Simulation and measurement of millimeter-wave radiation from Josephson junction array

We report the circuit simulations and experiments of millimeter-wave radiation from a high temperature superconducting(HTS) bicrystal Josephson junction(BJJ) array. To study the effects of junction characteristic parameters on radiation properties, new radiation circuit models are proposed in this paper. The series resistively and capacitively shunted junction(RCSJ) models are packaged into a Josephson junction array(JJA) model in the simulation. The current-voltage characteristics(IVCs) curve and radiation peaks are simulated and analyzed by circuit models, which are also observed from the experiment at liquid nitrogen temperature. The experimental radiation linewidth and power are in good agreement with simulated results. The presented circuit models clearly demonstrate that the inconsistency of the JJA will cause a broad linewidth and a low detected power. The junction radiation properties are also investigated at the optimal situation by circuit simulation. The results further confirm that the consistent JJA characteristic parameters can successfully narrow the radiation linewidth and increase the power of junction radiation.     

谐振型Josephson隧道结与外加微波的磁耦合(Ⅰ)

谐振型Josephson隧道结在建立Josephson电压基准的工作中受到广泛的应用。本文从受迫振动的模型出发,运用磁耦合的边条件,对波导中的结作了处理,得到了和实验相符的结果。在实验中我们对波导系统的短路装置作了适当改进,减少了微波漏损并改善了短路条件。低温实验的结果表明这种改进是有效的。 关键词：     

全铌超导Josephson结的EWB仿真模型

通过超低温实验直接测量了制备的全铌Josephson结的电压源驱动RCSJ模型的I-V特性曲线。建立了Josephson结在电路仿真软件EWB中的模型,极大的方便了Josephson结及相关电路的仿真研究。利用这一新模型对Josephson结的基本特性进行了较为系统的研究,包括RSJ模型和RCSJ模型的直流驱动I-V特性曲线。     

SrTiO3基片上Tl-2212双晶约瑟夫森结的动态特性及噪声影响研究

在SrTiO₃（STO）基片上制作了Tl-2212双晶约瑟夫森结,并对其进行了微波辐照下的I-V特性测试,观察到了夏皮罗台阶,符合约瑟夫森电压-频率关系.利用数值仿真对约瑟夫森结建立了RCSJ模型,仿真结果与实验数据符合较好,利用此模型深入研究了噪声对结动态特性的影响,解释了噪声影响下结的微波感应台阶幅度减小和极小值展宽现象,提出了有效噪声温度为工作温度和外部噪声的等效温度之和. 关键词： RCSJ模型 噪声 Tl-2212双晶约瑟夫森结     

Classical analogs for Rabi-oscillations,Ramsey-fringes,and spin-echo in Josephson junctions

We investigate the results of recently published experiments on the quantum behavior of Josephson circuits in terms of the classical modeling based on the resistively and capacitively-shunted (RCSJ) junction model. Our analysis shows evidence for a close analogy between the nonlinear behavior of a pulsed microwave-driven Josephson junction at low temperature and low dissipation and the experimental observations reported for the Josephson circuits. Specifically, we demonstrate that Rabi-oscillations, Ramsey-fringes, and spin-echo observations are not phenomena with a unique quantum interpretation. In fact, they are natural consequences of transients to phase-locking in classical nonlinear dynamics and can be observed in a purely classical model of a Josephson junction when the experimental recipe for the application of microwaves is followed and the experimental detection scheme followed. We therefore conclude that classical nonlinear dynamics can contribute to the understanding of relevant experimental observations of Josephson response to various microwave perturbations at very low temperature and low dissipation.     

超导约瑟夫森结在频谱信息检测中的应用

开展了利用超导约瑟夫森效应进行频谱检测的研究。利用小型制冷机得到液氮温区环境,并使探测系统小型化、智能化。利用DSP系统进行数据采集、信号处理及对整个测量系统的控制。改进后的系统检测了约100GHz微波辐照的响应,展示了超导约瑟夫森结在频谱信息检测中的优越性。     

基于小型脉冲管制冷机的高温超导体混频器

文中介绍在小型脉冲管制冷机的基础上设计制作的混频系统 ,利用高温超导双晶结作为混频元件 ,实现了毫米波段的谐波混频 ,并对小型脉冲管制冷机作为高温超导体微波器件的冷源做了一定的研究。说明小型脉冲管制冷机在高温超导器件走向实用方面大有潜力。     

Stability analysis of nonlinear microwave circuits in time domain

Frequency-domain based methods are not valid to analyze a nonlinear microwave circuit with general, arbitrary nonlinearities. Therefore, analysis of nonlinear microwave circuits in time-domain is presented. Subharmonics and instabilities can be predicted. As examples, Josephson junction and the Schottkybarrier mixer diode are discussed.     

Microwave-induced thermal escape in Josephson junctions

We investigate, by experiments and numerical simulations, thermal activation processes of Josephson tunnel junctions in the presence of microwave radiation. When the applied signal resonates with the Josephson plasma frequency oscillations, the switching current may become multivalued in a temperature range far exceeding the classical to quantum crossover temperature. Plots of the switching currents traced as a function of the applied signal frequency show very good agreement with the functional forms expected from Josephson plasma frequency dependencies on the bias current. Throughout, numerical simulations of the corresponding thermally driven classical Josephson junction model show very good agreement with the experimental data.     

Operation of high-Tc SFQ devices at near liquid nitrogen temperature

As the operating temperature of the SFQ logic circuits gets higher by using high-T_c superconductors, the effect of noise on switching a Josephson junction to the voltage state becomes more important. In this paper, we report our work on high-T_c SFQ RS flip-flop which was made with YBCO thin film deposited on a SrTiO₃ bi-crystal. The circuit operated correctly at 71 K over the 200 computer-generated clock cycles without making errors, where a reset or a set operation was made over one clock cycle. Good agreement between the measured data and the calculation based on the thermal activation theory was obtained. The effective noise temperature used to fit the data was much higher than the physical temperature. This could be due to the instrument noise. Improvement in the measurement set-up might reduce the effective noise temperature. Also our measurement results indicate that the elevation of the operating temperature near the liquid nitrogen temperature may not affect the margin of the circuit.     

A microwave photon detector

The possibility of the implementation of a single-photon detector in the microwave range has been discussed. It has been shown that, for these purposes, it is possible to use an unshunted Josephson junction, which is switched from the superconducting state into a finite-voltage state at the presence of an external signal. The sensitivity of this detector is determined by the distribution of switchings in the absence of an external signal. It has been demonstrated that there is a Josephson junction with a noise temperature below 60 mK at a nominal external temperature of 10 mK. A specific detector intended for the measurement of external microwave signals has been proposed, designed, and fabricated. The first experimental results have been presented.     

微波场中Josephson结的微波发射与吸收研究

采用数值仿真方法,研究微波场中约瑟夫森结微波感应台阶处的功率特性。发现微波场中约瑟夫森结不止吸收辐射,也发射辐射的情况。得到微波辐照和结电阻对功率吸收和发射的影响规律。结果表明,处于发射功率的状态对应的偏置电流范围占整个台阶总电流范围的比例可以趋于50%。这一发现对约瑟夫森结理论和应用研究具有重要的意义。     

约瑟夫森结跳变电流在微波辐照下的分布

在16 mK的极低温下,我们对电流偏置的Nb/AlOx/Nb结进行了跳变电流统计分布的测量.在没有外加微波的辐照时,分布曲线只有一个峰;在有外加微波的辐照时,其跳变电流的统计分布除了基峰外,会出现谐振峰,形成双峰结构.该谐振峰的位置和结的量子化的能级相关,其高度随外加微波功率的改变而改变.研究约瑟夫森结跳变电流在微波辐照下的分布,对于研究超导量子比特的能级量子化、Rabi振荡等具有重要的意义.     

Equivalent parameters of a Josephson junction in a microwave SQUID structure

The equivalent parameters of a Josephson junction in a microwave SQUID structure are calculated on the basis of relations obtained as a result of an analysis of the operation of an rf SQUID. This analysis is based on the sawtooth variation of the voltage on the resonator as a function of the constant flux bias. The quantitative characteristics permit regarding the Josephson junction as a linear impedance in the rf or microwave circuit, whose real and imaginary parts are controlled by the constant magnetic flux passing through the SQUID loop. Zh. Tekh. Fiz. 69, 106–112 (November 1999)     

Microwave absorption in high-Tc superconductors studied by the EPR method

Dependences of the microwave absorption on temperature, magnetic field and microwave power obtained for the high-T _c superconductors are presented. Shape of the magnetically modulated microwave absorption, low-field phase diagram and overheating of the Josephson junction system induced by microwave irradiation are discussed. The model of the Josephson junction system interacting with microwaves has been used to explain the behavior of the high-T _c superconductors in low magnetic field.     

Josephson effect on YBCO break junctions

We have investigated dc and ac Josephson effects on YBa₂Cu₃O_7–x ceramic samples using the break junction technique. The critical current was measured as a function of external magnetic field and temperature. The field dependence shows superposition effects of junction and SQUID behavior. The critical current depends linearly on temperature like for SNS junctions. We observed Shapiro steps with microwave radiation with a frequency of 35 GHz at 4.2 K and 77 K, respectively. Deviations of the step height from Bessel behavior at low microwave power are explained within the Stewart-McCumber model using small capacitances of the junction in simulation calculations.     

Emission and absorption quantum noise measurement with an on-chip resonant circuit

Using a quantum detector, a superconductor-insulator-superconductor junction, we probe separately the emission and absorption noise in the quantum regime of a superconducting resonant circuit at equilibrium. At low temperature the resonant circuit exhibits only absorption noise related to zero point fluctuations, whereas at higher temperature emission noise is also present. By coupling a Josephson junction, biased above the superconducting gap, to the same resonant circuit, we directly measure the noise power of quasiparticles tunneling through the junction at two resonance frequencies. It exhibits a strong frequency dependence, consistent with theoretical predictions.     

Current to frequency conversion in a Josephson circuit

The voltage oscillations which occur in an ideally current-biased Josephson junction were proposed to make a current standard for metrology. We demonstrate similar oscillations in a more complex Josephson circuit derived from the Cooper pair box: the quantronium. When a constant current I is injected in the gate capacitor of this device, oscillations develop at the frequency f(B)=I/2e, with e the electron charge. We detect these oscillations through the sidebands induced at multiples of f(B) in the spectrum of a microwave signal reflected on the circuit, up to currents I exceeding 100 pA. We discuss the potential interest of this current-to-frequency conversion experiment for metrology.     

Multiphoton transitions between energy levels in a current-biased Josephson tunnel junction

The escape of a current-biased Josephson tunnel junction from the zero-voltage state in the presence of weak microwave radiation is investigated experimentally at low temperatures. The measurements of the junction switching current distribution indicate the macroscopic quantum tunneling of the phase below a crossover temperature of T small star, filled approximately 280 mK. At temperatures below T small star, filled we observe both single-photon and multiphoton transitions between the junction energy levels by applying microwave radiation in the frequency range between 10 and 38 GHz to the junction. These observations reflect the anharmonicity of the junction potential containing only a small number of levels.     

Design optimization for microwave coupling structures of a digital-to-analog converter based on series arrays of high-temperature superconducting Josephson junctions

A new coupling scheme of the external microwave signal for a digital-to-analog converter based on series arrays of high-temperature superconducting Josephson junctions has been proposed. It is suggested to couple the meander-like array inductively to a parallel microwave transmission line. Within the resistively shunted junction model different types of microwave coupling structures were analyzed with the goal to reduce the mutual phase locking and to achieve high output power and phase-locking stability. A harmonic balance technique was used to derive an analytic expression connecting the amplitudes of microwave voltages and currents in the array and the frequency of the external signal. Numerical simulations were performed to determine the boundaries of stable locking as a function of circuit parameters.