锰催化芳香碳-氧键的还原断裂（英文）

这里发现锰化合物能够催化芳香碳-氧键的还原断裂.就我们所知,目前还没有锰催化芳香碳-氧键断裂方面的报道.以二苯并呋喃为底物,对各种反应条件进行优化,得到的较佳反应条件为5%Mn(OAc)_2,3当量LiAlH 4,140℃温度,四氢呋喃溶剂.在这个反应条件下,多种芳香碳-氧键能够发生还原断裂.甲醇钠的添加能够有效地促进二苯醚等底物的反应.对反应机理进行了初步研究,结果表明反应可能经历自由基过程.     

硫酸催化的炔丙醇快速亲核取代反应（英文）

硫酸有效地催化炔丙醇和一系列碳和氧亲核试剂的直接亲核取代反应以形成碳-碳键和碳-氧键.反应可以在未除水溶剂中和空气条件下进行并获得良好的产率.室温下大多数底物的反应能在1 min内完成.     

Ni催化的Suzuki偶联反应

本文主要对Ni催化的Suzuki偶联反应的发展历程和近年来碳卤键断裂类、碳氧键断裂类、碳碳键断裂类、碳氮键断裂类和碳硫键断裂类Ni催化Suzuki偶联反应进行总结。通过近十年研究,各类新型催化剂、配体、添加剂不断被开发,使反应活性大为提高,反应条件越来越温和。对目前认为Ni催化的Suzuki偶联反应的机理进行了梳理,发现Ni催化的Suzuki偶联反应催化剂循环方式有两种,即Ni(0)/Ni(Ⅱ)循环和Ni(Ⅰ)/Ni(Ⅲ)循环。因此,本文认为研究和发展价廉的金属Ni催化剂是研究Suzuki偶联反应的一个重要方向,未来Ni催化Suzuki偶联反应的研究将会集中在机理探究、新型催化剂和配体设计、多类型碳碳键构建(Csp~2-Csp~3、Csp~3-Csp~3)以及广泛底物的不对称Ni催化的Suzuki偶联反应。     

异丙基溴化镁催化脱氧反应

格氏试剂通常以碳负离子形式对亲电试剂进行加成。但是有催化量的Cp_2TiCl_2存在时,具有β质子的烷基格氏试剂往往能发生还原反应或氢镁化反应。例如,使环氧键、碳氧双键、硅氧键、硅卤键、碳卤键、碳氮双键、碳氮三键、碳碳双键、碳碳三键等还原或氢镁化的反应已有报道。但是,对硫氧双键、氮氧键、磷氧双键和砷氧双键的     

锰氧咔咯催化环己烷生成己二醛催化机理的理论研究

通过密度泛函理论计算,研究锰氧咔咯催化环己烷氧化成己二醛的反应,讨论该催化过程的多态反应活性.计算表明,该反应经历两步羟基化和一步C—C键断裂过程.两步羟基化都是由氢转移开始,形成碳自由基中间体,接着迅速发生的自由基反应形成二醇的中间体.C—C键断裂过程由氢转移开始,先形成氧自由基中间体,氧自由基单电子和邻近环C—C键存在强烈的相互作用,导致该C—C键活化断裂和第二个氢的协同转移.反应的速控步是第二步羟基化过程,因此碳自由基中间体的稳定性决定该反应的难易,这也解释了实验上观察到叔碳的活性大于仲碳的活性顺序.     

金催化炔基苯并二(口恶)英环化合成8-羟基异香豆素的理论研究

通过密度泛函理论(DFT)计算对金催化炔基苯并二(口恶)英环化合成8-羟基异香豆素反应进行了研究,探讨了详细的分子机理,获得了一些与实验研究不同的认知.水分子既是反应物又扮演了质子梭的角色,与金络合物协同作用促进反应在温和条件下进行;亲核加成的优势进攻位点为底物远离氧杂苯环一侧的C(sp3)原子,导致底物中C(sp3)—O键断裂;新的C—O键形成与底物中C—O键的断裂遵循分步机制;副产物丙酮中的氧来源于反应体系中水的贡献;反应的区域选择性起源于取代基诱导的炔基π电子极化.     

基于环己酮氧化脱氢构建碳-碳与碳-杂键

环己酮是一种廉价易得的大宗有机化工产品,被广泛用作有机合成反应的原料和中间体。脱氢芳构化是合成功能化芳烃的有效途径,使用环己酮作为反应底物,经过亲核加成、脱水和催化脱氢可以将非芳香的有机分子转化为芳香化合物。与传统的芳基化反应相比,该策略避免了苛刻的反应条件和含卤化合物的生产,克服了化学和区域选择性难以控制的难题,为功能化芳烃的合成提供了一条温和、环保的途径。本文就近年来以环己酮为原料,进行氧化脱氢、直接构建碳-碳和碳-杂键,及通过碳-杂键的形成合成杂环化合物的研究现状进行介绍。     

镍催化非活化烷基亲电试剂与二氧化碳的直接羧化反应(英文)

二氧化碳是一种储量丰富且廉价易得的可再生性碳一资源。化学工作者建立起来的一系列过渡金属催化的CO_2作为羧化试剂的新反应方法学,成功地将CO_2高效转化成在精细有机合成中有着重要用途的羧酸及其衍生物等高附加值的化学品.CO_2通常作为亲电试剂或环加成底物与各种亲核试剂或含不饱和键的化合物进行反应.最近,过渡金属催化的两种不同亲电试剂的还原交叉偶联反应作为一种构建碳-碳键的直接而有效的新方法受到了研究者的极大关注.此种方法不同于传统的交叉偶联反应,不再使用难以制备且对水和氧敏感的金属有机化合物,原料易得且操作非常简便.其中亲电试剂与CO_2的直接还原羧化反应便是一种合成功能羧酸的更绿色的新方法.Martin课题组之前报道了首例钯催化的芳基溴代物与CO_2的还原羧化反应.Tsuji课题组也发现了反应条件更温和的镍催化的芳基或烯基氯代物与CO_2的直接羧化反应.随后Martin课题组发展了苄基氯代物、芳基或苄基酯、烯丙基酯等一系列亲电试剂直接还原羧化反应.而对于含有β氢的非活化烷基亲电试剂,由于其不易进行氧化加成反应,同时原位形成的烷基金属试剂容易进行β氢消除及二聚等副反应,使得这类底物参与的直接还原羧化反应极具挑战性.最近,Martin课题组在含有β氢的非活化烷基亲电试剂与CO_2的还原羧化反应研究方面取得了突破.使用锰粉作为还原剂,氯化镍乙二醇二甲醚配合物与2,9-二乙基-1,10-邻菲罗啉配体组成的催化体系能有效抑制β氢消除及二聚等副反应,在室温及常压条件下便可高效地将一系列含有β氢的非活化烷基溴代物转化成相应的羧酸.此催化体系的底物适用性很宽,酯基、氰基、缩醛、醛、酮甚至醇羟基和酚羟基等活泼基团都能被容忍.他们应用此反应成功实现了具有生物活性的羧酸小分子化合物的一步合成.虽然确切的反应机理目前还不够清楚,但初步的实验表明催化循环中可能包含一价镍物种参与的单电子转移过程.基于此反应体系,他们随后也实现了包含炔基官能团的非活化烷基溴代物与CO_2的还原环化/羧化串联反应,环状α,β-不饱和羧酸产品的顺反构型可以很容易地通过底物及配体的选择进行控制.总之,Martin课题组发展的镍催化体系在温和条件下实现了含有β氢的非活化烷基亲电试剂与CO_2的还原羧化反应.此反应底物适用性宽,原料易得,操作简便,为合成功能团羧酸提供了一种行之有效的方法.此反应的成功也极大扩展了还原交叉偶联反应的底物适用范围.随着机理研究的深入,更多新型高效的非活化烷基亲电试剂与CO_2的还原羧化反应将会出现.     

1-正丁基-4-吡啶甲醛溴化物键合壳聚糖衍生物的制备、表征及其催化性能研究

在环境友好介质水中,1-正丁基-4-吡啶甲醛溴化物离子液体与壳聚糖发生反应生成了离子液体键合壳聚糖衍生物(BFPy Br-b-CS).通过红外光谱、核磁共振、X-射线衍射和热重等分析技术对离子液体键合壳聚糖衍生物进行了结构表征.以BFPy Br-b-CS为催化剂,研究了其在无溶剂条件下对芳香胺和碳酸乙烯酯进行N-羟烷基化反应的催化性能,讨论了反应条件(催化剂用量、反应底物的物料比、反应温度和反应时间)对催化性能的影响.     

锰催化的C?C键生成反应研究进展

迄今为止,贵金属(铑、钯、钌等)在过渡金属催化的碳碳键生成反应中发挥着主导作用,然而使用廉价金属催化剂更符合可持续发展的要求。锰是地壳中含量排第三位的过渡金属,价格便宜,环境危害性小,有潜力成为贵金属催化剂的替代品并发挥其自身独特的反应性。尽管锰参与的当量反应有大量文献报道,目前锰催化的反应尤其是碳碳键生成反应的发展还不成熟,如何实现高效的催化循环是锰催化领域面临的主要难题之一。本文对锰催化的付-克烷基化反应、格氏试剂的酰化反应、偶联反应、碳金属化反应、自由基反应和碳氢键活化反应进行了综述。     

Deoxygenation of Allylic and Benzylic Alcohols Via α, β-Unsaturated Ester Derivatives. Reductive Cleavage of the Carbon-Oxygen Bond with Triethylsilane and Wilkinson's Catalyst

Treatment of acrylate and cinnamate derivatives of allylic and benzylic alcohols with triethylsilane in the presence of Wilkinson's catalyst resulted in the reductive cleavage of the carbon-oxygen bonds present in the alcohols.     

Studies of reductive elimination reactions to form carbon-oxygen bonds from Pt(IV) complexes.

The platinum(IV) complexes fac-L(2)PtMe(3)(OR) (L(2) = bis(diphenylphosphino)ethane, o-bis(diphenylphosphino)benzene, R = carboxyl, aryl; L = PMe(3), R = aryl) undergo reductive elimination reactions to form carbon-oxygen bonds and/or carbon-carbon bonds. The carbon-oxygen reductive elimination reaction produces either methyl esters or methyl aryl ethers (anisoles) and L(2)PtMe(2), while the carbon-carbon reductive elimination reaction affords ethane and L(2)PtMe(OR). Choice of reaction conditions allows the selection of either type of coupling over the other. A detailed mechanistic study of the reductive elimination reactions supports dissociation of the OR(-) ligand as the initial step for the C-O bond formation reaction. This is followed by a nucleophilic attack of OR(-) upon a methyl group bound to the Pt(IV) cation to produce the products MeOR and L(2)PtMe(2). C-C reductive elimination proceeds from L(2)PtMe(3)(OR) by initial L (L = PMe(3)) or OR(-) (L(2) = dppe, dppbz) dissociation, followed by C-C coupling from the resulting five-coordinate intermediate. Our studies demonstrate that both C-C and C-O reductive elimination reactions from Pt(IV) are more facile in polar solvents, in the presence of Lewis acids, and for OR(-) groups that contain electron withdrawing substituents.     

Thiolophosphohydrides: New Reagents in the Organo-Phosphorus Synthesis

Abstract

A simple and effective method has been developed for synthesizing a new type of organophosphorus compounds, thiolophosphohydrides, with the general formula R(R′S)PH based on the selective reduction of thioesters of P(III) acids by di- or trialkylstannanes. Stable S-alkylalkylthiophos-phonites and S-alkylalkyldithiophosphonites have been obtained for the first time by using the processes of oxidation and sulfurization. The functionally substituted phosphorus (111) thio derivatives have been obtained by the addition reactions of thiolophosphohydrides with compounds containing carbon-carbon and carbon-oxygen multiple bonds, with the cleavage of the P-H bonds and the preservation of P-S bonds. Factors affecting the rate of interaction, stability and the structure of additional products have been elucidated. Depending on the reaction conditions of thiolophosphohydrides with halogen containing electrophilic reagents and on the nature of the latter, the process can lead to the cleavage either of the P-H bond or the P-S bond. Thiolophosphohydrides as new reagents in organophosphorus synthesis open up new vistas for obtaining a variety of functionally substituted phosphor- and sulfur-containing compounds.     

Deallyloxy- and debenzyloxycarbonylation of protected alcohols, amines and thiols via a naphthalene-catalysed lithiation reaction

The naphthalene-catalysed lithiation of Alloc- and Cbz-protected alcohols, amines and thiols in THF at 0 °C led, after quenching with methanol, to the recovery of the free alcohols, amines and thiols in short reaction times and with very good yields. The selectivity for the removal of the Alloc- or the Cbz- group in a polyfunctionalised substrate has been studied. The selective reductive cleavage of a benzylic carbon-oxygen bond was achieved in the presence of an allylic carbon-oxygen or carbon-nitrogen bond. This method represents a great improvement in comparison with the previously reported deprotection procedures by dissolving metals, since it avoids the use of the toxic liquid ammonia and, therefore, the need to perform the reaction at low temperatures.     

Reduction of hydrazines to amines with aqueous solution of titanium(III) trichloride

N-N bond cleavage in hydrazines is widely used in the preparation of amines and thus occupies a significant place in organic synthesis. In this paper, we report a new method for the reductive cleavage of N-N bonds in hydrazines by commercially available and cheap aqueous titanium(III) trichloride. The reaction proceeds smoothly under a broad pH range from acidic to neutral and basic conditions to afford amines in good yields. This method is compatible with substrates containing functionalities such as C-C double bonds, benzyl-nitrogen bonds, benzyloxy and acyl groups.     

Palladium‐catalyzed reductive homocoupling of aryl sulfonates via cleavage of C─O bond at room temperature

Palladium‐catalyzed reductive homocoupling of aryl sulfonates has been successfully achieved under mild conditions. This transformation is a new method for the homocoupling reaction of aryl sulfonates at room temperature via the cleavage of C─O bonds, thus providing an alternative synthesis of symmetric biaryls. The reported reductive homocoupling reaction is tolerant of many common functional groups regardless of electron‐donating or electron‐withdrawing nature, making this newly developed transformation important for complementing Ullmann coupling. Experimental Section. Typical procedure for the products.     

Regioselectivity in arene-catalyzed reductive lithiation of acetals of chlorobenzaldehydes

The regioselectivity of arene-catalyzed reductive lithiation of acetals of chlorobenzaldehydes strongly depends on the form of lithium metal employed as a reducing agent. According to previous findings, naphthalene catalyzed reductions run in the presence of lithium powder (high Na content) led to competitive metalations of both aromatic carbon-chlorine and benzylic carbon-oxygen bonds. At variance with these results, naphthalene catalyzed reductions run in the presence of lithium wire (either high or low Na content) led to highly regioselective metalation of aromatic carbon-chlorine bonds. These results disclose new possibilities of selective applications of arene-catalyzed reductive lithiation reactions.     

Nickel-catalyzed reductive cleavage of aryl alkyl ethers to arenes in absence of external reductant

The reductive cleavage of the C–O bonds of aryl ethers has great potential in organic synthesis. Although several catalysts that can promote the reductive cleavage of aryl ethers have been reported, all such systems require the use of an external reductant, e.g., hydrosilane or hydrogen. Here, we report the development of a new nickel-based catalytic system that can cleave the C–O bonds of ethers in the absence of an external reductant. The hydrogen atom required in this new reductive cleavage reaction is provided by the alkoxy group of the substrate, which serves as an internal reductant. The absence of an external reductant enables the unique chemoselectivity, i.e., the selective reduction of an alkoxy group over alkenes and ketones.     

Convenient Approach to 10- and 11-Membered Azalactams

A convenient method for the synthesis of 10- and 11-membered azalactams via reductive cleavage of bicyclic systems featuring an amidine fragment was studied. It was found that the ring-expansion reaction of bicyclic dihydropyrimidones depends on the ring size of saturated fragment, substituents in the pyrimidone core and reaction conditions. A new efficient method for the synthesis of medium ring azalactams by reductive cleavage of quaternary salts of annulated dihydropyrimidones was proposed as well. The obtained medium ring azalactams with a secondary amine function were used in the synthesis of bicyclic heteroaromatic systems.     

Factors influencing the reductive cleavage of C-x multiple bonds in their reactions with meal-meal multiple bonds (X = C, N, O, S)

Though metal-metal multiple bonds of the transition elements are redox active, their reactivity towards C-X multiple bonds (X = C, N, O, S) vary greatly depending principally on: 1. The coordination geometry of the metal. 2. The oxidation state of the metal and the electronic configuration of the M-M bond. 3. The nature of the attendant ligands. Specific examples of C-X multiple bond activation at dimolybdenum and ditungsten centers are presented that illustrate the importance of these factors. Evidence is presented to support the view that reductive cleavage of a C-X multiple bond can be considered to be equivalent to an intramolecular redox reaction within a [M2CX] "cluster complex," for which the frontier orbital energies of the C-X and M-M multiple bonds are of paramount importance. Some applications of these C-X reductive cleavage reactions toward organic synthesis are described.