骨架结构对大环主体化合物作为阴离子受体性能的影响

通过文献报道的方法,高效合成了大环化合物环[2](2,6-二(1H-咪唑基)吡啶[2](1,4-二亚甲基苯)(14+)和环[2](2,6-二(1H-咪唑基)吡啶[2](1,2-二亚甲基苯)(24+).通过溶液中核磁1H谱、气相电喷雾电离质谱(ESI-MS)及固相单晶衍射方法,详细考察了这两个大环主体化合物与一系列体积较小、形状各异的无机阴离子客体间的相互作用.Job’s plot研究结果表明与24+相比,大环主体14+能够结合等量或者更多的阴离子客体;结合常数的计算表明,对于易于形成分子间氢键与大环主体进行复合的阴离子即Cl-,3N-,3NO-或4HSO-,24+与该类阴离子进行1∶1复合的结合常数(Ka1)总是大于甚至是远大于14+.但是对于较难形成分子间氢键,随着离子半径的增大导致极化性增强,更易于发生anion-π作用的离子如Br-和I-,14+与它们的结合常数近于甚至大于24+.推测产生上述现象的原因是由于24+具有紧凑的骨架结构,使四个酸性较强的咪唑盐基2位C—H位点能够有效协同,与体积较小的阴离子同时形成强的分子间氢键;而14+的骨架结构使得上述位点的空间距离较大,具有咪唑盐基团2位C—H键难以全部参与对阴离子的相互作用,而更易于同时与更多的阴离子结合,并更易于发生anion-π的协同作用.上述结果展示了大环主体化合物的骨架结构将控制其空腔的大小、形状及与客体阴离子产生分子间氢键相互作用的C—H键位点的空间分布,从而极大地影响主客体之间复合的模式(如化学计量比和结合常数等).     

偶氮苯修饰DNA的组装行为及主客体作用介导的形貌调控

智能型DNA纳米材料,由于其具有灵敏的外界刺激响应性,是纳米技术和生物医学应用中一类重要的功能纳米材料。本文研究的具有光响应性质的偶氮苯共价修饰DNA的两亲分子在水相中可组装成直径为28.8nm的球形胶束,光刺激或者β-环糊精与偶氮苯的主客体识别的调控均可实现组装解离,进一步通过荧光包裹实验和金纳米颗粒负载实验验证了球形胶束的组装机制,为其在药物负载、靶向识别等生物医学领域提供了潜在应用。     

柱芳烃化学:从合成、主客体性质到自组装性能的研究进展

柱芳烃是由对苯二酚或对苯二酚醚通过亚甲基桥在苯环的对位连接而成的一类新型环状低聚物,是一类新的大环主体分子.本工作介绍了柱芳烃的合成和功能化衍生,重点总结了其在分子识别、自组装和生物应用等主客体化学方面的最新研究进展.     

常见大环自组装构建分子胶囊

分子胶囊以其独特的分子结构在控制药物释放、催化、材料科学和生物医药等领域具有潜在的应用价值.分子胶囊可由不同的分子模块通过共价键或非共价键构建.着重描述了由常见的大环主体(环糊精、杯芳烃、杯吡咯、卟啉、环三藜芦烯和葫芦脲)通过自组装形成的分子胶囊.这些分子胶囊通过非共价键(氢键、静电作用、疏水作用及范德华力等)连接,使得分子胶囊具有可控的可调节的分子结构.通过这些独特的分子结构,分子胶囊可在溶液或固相中包裹各种各样的有趣的客体.     

异氰酸苯酯诱导的类胶原多肽自组装

Synthetic matrices provide powerful tools for dissecting molecular interactions involved in the organization of the extracellular matrix (ECM), establishment of cell axis polarity, and suppression of neoplasticity in pre-cancerous endothelial cells. Collagen is the most abundant protein in extracellular matrix. A de novo approach is essential for the synthesis of collagen matrices which can have a broad impact on the understanding of matrix biology and our capacity to construct safe and medically useful biomaterials. Conventionally, the ECM has been studied by an analytical top-down approach, where the individual components of the matrix are first isolated and then characterized to explore their biochemical and functional properties. Since native collagen is difficult to modify and can engender pathogenic and immunological side effects, its application on tissue regeneration is limited. Therefore, we attempted to synthesize artificial collagen directly through small organic molecule recognition. The collagen-like peptides possess various benefits such as being clean, programmable, and easy to modify; therefore, in recent years, they have been used as ideal substrates for the synthesis of collagen nanomaterials. The self-assembly of collagen-like peptides is mainly driven by various non-covalent interactions such as electrostatic attraction, π-π stacking, and metal coordination. This renders a difficulty in the rational design of uniform nanostructures from short synthesized peptides and demands a novel strategy. To date, small organic molecules have been rarely used for the self-assembly of collagen-like peptides. In the present study, we attempted to use the small organic molecules for the combined supramolecular self-assembly of collagen-like peptides. Initially, the collagen-like peptides, (POG)₆ and (POG)₈, synthesized by the solid-phase synthesis technique, were both modified chemically using 4, 4'-methylene bis(phenyl isocyanate) to obtain the collagen-like hybrid peptides, AP₆ and AP₈, respectively. Phenyl isocyanate contributes to the formation of potential weak forces, such as hydrogen bonds and π-π stacking at the N-terminal regions of the collagen-like hybrid peptides. The purity and molecular weight of the collagen-like hybrid peptides were analyzed using analytical high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time of flight (MALDI-TOF), respectively. The stability of AP₆ and AP₈ triple helices was analyzed by circular dichroism (CD) spectroscopy. The small organic molecule 4, 4'-methylene bis(phenyl isocyanate) promoted the unfolding of (POG)₆ and increased the melting temperature (T_m) of (POG)₈ from 37.7 to 58.8 ℃to form a triple helix. The hydrodynamic radii of collagen-like hybrid peptides were measured by dynamic light scattering (DLS). Atomic force microscopy (AFM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) were used to analyze the morphology of the aggregation states. AFM results showed that the collagen-like hybrid peptides, AP₆ and AP₈, formed nanofibers spontaneously. Consistent with the AFM results, TEM showed that the AP₆ and AP₈ collagen-like hybrid peptides also formed nanofiber structures. The formation of stable complexes was attributed to the presence of multiple weak interactions such as hydrogen bonding, π-π stacking, and hydrophobic interactions. In the present study, we demonstrated that the chemical modification of collagen-like polypeptides at the N-terminus via the small organic molecule, 4, 4'-methylene bis(phenyl isocyanate), promoted the intramolecular and intermolecular assembly of collagen-like peptides. A simple and effective strategy has been developed in this study to promote the self-assembly of collagen-like peptides.     

偶氮苯衍生物自组装单分子膜中的分子取响

利用反射红外光谱研究了金表面一系列具有不同碳链长度的偶氮苯巯基衍生物的自组装单分子膜.通过对比各向同性样品的透射谱和单分子膜的反射谱中各个吸收峰强度,定量地研究了分子中各部分的取向与分子结构的关系.我们分别提出了烷基链和偶氮基团取向计算的方法,利用该方法成功地求得了分子中各部分在膜的倾角.结果显示,当分子中烷基链长度增大时,碳链和偶氮苯基团相对于法线的倾斜逐渐加剧.这种倾角的变化归因于分子中碳链间范德华引力增大时,引起分子逐渐倾斜以达到最佳的范德华接触.同时研究发现,烷基链和偶氮基团受碳长度变化的影响并不相同.当分子中亚甲基数目增多时,烷基链的倾角迅速增大而偶氮苯倾角的增大则相对缓慢,这反映了它们在空间需求和本身刚性上的不同。     

偶氮苯衍生物自组装单分子膜中的分子取响

利用反射红外光谱研究了金表面一系列具有不同碳链长度的偶氮苯巯基衍生物的自组装单分子膜.通过对比各向同性样品的透射谱和单分子膜的反射谱中各个吸收峰强度,定量地研究了分子中各部分的取向与分子结构的关系.我们分别提出了烷基链和偶氮基团取向计算的方法,利用该方法成功地求得了分子中各部分在膜的倾角.结果显示,当分子中烷基链长度增大时,碳链和偶氮苯基团相对于法线的倾斜逐渐加剧.这种倾角的变化归因于分子中碳链间范德华引力增大时,引起分子逐渐倾斜以达到最佳的范德华接触.同时研究发现,烷基链和偶氮基团受碳长度变化的影响并不相同.当分子中亚甲基数目增多时,烷基链的倾角迅速增大而偶氮苯倾角的增大则相对缓慢,这反映了它们在空间需求和本身刚性上的不同。     

基于三维不对称主体的客体方向选择性穿线作用及其组装体的构建

在主客体化学中,控制络合过程的异构化现象不仅可以简化和调整所构建的组装体的结构,而且对其顺利执行作为分子机器时的功能也具有极其重要的意义。具有三维不对称结构的主体与线性不对称客体络合时,由于客体穿线方向的不同会导致方向性异构体的形成。这一现象引起了研究者们的兴趣,并对如何通过理性设计主客体的结构来控制客体穿线的方向和选择性进行了研究。本文综述环糊精、杯芳烃及三蝶烯衍生大环等具有三维不对称结构的大环主体与线性不对称客体之间的方向选择性络合作用以及方向性组装体的构建,并立足于该领域的发展现状,对其前景和应用进行了展望。     

基于氢键诱导的预组织模板的单环、双环及三环动态共价键自组装

利用氢键驱动的“之”字型芳酰胺为“引导”组分,本文报道了三个单环、双环及三环分子的动态共价键自组装。单环分子是一个四氨基衍生物,从“U”-型二醛和卟啉二胺的2+2缩合后经NaBH3CN还原制备。而双环及三环分子以刚性的三氨及四氨寡聚体为模板,从两个六组分反应制备得到。     

新型丁二炔-二酰胺大环化合物的合成及与TTF和DNP在溶液中的络合行为

由三甘醇和四甘醇出发,经炔丙基烷基化、Mitsunobu反应和Eglinton偶联反应3步合成了2个含均苯四甲酸二酰亚胺结构单元以及丁二炔结构单元的大环化合物,关环产率分别为81%和85%.大环化合物及中间体的化学结构经核磁共振氢谱、碳谱、低分辨质谱、高分辨质谱或元素分析等确认.通过氘代丙酮中1HNMR实验以及氯仿中紫外滴定实验研究了这类大环化合物与客体分子四硫富瓦烯(TTF)和1,5-二甲氧基萘(DNP)在溶液中的相互作用,结果发现,大环化合物的核磁化学位移及紫外光谱均发生变化.通过得到的主-客体间的络合常数可知,此类新型大环化合物与TTF和DNP之间有一定的络合作用.     

A Carbohydrate–Anion Recognition System in Aprotic Solvents

A carbohydrate–anion recognition system in nonpolar solvents is reported, in which complexes form at the B‐faces of β‐D ‐pyranosides with H1‐, H3‐, and H5‐cis patterns similar to carbohydrate–π interactions. The complexation effect was evaluated for a range of carbohydrate structures; it resulted in either 1:1 carbohydrate–anion complexes, or 1:2 complex formation depending on the protection pattern of the carbohydrate. The interaction was also evaluated with different anions and solvents. In both cases it resulted in significant binding differences. The results indicate that complexation originates from van der Waals interactions or weak CH ??? A^? hydrogen bonds between the binding partners and is related to electron‐withdrawing groups of the carbohydrates as well as increased hydrogen‐bond‐accepting capability of the anions.     

Nature of C60 and C70 fullerene encapsulation in a porphyrin- and metalloporphyrin-based cage: Insights from dispersion-corrected density functional theory calculations

The search for efficient synthetic hosts able to encapsulate fullerenes has attracted attention with regard to the purification and formation of ordered supramolecular architectures. This study of a porphyrin-based cage as an extension of the well-described ExCage⁶⁺ and BlueCage⁶⁺, involving viologen as sidearms, provides an interesting scenario where the oblate C₇₀ fullerene is preferred in comparison to the spherical C₆₀. Our results expose the nature of the fullerene-cage interaction involving ∼50% of dispersion-type interactions evidencing the strong π⋯π surface stacking, with a complementary contribution by the electrostatic and orbital polarization character produced by a charge reorganization with a charge accumulation facing the porphyrin macrocycles and a charge depletion along the equator formed by the viologens sidearms. Interestingly, the central N₄H₂ ring from each porphyrin contributes to the dispersion term via N-H⋯π interactions, which is decreased when the metallate N₄Zn is evaluated. Thus, the formation of stable and selective fullerene encapsulation can be achieved by taking into account two main driving forces, namely, (a) the extension of the π⋯π and X-H⋯π stacking surface and (b) charge reorganization over the fullerene surfaces, which can be used to control fine tuning of the encapsulation thanks to the introduction of more electron-deficient and electron-rich groups within the host cage.     

Stacking of Benzene with Metal Chelates: Calculated CCSD(T)/CBS Interaction Energies and Potential‐Energy Curves

Accurate values for the energies of stacking interactions of nickel‐ and copper‐based six‐membered chelate rings with benzene are calculated at the CCSD(T)/CBS level. The results show that calculations made at the ωB97xD/def2‐TZVP level are in excellent agreement with CCSD(T)/CBS values. The energies of [Cu(C₃H₃O₂)(HCO₂)] and [Ni(C₃H₃O₂)(HCO₂)] chelates stacking with benzene are ?6.39 and ?4.77 kcal mol^?1, respectively. Understanding these interactions might be important for materials with properties that are dependent on stacking interactions.     

Nonlinear Dielectric Effect Study of Tetrahydrofuran Association in Benzene and Cyclohexane Solutions

The nonlinear dielectric effect (NDE) has been applied to study the molecular association in tetrahydrofuran (THF) solutions in benzene and in cyclohexane. On the basis of the experimental values of the NDE parameter, electric permittivity, and density, determined as a function of temperature and concentration, and applying the general, statistical theory of NDE, the association constants and dipole moments of the associates were determined. The molecular orbital PM3 method has been applied to calculate the dipole moments and energy of molecular clusters. The results of NDE and PM3 studies are fairly consistent and reveal that a weak dipolar association takes place in the cyclohexane solutions. In the benzene solutions the association, if any, is much weaker probably due to competitive interactions between the solute and the solvent.     

胶束电动毛细管色谱法测定海洋沉积物中的苯、甲苯和二甲苯

 建立了用胶束电动毛细管色谱法（MECC）对海洋沉积物中的苯、甲苯和二甲苯进行 分析测定的方法 。用45 cm（到检测窗口40 cm）×75　μm i.d.毛细管柱,以75　mmol/L SDS-2　mmol/L 四硼酸钠溶液（外加体积分数为20%的甲醇）为缓冲液（pH 9.16）。当电压为25 kV、检测 波长为200 nm时,苯、甲苯和二甲苯在20 min内得到了良好的分离。用峰面积定量,线性范 围为4～50 mg/L,相对标准偏差在6.2%以内。测得海洋沉积物中的这些苯系物的质量比范围 为3.79～17.36 μg/g。     

Titration Calorimetric Investigations on the Interactions of Zn(II) Porphyrin Complexes with Pyridine in Benzene and Chloroform at 298.15 K

Titration calorimetry was used in a thermodynamic study on the interactions of pyridine with natural zinc(II) porphyrin derivatives in benzene and chloroform at 298.15 K. The ability of zinc porphyrins to coordinate to pyridine is higher in benzene than in chloroform and also depends on the molecular structure of the metalloporphyrin.This revised version was published online in November 2005 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

An Incremental System To Predict the Effect of Different London Dispersion Donors in All-meta-Substituted Azobenzenes

Predictive models based on incremental systems exist for many chemical phenomena, thus allowing easy estimates. Despite their low magnitude in isolated systems London dispersion interactions are ubiquitous in manifold situations ranging from solvation to catalysis or in biological systems. Based on our azobenzene system, we systematically determined the London dispersion donor strength of the alkyl substituents Me, Et, iPr up to tBu. Based on this data, we were able to implement an incremental system for London dispersion for the azobenzene scheme. We propose an equation that allows the prediction of the effect of change of substituents on London dispersion interactions in azobenzenes, which has to be validated in similar molecular arrangements in the future.     

In-plane and Out-of-plane Motion of Benzene Trapped in a Cd(py)2{Ag(CN)2}2 Host as Studied by Deuterium NMR

2H-NMR powder patterns of the deuterated benzene molecule trapped in a Cd(py)2{Ag(CN)2}2 host were measured in the temperature range of 123-403 K in order to obtain information about motional behavior of the guest benzene molecule undergoing an in-plane motion combined with an out-of-plane motion. The activation energy for the in-plane motion, which is a 60° jump among neighboring sites on the benzene ring, was derived to be 18.2(5) kJ mol-1 from the line-shape simulation of the 2H-NMR powder patterns. The jump frequency of the out-of-plane motion, which is a reorientation of the benzene ring between two sites separated with a 57.8° azimuthal angle, was in a fast motion region even at 123 K and the activation energy of the two-site jump is very low compared with that of the in-plane motion.