶中草酸钙晶体生长的影响

采用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)和X射线衍射(XRD)方法,比较研究了防石药物柠檬酸钾(K3cit)在尿石患者尿液和正常人尿液制备的凝胶中对草酸钙(CaOxa)晶体生长的影响.没有加入K3cit时,CaOxa晶体均以一水草酸钙(COM)为主要晶相,加入K3cit后,不但COM晶体变得圆钝,比表面积减小,而且诱导了二水草酸钙(COD)生成.随着K3cit浓度从0.10增加到0.20 mol/L,在正常人尿液凝胶中COD晶体的百分含量从20;增加到45;,而在CaOxa结石患者尿液凝胶中,不但COD含量从10;增加到25;,而且K3cit可诱导草酸钙成核,从而产生大量的小尺寸草酸钙晶体,这有利于阻止草酸钙晶体变大形成尿石.本结果可为临床上治疗CaOxa结石提供启示.     

海带硫酸多糖防止草酸钙结石形成的体外模拟

采用扫描电子显微镜、X射线衍射法和红外光谱在草酸钙(CaOxa)结石患者尿液中研究了从海带中提取的硫酸多糖(LSPS)的防石作用.结果表明,LSPS可以抑制一水草酸钙(COM)的成核和聚集,并诱导二水草酸钙(COD)晶体形成.随着ESPS浓度从0增加到0.005, 0.02和0.20 mg/ml,COD的百分含量从0分别增加到22;, 55;和100;.这些结果表明LSPS是抑制CaOxa结石形成的一种潜在药物.     

CdWO4纳米晶形貌可控合成

分别以氯化镉、草酸镉、碳酸镉、柠檬酸镉和钨酸钠为原料,在没有采用模板和表面活性剂的条件下,采用水热法可控制备出了钨酸镉纳米颗粒、纳米棒、纳米束和纳米线.利用X射线衍射(XRD)、透射电镜(TEM)、高分辨透射电子显微镜(HRTEM)和选区电子衍射(SAED)对样品进行了表征.结果表明:[WO42-]/[Cd2+]摩尔比、反应时间及先驱体的类型对产物的形貌和尺寸有着重要的影响.     

离子交换树脂均匀沉淀法制备MgO纳米粒子

以(Mg(NO3)2·6H2O, (NH4)2CO3 和NH3·H2O为原料,采用两种离子交换树脂均匀沉淀法分别制备MgO纳米粒子.用热分析、X射线粉末衍射(XRD)、透射电子显微镜(TEM)、高分辨电子显微镜(HR TEM)、选区电子衍射(SAED)和BET等对所制备的MgO粒子进行了表征.结果表明:经700 ℃焙烧后制备的MgO纳米晶体属六方晶系,样品分散性较好,平均粒径约为25 nm;MgO纳米晶体清晰、有序的电子衍射点阵,表明晶体的结晶度较好;纳米粒子a和b的比表面积分别为31 m2/g and 32 m2/g.     

不同分子质量聚乙二醇对一水草酸钙成核和生长的调控作用

采用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、X射线衍射(XRD)和原子吸收光谱(AAS)等方法研究了水溶液中分子质量分别为400、4000、6000和12000的聚乙二醇(PEG)对尿结石矿物一水草酸钙(COM)结晶的影响.上述四种PEG均能抑制COM晶体的成核和生长.随着PEG分子质量减小,其与Ca2+离子配位能力逐渐增加,抑制COM生长的能力增强,导致上层清液中可溶性Ca含量增加.随着PEG分子质量减小,或PEG浓度增加,其诱导的COM晶体的{010}晶面增强,{101}减弱.     

尿酸结石患者尿液中纳米微晶的形貌、组分和元素分析

采用X射线衍射仪(XRD)、高分辨率透射电子显微镜(HRTEM)以及附带的快速傅里叶变换(FFT)和能谱分析(EDS)对尿酸(UA)结石患者尿液中纳米微晶的形貌、组分和元素进行了分析.纳米尿微晶的主要组分为UA,并含有少量一水草酸钙(COM)和磷酸盐.这表明,尿液中的大量纳米UA晶体的存在是UA结石形成的重要原因;高尿酸尿症、酸性尿以及结石抑制剂的缺失是UA结石形成的危险因素.本文有助于深入了解UA结石的形成机理.     

直流电弧等离子体制备NiO纳米颗粒研究

采用直流电弧等离子体技术成功制备了NiO纳米颗粒,并利用X射线衍射(XRD)、透射电子显微镜(TEM)和相应选区电子衍射(SAED)、傅里叶变换红外光谱(FTIR)、BET氮吸附等测试方法对样品的成分、形貌、晶体结构、比表面积、粒度分布、红外吸收性能进行表征分析.实验结果表明:直流电弧等离子体制备的NiO纳米颗粒为fcc结构的晶态,形貌呈规则的球形,粒度均匀,分散性良好,粒径范围在15～45 nm,平均粒径为25 nm,比表面积为33 m2/g.与普通块体NiO相比,红外吸收峰发生了红移.     

三硒化二铋微/纳米晶的可控合成

采用溶剂热法,在N,N-二甲基甲酰胺和乙二醇的混合溶剂中,无碱条件下,通过添加适量聚乙烯吡咯烷酮(PVP),成功制备出硒化铋微/纳米晶.采用X射线衍射(XRD)、扫描电子显微术(SEM)、透射电子显微术(TEM)、选区电子衍射(SAED)、高分辨透射电镜(HRTEM)和X射线光电子能谱(XPS)对产物进行了表征,结果表明获得了Bi2Se3单晶纳米片结构,边长约为300～1100 nm,厚度约为200～500 nm,讨论了PVP添加量对产物形貌的影响,并研究了六方片状硒化铋产物的产生机理.     

丁二醇对TiO2纳米晶体水热生长动力学的影响

采用水热法,以丁二醇和水作为混合溶剂,研究了二氧化钛纳米晶体的生长机理.X射线衍射(XRD)结果显示产物为锐钛矿纳米TiO2.用透射电镜(TEM)、高分辨透射电镜(HRTEM)等对不同时间的晶体结构进行表征,发现晶体生长具有明显的奥斯特瓦尔德熟化(OR)特征.颗粒粒径均处于纳米级,其粒径数值随温度增加而变大.丁二醇作为溶剂兼表面活性剂对于纳米晶体的生长起到重要调节作用.采用OR方程,分别对220 ℃、180℃、140℃三个温度下纳米TiO2的生长进行模拟,模拟曲线和实验结果吻合很好,并获得其生长活化能为15.0 kJ/mol.     

真空中脉冲激光烧蚀制备银纳米晶粒在水平衬底上的分布特性

在室温、真空环境中,通过XeCl准分子脉冲激光烧蚀银靶,烧蚀产物沉积在水平放置的Si(111)衬底上.利用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、X射线衍射(XRD)仪、探针式表面轮廓(PTSP)仪和选区电子衍射(SAED)对沉积所得的样品进行表征.结果表明,样品主要由具有不同尺寸的银纳米晶粒组成;随着衬底与靶面水平距离的增加,样品厚度和晶粒尺寸逐渐减小;样品的(111)和(200)晶面的XRD特征谱线强度,随着衬底位置的改变而变化.在增加激光能量密度、衬底与烧蚀焦点垂直距离的情况下,晶粒尺寸及样品XRD特征谱线变化规律并未发生明显变化.结合银纳米晶粒传输特性和沉积样品沿不同晶面生长所需表面能的差异,对实验结果进行了分析.     

Growth of calcium oxalate crystals induced by complex films containing biomolecules

Nucleation and growth of calcium oxalate (CaC₂O₄) crystals induced by films composed of phosphatidylcholine (PC), cholesterol (CS) and human serum albumin (HSA), and of PC, CS and dextran have been carried out. The products obtained were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy and ultraviolet‐visible spectroscopy. The results indicate that hexagonal calcium oxalate monohydrate (COM) and club‐shaped calcium oxalate trihydrate (COT) crystals are obtained on the PC/CH/HSA film, and the microstructure and properties of the PC/CH/HSA film depend on the weight ratio of PC to CS. With an increase in the PC‐to‐CS ratio, the number of COM crystals decreases gradually, and finally disappear, suggesting that PC inhibits the growth of COM crystals. On the PC/CS/dextran film, irregular COM and COT crystals are formed. The possible formation mechanisms of CaC₂O₄ on the two complex films are discussed. (© 2007 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)     

Controlled synthesis of PAN/Ag2S composites nanofibers via electrospinning-assisted hydro(solvo)thermal method

The Ag₂S nanoparticles embedded in polyacrylonitrile (PAN) fibers matrix were successfully prepared by the combining electrospinning with the hydro(solvo)thermal process, without the presence of any templates or organic surfactants. What's more, the size and content of Ag₂S nanoparticles was tunable through proper controlling of the reaction conditions. Consequently, the Ag₂S nanoparticles with 10-100 nm diameter could be obtained via this two-step synthetic route. The as-synthesized composites nanofibers were investigated by X-ray diffraction(XRD), field-emission scanning electronic microscopy (FE-SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), selected-area electron diffraction (SAED), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), and photoluminescence( PL), respectively. What's more, a possible formation mechanism of Ag₂S nanoparticles grown on PAN nanofibers was also proposed.     

Influence of Bacillus subtilis on the growth of calcium oxalate

The influence of the bacteria Bacillus subtilis (B. subtilis) on the nucleation, growth and aggregation of calcium oxalate (CaOx) crystals in aqueous solution has been studied. The crystals obtained were characterized by scanning electron microscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and X‐ray powder diffractometry. The results show that, in the presence of B. subtilis, quasi‐hexagonal calcium oxalate monohydrate (COM) crystals are obtained after 24 hours of reaction at a temperature of 30°C ± 1K. However, without the presence of the bacteria, irregular CaOx crystals were obtained which contain two crystal phases: COM and calcium oxalate dihydrate (COD). This suggests that B. subtilis may promote the crystallization of COM, the major component of urinary stone. The formation mechanism of CaOx crystals in the presence of B. subtilis is explored, indicating that the cell walls and extracellular proteins of the bacteria may act as templates to induce the nucleation, growth and aggregation of CaOx crystals. (© 2007 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)     

Leaf‐like copper oxide nanocrystals synthesized by a gas‐liquid diffusion method at room temperature

The leaf‐like copper oxide (CuO) nanocrystals have been synthesized by a gas‐liquid diffusion method in pure aqueous solution at room temperature. The structure, morphologies and related properties of the as‐prepared crystals were characterized with X‐ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscope (TEM), selected area electron diffraction (SAED) and thermogravimetric analysis (TG). The influence of copper concentration was investigated, which plays an important role in the formation of nanostructured CuO crystals. Only when the copper concentration was low enough (0.005 M) that the leaf‐like CuO could be obtained directly. Additionally, a growth mechanism of CuO was also proposed based on the observed results.     

Synthesis and optical properties of high-purity CoO nanowires prepared by an environmentally friendly molten salt route

CoO nanowires with diameters of 50^_80 nm, and lengths of up to more than 5 μm have been successfully synthesized by a simple environmentally friendly molten salt route, in which the precursor CoCO₃ nanoparticles are decomposed to form high-purity CoO nanowires in NaCl flux. The structure features and morphology of the as-prepared CoO nanowires were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), high-resolution TEM (HRTEM), and selected area electron diffraction (SAED). The chemical composition and oxidation state of the prepared nanowires were systemically studied by X-ray photoelectron spectra (XPS) and laser Raman spectroscopy. The results indicated that the as-prepared CoO nanowires were composed of pure cubic CoO phase. The growth mechanism of the synthesized nanowires was also discussed in detail based on the experimental results.     

超临界水中制备FeIn_2S_4纳米颗粒

采用硫代乙酰胺(TAA)、三氯化铁和四氯化铟为原料,超临界水为反应介质,用简单的一步法成功地合成出了FeIn_2S_4纳米颗粒.利用粉末X射线衍射(XRD)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)以及透射电子显微镜(TEM)等手段对产物进行了表征.实验结果表明,所得产物为立方相的、面心晶格结构的FeIn_2S_4,电镜结果显示FeIn_2S_4纳米颗粒具有片状形貌,颗粒大小在50～100 nm之间,并具有较好的分散性.